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Principles of Redox Signaling

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Studies on Hepatic Disorders

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Abstract

Reactive oxygen/nitrogen species are presently recognized not only as damaging by-products of aerobic respiration or inflammatory reactions, but also critical mediators of redox signalling in different organs, including liver. The molecules of oxidants produced within cells, as well as the chemical principles sustaining cellular redox-regulated processes are herein described. Cysteine residues of some proteins act as sensors of redox milieu and are oxidized in reversible reactions leading to the formation of sulfenic acid and disulfides, the initial steps of thiol oxidation. Central to reversibility of redox-signaling processes are glutathione, thioredoxins, and peroxiredoxins systems, controlling intracellular local hydrogen peroxide levels and thiol/disulfide balance. The role of hydrogen peroxide channels as aquaporins/peroxiporins is described. Lastly, some of the most important redox-based molecular machines are described in detail, including tyrosine phosphatases, receptor or cytosolic kinases, metabolic enzymes, and several transcriptions factors. Moreover, some redox-sensitive non-protein substrates, endowed with signalling features, are described. The redox signalling area of research is promptly expanding and continuous challenging studies are examining new pathways and clarifying their importance in cellular hepatic pathophysiology.

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  1. Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, Florence, 50134, Italy

    Paola Chiarugi, Maria Letizia Taddei & Elisa Giannoni

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  1. Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont Amedeo Avogadro, Novara, Italy

    Emanuele Albano

  2. Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine and Clinical Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Torino, Torino, Italy

    Maurizio Parola

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Chiarugi, P., Taddei, M.L., Giannoni, E. (2015). Principles of Redox Signaling. In: Albano, E., Parola, M. (eds) Studies on Hepatic Disorders. Oxidative Stress in Applied Basic Research and Clinical Practice. Humana Press, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15539-5_1

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