Skip to main content

Management of Endometriosis

  • Chapter
Endometriosis

Part of the book series: SpringerBriefs in Reproductive Biology ((BRIEFSREPROBIO))

  • 1790 Accesses

Abstract

Treatment of endometriosis is broadly classified into pharmacological and surgical methods. Because the etiology of the disease is not well established, none of the currently available treatments can prevent or cure endometriosis. Rather, treatment is aimed mainly at providing symptom relief or improving fertility rates [1]. Therefore, one should consider how treatment options affect pain levels and infertility when investigating whether endometriosis treatment improves quality of life.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Platteeuw, L., & D’Hooghe, T. (2014). Novel agents for the medical treatment of endometriosis. Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 26(4), 243–252.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Dunselman, G. A., Vermeulen, N., Becker, C., Calhaz-Jorge, C., D’Hooghe, T., De Bie, B., et al. (2014). ESHRE guideline: Management of women with endometriosis. Human Reproduction (Oxford, England), 29(3), 400–412.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Muzii, L., & Panici, P. B. (2010). Combined technique of excision and ablation for the surgical treatment of ovarian endometriomas: The way forward? Reproductive Biomedicine Online, 20(2), 300–302.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. (2006). Treatment of pelvic pain associated with endometriosis. Fertility and Sterility, 86(5 Suppl 1), S18–S27.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Gambone, J. C., Mittman, B. S., Munro, M. G., Scialli, A. R., & Winkel, C. A. (2002). Consensus statement for the management of chronic pelvic pain and endometriosis: Proceedings of an expert-panel consensus process. Fertility and Sterility, 78(5), 961–972.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Somigliana, E., Vigano, P., Barbara, G., & Vercellini, P. (2009). Treatment of endometriosis-related pain: Options and outcomes. Frontiers in Bioscience (Elite Edition), 1, 455–465.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Vercellini, P., Somigliana, E., Vigano, P., Abbiati, A., Daguati, R., & Crosignani, P. G. (2008). Endometriosis: Current and future medical therapies. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 22(2), 275–306.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Sulak, P. J., Cressman, B. E., Waldrop, E., Holleman, S., & Kuehl, T. J. (1997). Extending the duration of active oral contraceptive pills to manage hormone withdrawal symptoms. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 89(2), 179–183.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Coffee, A. L., Sulak, P. J., & Kuehl, T. J. (2007). Long-term assessment of symptomatology and satisfaction of an extended oral contraceptive regimen. Contraception, 75(6), 444–449.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Harada, T., Momoeda, M., Taketani, Y., Hoshiai, H., & Terakawa, N. (2008). Low-dose oral contraceptive pill for dysmenorrhea associated with endometriosis: A placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial. Fertility and Sterility, 90(5), 1583–1588.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Olive, D. L. (2003). Medical therapy of endometriosis. Seminars in Reproductive Medicine, 21(2), 209–222.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Schlaff, W. D., Carson, S. A., Luciano, A., Ross, D., & Bergqvist, A. (2006). Subcutaneous injection of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate compared with leuprolide acetate in the treatment of endometriosis-associated pain. Fertility and Sterility, 85(2), 314–325.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Brown, J., Kives, S., & Akhtar, M. (2012). Progestagens and anti-progestagens for pain associated with endometriosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3, CD002122.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Rocha, A. L., Reis, F. M., & Petraglia, F. (2012). New trends for the medical treatment of endometriosis. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 21(7), 905–919.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Lockhat, F. B., Emembolu, J. O., & Konje, J. C. (2004). The evaluation of the effectiveness of an intrauterine-administered progestogen (levonorgestrel) in the symptomatic treatment of endometriosis and in the staging of the disease. Human Reproduction (Oxford, England), 19(1), 179–184.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Angioni, S., Cofelice, V., Pontis, A., Tinelli, R., & Socolov, R. (2014). New trends of progestins treatment of endometriosis. Gynecological Endocrinology, 30(11), 769–773.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Petta, C. A., Ferriani, R. A., Abrao, M. S., Hassan, D., Rosa, E. S. J. C., Podgaec, S., et al. (2005). Randomized clinical trial of a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system and a depot GnRH analogue for the treatment of chronic pelvic pain in women with endometriosis. Human Reproduction (Oxford, England), 20(7), 1993–1998.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Sagsveen, M., Farmer, J. E., Prentice, A., & Breeze, A. (2003). Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone analogues for endometriosis: Bone mineral density. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (4): CD001297.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Crosignani, P. G., & Somigliana, E. (2007). Effect of GnRH antagonists in FSH mildly stimulated intrauterine insemination cycles: A multicentre randomized trial. Human Reproduction (Oxford, England), 22(2), 500–505.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Selak, V., Farquhar, C., Prentice, A., & Singla, A. (2001). Danazol for pelvic pain associated with endometriosis. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (4): CD000068.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Telimaa, S., Puolakka, J., Ronnberg, L., & Kauppila, A. (1987). Placebo-controlled comparison of danazol and high-dose medroxyprogesterone acetate in the treatment of endometriosis. Gynecological Endocrinology, 1(1), 13–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Rotondi, M., Labriola, D., Rotondi, M., Ammaturo, F. P., Amato, G., Carella, C., et al. (2002). Depot leuprorelin acetate versus danazol in the treatment of infertile women with symptomatic endometriosis. European Journal of Gynaecological Oncology, 23(6), 523–526.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Velasco, I., Rueda, J., & Acien, P. (2006). Aromatase expression in endometriotic tissues and cell cultures of patients with endometriosis. Molecular Human Reproduction, 12(6), 377–381.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Pavone, M. E., & Bulun, S. E. (2012). Aromatase inhibitors for the treatment of endometriosis. Fertility and Sterility, 98(6), 1370–1379.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Abu Hashim, H. (2014). Potential role of aromatase inhibitors in the treatment of endometriosis. International Journal of Women’s Health, 6, 671–680.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Amsterdam, L. L., Gentry, W., Jobanputra, S., Wolf, M., Rubin, S. D., & Bulun, S. E. (2005). Anastrazole and oral contraceptives: A novel treatment for endometriosis. Fertility and Sterility, 84(2), 300–304.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Ailawadi, R. K., Jobanputra, S., Kataria, M., Gurates, B., & Bulun, S. E. (2004). Treatment of endometriosis and chronic pelvic pain with letrozole and norethindrone acetate: A pilot study. Fertility and Sterility, 81(2), 290–296.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Remorgida, V., Abbamonte, H. L., Ragni, N., Fulcheri, E., & Ferrero, S. (2007). Letrozole and norethisterone acetate in rectovaginal endometriosis. Fertility and Sterility, 88(3), 724–726.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Hamann, G. O. (1980). Severe, primary dysmenorrhea treated with naproxen. A prospective, double-blind, crossover investigation. Prostaglandins, 19(5), 651–657.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Hanson, F. W., Izu, A., & Henzl, M. R. (1978). Naproxen sodium in dysmenorrhea. Its influence in allowing continuation of work/school activities. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 52(5), 583–587.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Zito, G., Luppi, S., & Giolo, E. (2014). Medical treatments for endometriosis-associated pelvic pain. BioMed Research International, 2014, 191967.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Allen, C., Hopewell, S., Prentice, A., & Gregory, D. (2009). Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for pain in women with endometriosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2, CD004753.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Pandi-Perumal, S. R., Trakht, I., Srinivasan, V., Spence, D. W., Maestroni, G. J., Zisapel, N., et al. (2008). Physiological effects of melatonin: Role of melatonin receptors and signal transduction pathways. Progress in Neurobiology, 85(3), 335–353.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Guney, M., Oral, B., Karahan, N., & Mungan, T. (2008). Regression of endometrial explants in a rat model of endometriosis treated with melatonin. Fertility and Sterility, 89(4), 934–942.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Koc, O., Gunduz, B., Topcuoglu, A., Bugdayci, G., Yilmaz, F., & Duran, B. (2010). Effects of pinealectomy and melatonin supplementation on endometrial explants in a rat model. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, 153(1), 72–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Schwertner, A., Conceicao Dos Santos, C. C., Costa, G. D., Deitos, A., de Souza, A., de Souza, I. C., et al. (2013). Efficacy of melatonin in the treatment of endometriosis: A phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Pain, 154(6), 874–881.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Johnson, N. P., & Hummelshoj, L. (2013). Consensus on current management of endometriosis. Human Reproduction (Oxford, England), 28(6), 1552–1568.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Jin, X., & Ruiz Beguerie, J. (2014). Laparoscopic surgery for subfertility related to endometriosis: A meta-analysis. Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 53(3), 303–308.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Mais, V., Ajossa, S., Guerriero, S., Mascia, M., Solla, E., & Melis, G. B. (1996). Laparoscopic versus abdominal myomectomy: A prospective, randomized trial to evaluate benefits in early outcome. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 174(2), 654–658.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Luciano, A. A., Lowney, J., & Jacobs, S. L. (1992). Endoscopic treatment of endometriosis-associated infertility. Therapeutic, economic and social benefits. The Journal of Reproductive Medicine, 37(7), 573–576.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Duffy, J. M., Arambage, K., Correa, F. J., Olive, D., Farquhar, C., Garry, R., et al. (2014). Laparoscopic surgery for endometriosis. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 4: CD011031.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Hart, R. J., Hickey, M., Maouris, P., & Buckett, W. (2008). Excisional surgery versus ablative surgery for ovarian endometriomata. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2): CD004992.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Roman, J. D. (2010). Surgical treatment of endometriosis in private practice: Cohort study with mean follow-up of 3 years. Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology, 17(1), 42–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Biacchiardi, C. P., Piane, L. D., Camanni, M., Deltetto, F., Delpiano, E. M., Marchino, G. L., et al. (2011). Laparoscopic stripping of endometriomas negatively affects ovarian follicular reserve even if performed by experienced surgeons. Reproductive Biomedicine Online, 23(6), 740–746.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Benschop, L., Farquhar, C., van der Poel, N., & Heineman, M. J. (2010). Interventions for women with endometrioma prior to assisted reproductive technology. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (11): CD008571.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Aflatoonian, A., Rahmani, E., & Rahsepar, M. (2013). Assessing the efficacy of aspiration and ethanol injection in recurrent endometrioma before IVF cycle: A randomized clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Reproductive Medicine, 11(3), 179–184.

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Pabuccu, R., Onalan, G., Goktolga, U., Kucuk, T., Orhon, E., & Ceyhan, T. (2004). Aspiration of ovarian endometriomas before intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Fertility and Sterility, 82(3), 705–711.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Kars, B., Buyukbayrak, E. E., Karsidag, A. Y., Pirimoglu, M., Unal, O., & Turan, C. (2012). Comparison of success rates of ‘transvaginal aspiration and tetracycline sclerotherapy’ versus ‘only aspiration’ in the management of non-neoplastic ovarian cysts. The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research, 38(1), 65–69.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Afors, K., Murtada, R., Centini, G., Fernandes, R., Meza, C., Castellano, J., et al. (2014). Employing laparoscopic surgery for endometriosis. Women’s Health (London, England), 10(4), 431–443.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Barnhart, K., Dunsmoor-Su, R., & Coutifaris, C. (2002). Effect of endometriosis on in vitro fertilization. Fertility and Sterility, 77(6), 1148–1155.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Marcoux, S., Maheux, R., & Berube, S. (1997). Laparoscopic surgery in infertile women with minimal or mild endometriosis. Canadian Collaborative Group on Endometriosis. The New England Journal of Medicine, 337(4), 217–222.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Kodama, H., Fukuda, J., Karube, H., Matsui, T., Shimizu, Y., & Tanaka, T. (1996). Benefit of in vitro fertilization treatment for endometriosis-associated infertility. Fertility and Sterility, 66(6), 974–979.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Opoien, H. K., Fedorcsak, P., Omland, A. K., Abyholm, T., Bjercke, S., Ertzeid, G., et al. (2012). In vitro fertilization is a successful treatment in endometriosis-associated infertility. Fertility and Sterility, 97(4), 912–918.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. de Ziegler, D., Borghese, B., & Chapron, C. (2010). Endometriosis and infertility: Pathophysiology and management. Lancet, 376(9742), 730–738.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Chuang, P. C., Wu, M. H., Shoji, Y., & Tsai, S. J. (2009). Downregulation of CD36 results in reduced phagocytic ability of peritoneal macrophages of women with endometriosis. The Journal of Pathology, 219(2), 232–241.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Tsoumpou, I., Kyrgiou, M., Gelbaya, T. A., & Nardo, L. G. (2009). The effect of surgical treatment for endometrioma on in vitro fertilization outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertility and Sterility, 92(1), 75–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Suzuki, T., Izumi, S., Matsubayashi, H., Awaji, H., Yoshikata, K., & Makino, T. (2005). Impact of ovarian endometrioma on oocytes and pregnancy outcome in in vitro fertilization. Fertility and Sterility, 83(4), 908–913.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Padilla, S. L. (1993). Ovarian abscess following puncture of an endometrioma during ultrasound-guided oocyte retrieval. Human Reproduction (Oxford, England), 8(8), 1282–1283.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Yaron, Y., Peyser, M. R., Samuel, D., Amit, A., & Lessing, J. B. (1994). Infected endometriotic cysts secondary to oocyte aspiration for in-vitro fertilization. Human Reproduction (Oxford, England), 9(9), 1759–1760.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Shimizu, Y., Takashima, A., Takahashi, K., Kita, N., Fujiwara, M., & Murakami, T. (2010). Long-term outcome, including pregnancy rate, recurrence rate and ovarian reserve, after laparoscopic laser ablation surgery in infertile women with endometrioma. The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research, 36(1), 115–118.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Donnez, J., Wyns, C., & Nisolle, M. (2001). Does ovarian surgery for endometriomas impair the ovarian response to gonadotropin? Fertility and Sterility, 76(4), 662–665.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Marconi, G., Vilela, M., Quintana, R., & Sueldo, C. (2002). Laparoscopic ovarian cystectomy of endometriomas does not affect the ovarian response to gonadotropin stimulation. Fertility and Sterility, 78(4), 876–878.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Donnez, J., Pirard, C., Smets, M., Jadoul, P., & Squifflet, J. (2004). Surgical management of endometriosis. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 18(2), 329–348.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Garcia-Velasco, J. A., Mahutte, N. G., Corona, J., Zuniga, V., Giles, J., Arici, A., et al. (2004). Removal of endometriomas before in vitro fertilization does not improve fertility outcomes: A matched, case-control study. Fertility and Sterility, 81(5), 1194–1197.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Canis, M., Pouly, J. L., Tamburro, S., Mage, G., Wattiez, A., & Bruhat, M. A. (2001). Ovarian response during IVF-embryo transfer cycles after laparoscopic ovarian cystectomy for endometriotic cysts of >3 cm in diameter. Human Reproduction (Oxford, England), 16(12), 2583–2586.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Kahyaoglu, S., Ertas, E., Kahyaoglu, I., Mollamahmutoglu, L., & Batioglu, S. (2008). Does laparoscopic cystectomy and cauterization of endometriomas greater than 3 cm diminish ovarian response to controlled ovarian hyperstimulation during IVF-ET? A case-control study. The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research, 34(6), 1010–1013.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Tsolakidis, D., Pados, G., Vavilis, D., Athanatos, D., Tsalikis, T., Giannakou, A., et al. (2010). The impact on ovarian reserve after laparoscopic ovarian cystectomy versus three-stage management in patients with endometriomas: A prospective randomized study. Fertility and Sterility, 94(1), 71–77.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Donnez, J., Lousse, J. C., Jadoul, P., Donnez, O., & Squifflet, J. (2010). Laparoscopic management of endometriomas using a combined technique of excisional (cystectomy) and ablative surgery. Fertility and Sterility, 94(1), 28–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Garcia-Velasco, J. A., & Somigliana, E. (2009). Management of endometriomas in women requiring IVF: To touch or not to touch. Human Reproduction (Oxford, England), 24(3), 496–501.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Senapati, S., & Barnhart, K. (2011). Managing endometriosis-associated infertility. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, 54(4), 720–726.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Psaroudakis, D., Hirsch, M., & Davis, C. (2014). Review of the management of ovarian endometriosis: Paradigm shift towards conservative approaches. Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 26(4), 266–274.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Kulak, J., Jr., Fischer, C., Komm, B., & Taylor, H. S. (2011). Treatment with bazedoxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, causes regression of endometriosis in a mouse model. Endocrinology, 152(8), 3226–3232.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Lessey, B. A., Metzger, D. A., Haney, A. F., & McCarty, K. S., Jr. (1989). Immunohistochemical analysis of estrogen and progesterone receptors in endometriosis: Comparison with normal endometrium during the menstrual cycle and the effect of medical therapy. Fertility and Sterility, 51(3), 409–415.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Wolf, J. P., Hsiu, J. G., Anderson, T. L., Ulmann, A., Baulieu, E. E., & Hodgen, G. D. (1989). Noncompetitive antiestrogenic effect of RU 486 in blocking the estrogen-stimulated luteinizing hormone surge and the proliferative action of estradiol on endometrium in castrate monkeys. Fertility and Sterility, 52(6), 1055–1060.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Chwalisz, K., Perez, M. C., Demanno, D., Winkel, C., Schubert, G., & Elger, W. (2005). Selective progesterone receptor modulator development and use in the treatment of leiomyomata and endometriosis. Endocrine Reviews, 26(3), 423–438.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Siristatidis, C., Nissotakis, C., Chrelias, C., Iacovidou, H., & Salamalekis, E. (2006). Immunological factors and their role in the genesis and development of endometriosis. The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research, 32(2), 162–170.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. D’Antonio, M., Martelli, F., Peano, S., Papoian, R., & Borrelli, F. (2000). Ability of recombinant human TNF binding protein-1 (r-hTBP-1) to inhibit the development of experimentally-induced endometriosis in rats. Journal of Reproductive Immunology, 48(2), 81–98.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. D’Hooghe, T. M., Nugent, N. P., Cuneo, S., Chai, D. C., Deer, F., Debrock, S., et al. (2006). Recombinant human TNFRSF1A (r-hTBP1) inhibits the development of endometriosis in baboons: A prospective, randomized, placebo- and drug-controlled study. Biology of Reproduction, 74(1), 131–136.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Falconer, H., Mwenda, J. M., Chai, D. C., Wagner, C., Song, X. Y., Mihalyi, A., et al. (2006). Treatment with anti-TNF monoclonal antibody (c5N) reduces the extent of induced endometriosis in the baboon. Human Reproduction (Oxford, England), 21(7), 1856–1862.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Chen, Y. J., Wu, H. H., Liau, W. T., Tsai, C. Y., Tsai, H. W., Chao, K. C., et al. (2013). A tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitor reduces the embryotoxic effects of endometriotic peritoneal fluid. Fertility and Sterility, 100(5), 1476–1485.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Lu, D., Song, H., & Shi, G. (2013). Anti-TNF-alpha treatment for pelvic pain associated with endometriosis. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3: CD008088.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Piotrowski, P. C., Kwintkiewicz, J., Rzepczynska, I. J., Seval, Y., Cakmak, H., Arici, A., et al. (2006). Statins inhibit growth of human endometrial stromal cells independently of cholesterol availability. Biology of Reproduction, 75(1), 107–111.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Oktem, M., Esinler, I., Eroglu, D., Haberal, N., Bayraktar, N., & Zeyneloglu, H. B. (2007). High-dose atorvastatin causes regression of endometriotic implants: A rat model. Human Reproduction (Oxford, England), 22(5), 1474–1480.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Yilmaz, B., Ozat, M., Kilic, S., Gungor, T., Aksoy, Y., Lordlar, N., et al. (2010). Atorvastatin causes regression of endometriotic implants in a rat model. Reproductive Biomedicine Online, 20(2), 291–299.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Cakmak, H., Basar, M., Seval-Celik, Y., Osteen, K. G., Duleba, A. J., Taylor, H. S., et al. (2012). Statins inhibit monocyte chemotactic protein 1 expression in endometriosis. Reproductive Sciences, 19(6), 572–579.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Oner, G., Ozcelik, B., Ozgun, M. T., Serin, I. S., Ozturk, F., & Basbug, M. (2010). The effects of metformin and letrozole on endometriosis and comparison of the two treatment agents in a rat model. Human Reproduction (Oxford, England), 25(4), 932–937.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Yilmaz, B., Sucak, A., Kilic, S., Aksakal, O., Aksoy, Y., Lortlar, N., et al. (2010). Metformin regresses endometriotic implants in rats by improving implant levels of superoxide dismutase, vascular endothelial growth factor, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2, and matrix metalloproteinase-9. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 202(4): 368.e361–e368.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Novella-Maestre, E., Carda, C., Noguera, I., Ruiz-Sauri, A., Garcia-Velasco, J. A., Simon, C., et al. (2009). Dopamine agonist administration causes a reduction in endometrial implants through modulation of angiogenesis in experimentally induced endometriosis. Human Reproduction (Oxford, England), 24(5), 1025–1035.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Ercan, C. M., Kayaalp, O., Cengiz, M., Keskin, U., Yumusak, N., Aydogan, U., et al. (2015). Comparison of efficacy of bromocriptine and cabergoline to GnRH agonist in a rat endometriosis model. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 291(5), 1103–1111.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Serafini, M., Del Rio, D., Yao, D. N., Bettuzzi, S., & Peluso, I. (2011). Health benefits of tea. In I. F. F. Benzie & S. Wachtel-Galor (Eds.), Herbal medicine: Biomolecular and clinical aspects. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press/Llc.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Laschke, M. W., Schwender, C., Scheuer, C., Vollmar, B., & Menger, M. D. (2008). Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits estrogen-induced activation of endometrial cells in vitro and causes regression of endometriotic lesions in vivo. Human Reproduction (Oxford, England), 23(10), 2308–2318.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Xu, H., Lui, W. T., Chu, C. Y., Ng, P. S., Wang, C. C., & Rogers, M. S. (2009). Anti-angiogenic effects of green tea catechin on an experimental endometriosis mouse model. Human Reproduction (Oxford, England), 24(3), 608–618.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. da Silva, C. M., Vilaca Belo, A., Passos Andrade, S., Peixoto Campos, P., Cristina Franca Ferreira, M., Lopes da Silva-Filho, A., et al. (2014). Identification of local angiogenic and inflammatory markers in the menstrual blood of women with endometriosis. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy, 68(7), 899–904.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Tokushige, N., Markham, R., Russell, P., & Fraser, I. S. (2006). Nerve fibres in peritoneal endometriosis. Human Reproduction (Oxford, England), 21(11), 3001–3007.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Wickstrom, K., Bruse, C., Sjosten, A., Spira, J., & Edelstam, G. (2013). Quality of life in patients with endometriosis and the effect of pertubation with lidocaine—A randomized controlled trial. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 92(12), 1375–1382.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Edelstam, G., Sjosten, A., Jablonowska, B., Kjellberg, S., & Spira, J. (2012). Pertubation with lidocaine—A non-hormonal, long-term treatment of dysmenorrhea due to endometriosis. Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare, 3(2), 93–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  97. Nezhat, C. R., Stevens, A., Balassiano, E., & Soliemannjad, R. (2015). Robotic-assisted laparoscopy vs conventional laparoscopy for the treatment of advanced stage endometriosis. Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology, 22(1), 40–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Sirota, I., & Nezhat, F. (2014). Robotic compared with conventional laparoscopy for treatment of severe endometriosis: Comparison of outcomes. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 123(Suppl 1), 129s–130s.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  99. Hwang, J. H., Lee, K. S., Joo, J. K., Wang, T., Son, J. B., Park, J. H., et al. (2014). Identification of biomarkers for endometriosis in plasma from patients with endometriosis using a proteomics approach. Molecular Medicine Reports, 10(2), 725–730.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. May, K. E., Conduit-Hulbert, S. A., Villar, J., Kirtley, S., Kennedy, S. H., & Becker, C. M. (2010). Peripheral biomarkers of endometriosis: A systematic review. Human Reproduction Update, 16(6), 651–674.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Deane, J. A., Gualano, R. C., & Gargett, C. E. (2013). Regenerating endometrium from stem/progenitor cells: Is it abnormal in endometriosis, Asherman’s syndrome and infertility? Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 25(3), 193–200.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Chan, R. W., Ng, E. H., & Yeung, W. S. (2011). Identification of cells with colony-forming activity, self-renewal capacity, and multipotency in ovarian endometriosis. The American Journal of Pathology, 178(6), 2832–2844.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Trent, R. J., & Alexander, I. E. (2004). Gene therapy: Applications and progress towards the clinic. Internal Medicine Journal, 34(11), 621–625.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Dabrosin, C., Gyorffy, S., Margetts, P., Ross, C., & Gauldie, J. (2002). Therapeutic effect of angiostatin gene transfer in a murine model of endometriosis. The American Journal of Pathology, 161(3), 909–918.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Othman, E. E., Zhu, Z. B., Curiel, D. T., Khatoon, N., Salem, H. T., Khalifa, E. A., et al. (2008). Toward gene therapy of endometriosis: Transductional and transcriptional targeting of adenoviral vectors to endometriosis cells. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 199(2): 117.e111–e116.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Hassan, M. H., Othman, E. E., Hornung, D., & Al-Hendy, A. (2009). Gene therapy of benign gynecological diseases. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 61(10), 822–835.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sajal Gupta .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Gupta, S., Harlev, A., Agarwal, A., Rakhit, M., Ellis-Kahana, J., Parikh, S. (2015). Management of Endometriosis. In: Endometriosis. SpringerBriefs in Reproductive Biology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18308-4_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18308-4_10

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-18307-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-18308-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics