Abstract
Whether hypotension that occurs due to neurogenic stunned myocardium after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is associated with cardiomyocyte apoptotic cell death remains unknown. In this study, 18 male rats were subjected to sham or the endovascular perforation model of SAH surgery. Based on the mean arterial pressure (MAP) after SAH, rats were separated into SAH with hypotension (SAH hypotension) or SAH with blood pressure preservation (SAH BP preservation) groups. All animals were euthanized 2 h after the surgical procedure. Hearts were removed and separated transversely into base and apex parts, then Western blot analyses and immunohistochemistry were performed only in the apex part. One rat died as a result of severe SAH and two rats with mild SAH were excluded. We analyzed data from 15 rats that were divided into three groups: sham, SAH hypotension, and SAH BP preservation (n = 5, each). There was a significantly higher cleaved caspase-3/caspase-3 ratio in the SAH hypotension group compared with sham and the SAH BP preservation group. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis was demonstrated in the SAH rats. This is the first experimental report that describes SAH-induced neurogenic stunned myocardium with ensuing hypotension may result from the acute apoptotic cardiomyocyte cell death in the left ventricle.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Bahjat FR, Gesuete R, Stenzel-Poore MP (2013) Steps to translate preconditioning from basic research to the clinic. Transl Stroke Res 4:89–103
Bühler D, Schüller K, Plesnila N (2014) Protocol for the induction of subarachnoid hemorrhage in mice by perforation of the circle of Willis with an endovascular filament. Transl Stroke Res 5:653–659
Fortress AM, Buhusi M, Helke KL, Granholm AC (2011) Cholinergic degeneration and alterations in the TrkA and p75NTR balance as a result of Pro-NGF injection into aged rats. J Aging Res 2011:460543
Fujii M, Sherchan P, Krafft PR, Rolland WB, Soejima Y, Zhang JH (2014) Cannabinoid type 2 receptor stimulation attenuates brain edema by reducing cerebral leukocyte infiltration following subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats. J Neurol Sci 342:101–106
Fujii M, Sherchan P, Soejima Y, Hasegawa Y, Flores J, Doycheva D, Zhang JH (2014) Cannabinoid receptor type 2 agonist attenuates apoptosis by activation of phosphorylated CREB-Bcl-2 pathway after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats. Exp Neurol 261:396–403
Fujii M, Yan J, Rolland WB, Soejima Y, Caner B, Zhang JH (2013) Early brain injury, an evolving frontier in subarachnoid hemorrhage research. Transl Stroke Res 4:432–446
Goldspink DF, Burniston JG, Ellison GM, Clark WA, Tan LB (2004) Catecholamine-induced apoptosis and necrosis in cardiac and skeletal myocytes of the rat in vivo: the same or separate death pathways? Exp Physiol 89:407–416
Lapchak PA (2013) Drug-like property profiling of novel neuroprotective compounds to treat acute ischemic stroke: guidelines to develop pleiotropic molecules. Transl Stroke Res 4:328–342
Lee VH, Oh JK, Mulvagh SL, Wijdicks EF (2006) Mechanisms in neurogenic stress cardiomyopathy after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care 5:243–249
Macmillan CS, Grant IS, Andrews PJ (2002) Pulmonary and cardiac sequelae of subarachnoid haemorrhage: time for active management? Intensive Care Med 28:1012–1023
Mashaly HA, Provencio JJ (2008) Inflammation as a link between brain injury and heart damage: the model of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Cleve Clin J Med 75(Suppl 2):S26–S30
Masuda T, Sato K, Yamamoto S, Matsuyama N, Shimohama T, Matsunaga A, Obuchi S, Shiba Y, Shimizu S, Izumi T (2002) Sympathetic nervous activity and myocardial damage immediately after subarachnoid hemorrhage in a unique animal model. Stroke 33:1671–1676
Naredi S, Lambert G, Edén E, Zäll S, Runnerstam M, Rydenhag B, Friberg P (2000) Increased sympathetic nervous activity in patients with nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 31:901–906
Risebro CA, Searles RG, Melville AA, Ehler E, Jina N, Shah S, Pallas J, Hubank M, Dillard M, Harvey NL, Schwartz RJ, Chien KR, Oliver G, Riley PR (2009) Prox1 maintains muscle structure and growth in the developing heart. Development 136:495–505
Sehba FA (2014) Rat endovascular perforation model. Transl Stroke Res 5:660–668
Tajiri N, Dailey T, Metcalf C, Mosley YI, Lau T, Staples M, van Loveren H, Kim SU, Yamashima T, Yasuhara T, Date I, Kaneko Y, Borlongan CV (2013) In vivo animal stroke models: a rationale for rodent and non-human primate models. Transl Stroke Res 4:308–321
Wartenberg KE, Mayer SA (2006) Medical complications after subarachnoid hemorrhage: new strategies for prevention and management. Curr Opin Crit Care 12:78–84
Zhang DX, Zhao PT, Xia L, Liu LL, Liang J, Zhai HH, Zhang HB, Guo XG, Wu KC, Xu YM, Jia LT, Yang AG, Chen SY, Fan DM (2010) Potent inhibition of human gastric cancer by HER2-directed induction of apoptosis with anti-HER2 antibody and caspase-3 fusion protein. Gut 59:292–299
Conflict of Interest
Authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Funding Source
This study is partially supported by National Institutes of Health grant NS081740 to JHZ.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Fujii, M., Sherchan, P., Soejima, Y., Doycheva, D., Zhang, J.H. (2016). Subarachnoid Hemorrhage-Triggered Acute Hypotension Is Associated with Left Ventricular Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis in a Rat Model. In: Applegate, R., Chen, G., Feng, H., Zhang, J. (eds) Brain Edema XVI. Acta Neurochirurgica Supplement, vol 121. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18497-5_26
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18497-5_26
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-18496-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-18497-5
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)