Abstract
North Africa has a rich geological history that spans from the Archean to the Quaternary period, which is well reflected in its varied geological and geomorphological landscapes. This region has provided a diverse record of ancient life, including fossils from numerous geological periods. Noteworthy geological features, like the Alpine High Atlas Mountains and the Precambrian West African Craton, traverse multiple North African countries. While these landscapes provide valuable insights into Earth’s history and have significant educational potential, they are largely unknown to the public due to limited research on geoheritage, geoconservation, and geotourism. There has been no comprehensive geoheritage inventory in North Africa, with sporadic local efforts often driven by academic entities. Even though North African nations have legislation to protect cultural and natural heritages, the establishment of geoheritage inventory and protection is nascent. This chapter aligned with the goals of the African Geoparks Network, seeks to highlight the existing knowledge on North African geoheritage and promotes the potential of geosites for socio-economic development via geotourism and geoparks.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abd-Elhakim R, El-Samee MA, Sallam ES (2021) The Dababiya Quarry (southeast Luxor, Egypt): a unique palaeogeographical geosite. Int J Earth Sci 110:1349–1352
Abd-Elshafy E (1981) Bajocian-Bathonian-Callovian boundaries at Khashm El Galala, western side of the Gulf of Suez. Egypt. Bulletin of Faculty of Science, Zagazig University 3:102–108
Abdallah AM, Abd El-Hady FM (1966) Geology of Sadat area, Gulf of Suez. J. Geol. United Arab Repub. 10:1–24
Abdallah, A.M., Adindani, A., 1963. Stratigraphy of Upper Palaeozoic rocks, western side of Gulf of Suez. Geological Survey and Mineral Resource Department, Egypt. 18 pp.
Abdel-Fattah ZA, Kora MA, Ayyad SN (2013) Facies architecture and depositional development of Middle Miocene carbonate strata at Siwa Oasis, Northwestern Egypt. Facies 59:505–528
Abdel-Motelib A, Taher A, El Manawi AH (2015) Composition and diagenesis of ancient Shali city buildings of evaporite stones (kerchief), Siwa Oasis. Egypt. Quaternary International 369:78–85
AbdelMaksoud KM, Abdulsamad EO, Muftah AM, Aly MF, M. F. (2022) Geomorphosite Inventory of Apollonia and Cyrene in Northeast Libya: Involvement in Geotourism Promotion. Geoheritage 14(114):1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-022-00747-z
AbdelMaksoud KM (2020a) Geosites in the Islamic age, Cairo – Egypt. Geojournal of Tourism and Geosites 32:1259–1263
AbdelMaksoud KM (2020b) Al Fawakhir Gold mine as a Geosite, Eastern Desert. Egypt. International Journal of Earth Sciences 109:197–199
AbdelMaksoud KM, Emam MA (2019) Hidden Geology in Ancient Egypt. Geoheritage 11:897–907
Abioui M, Barki M, L., Benssaou, M., Ezaidi, A., & El Kamali, N. (2019) Rock art conservation and geotourism: A practical example from Foum Chenna engravings site. Morocco. Geoconservation Research 2(1):1–11
Afife M, Sallam ES, Faris M (2017) Integrated petrophysical and sedimentological study of the Middle Miocene Nullipore Formation (Ras Fanar Field, Gulf of Suez, Egypt): An approach to volumetric analysis of reservoirs. J Afr Earth Sc 134:526–548
Al-Ahwani MM (1982) Geological and sedimentological studies of Gebel Shabrawet area, Suez Canal District. Egypt. Annals Geol. Surv. Egypt 12:305–379
Al-Dhwadi Z, Sallam ES (2019) Spheroidal “Cannonballs” calcite-cemented concretions from the Faiyum and Bahariya depressions, Egypt: evidence of differential erosion by sand storms. Int J Earth Sci 108:2291–2293
Amine F, Berrahma MH, Aarab A (2018) Inventory and management of dinosaurs traces: a case study of Azilal Region, Morocco. Int J Global Sci Res 5(2)
Aoulad-Sidi-Mhend A, Maaté A, Amri I, Hlila R, Chakiri S, Maaté S, Martín-Martín M (2019) The geological heritage of the Talassemtane National Park and the Ghomara coast natural area (NW of Morocco). Geoheritage 11:1005–1025
Arrad TY, Errami E, Ennih N, Ouajhain B, Bouaouda MS (2020) From geoheritage inventory to geoeducation and geotourism implications: Insight from Jbel Amsittene (Essaouira province, Morocco). J Afr Earth Sc 161:103656
Barr FT, Walker BR (1973) Late Tertairy channel system in northern Libya and its implication on Mediterranean Sea level changes. Initial Report Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 13:1244–1251
Bendaoud A, Chabou MC, Kolli O, Bouzidi O, Djemai S, Kaabeche H (2015) Use of website and GIS databases for enhancement of geosites in Algeria. In: Errami E, Brocx M, Semeniuk V (eds) From geoheritage to geoparks. Case studies from Africa and beyond. Springer, Cham. pp. 145–156
Beraaouz M, Masrour M, Atrops F, Bouchaou L (2010) Les géosites des provinces de Ouarzazate et Zagora (Maroc): interprétation et valorisation dans le cadre du géotourisme. Geomaghreb 6:121–131
Beraaouz M, Macadam J, Bouchaou L, Ikenne M, Ernst R, Tagma T, Masrour M (2019) An inventory of geoheritage sites in the Draa Valley (Morocco): a contribution to promotion of geotourism and sustainable development. Geoheritage 11:241–255
Berred S, Fadli D, Berred K (2019a) Aerial interference of Hercynian folds and their morphological peculiarities in the Bani Geopark of southern Morocco. Arab J Geosci 12:1–10
Berred S, Fadli D, El Wartiti M, Zahraoui M, Berred K, Sadki R (2019b) Geomorphosites of the semi-arid Tata region: valorization of an unknown geoheritage for geotourism sustainable development (Anti-Atlas, South Morocco). Geoheritage 11:1989–2004
Bourchich N, Adarab H, Ezaidi A (2015) Geotourism in Ida outananes Moroccan western high atlas: state of valuation and opportunity of improvement. Journal of Geography and Geology 7(3):35–48
Bouzekraoui H, Barakat A, El Youssi M, Touhami F, Mouaddine A, Hafid A, Zwoliński Z (2018a) Mapping geosites as gateways to the geotourism management in Central High-Atlas (Morocco). Quaestiones Geographicae 37(1):87–102
Bouzekraoui H, Barakat A, Mouaddine A, El Youssi M, Touhami F, Hafid A (2018b) Mapping geoheritage for geotourism management, a case study of Aït Bou Oulli Valley in Central High-Atlas (Morocco). Environmental Earth Sciences 77:1–15
Bouzekraoui H, Barakat A, Touhami F, Mouaddine A, El Youssi M (2018c) Inventory and assessment of geomorphosites for geotourism development: A case study of Aït Bou Oulli valley (Central High-Atlas, Morocco). Area 50(3):331–343
Brilha J, Gray M, Pereira DI, Pereira P (2018) Geodiversity: An integrative review as a contribution to the sustainable management of the whole of nature. Environ Sci Policy 86:19–28
Canfield DE, Poulton SW, Narbonne GM (2007) Late-Neoproterozoic deep-ocean oxygenation and the rise of animal life. Science 315(5808):92–95
Chabou MC, Laghouag MY, Bendaoud A (2015) Dinosaur track sites in Algeria: a significant national geological heritage in danger. In: Errami E, Brocx M, Semeniuk V (eds) From geoheritage to geoparks. Case studies from Africa and beyond. pp. 157–166
De Waele J, Di Gregorio F, Melis MT, El Wartiti M (2009) Landscape units, geomorphosites and geodiversity of the Ifrane-Azrou region (Middle Atlas, Morocco). Mem. Descr. Carta Geol. D’it 87:63–76
Druguet, E., Rahimi, A., Carreras, J., Castaño, L. M., & Sánchez-Sorribes, I. (2015). The Geoheritage of Kerdous Inlier (Western Anti-Atlas, Morocco): Pages of Earth History in an Outstanding Landscape La géologie: de l’Antiquité à nos jours Le géopatrimoine et la géoconservation, cas de la. From geoheritage to geoparks, 81.
El Amawy, M. A., Muftah, A. M., Abdelmalik, M. B. (2010): Karst development and structural relationship in the Tertiary rocks of the western part of Al Jabal al Akhdar, NE Libya: A case study in Qasr Libya area. Speleolgia Iblea, vol. 14, Ragusa. 173–189.
El Atfy H, Tarek Anan T, André Jasper A, Dieter Uhl D (2019) Repeated occurrence of palaeo-wildfires during deposition of the Bahariya Formation (early Cenomanian) of Egypt. Journal of Palaeogeography 8:28
El Hadi H, Tahiri A, Simancas JF, González-Lodeiro F, Azor A, Martínez-Poyatos D (2011) Geoheritage in Morocco: the Neoproterozoic Ophiolite of Bou Azzer (Central Anti-Atlas). Geoheritage 3:89–96
El Hadi H, Tahiri A, Cabrera JFS, Lodeiro FG, Pérez AA, Poyatos DJM, El Maidani A (2012) The Precambrian ophiolites of Bou Azzer (Anti Atlas): an example of geoheritage in Morocco. Geotemas (madrid) 13:1265–1268
El Kabouri J, Errami E, Becker-Kerber B, Ennih N, Linnemann U, Fellah C, Triantafyllou A (2023a) Ediacaran biota from Ougnat Massif (Eastern Anti-Atlas, Morocco): Paleoenvironmental and stratigraphic constraints. J Afr Earth Sc 198:104806
El Kabouri J, Errami E, Becker-Kerber B, Ennih N, Youbi N (2023b) Microbially induced sedimentary structures from the Ediacaran of Anti-Atlas. Morocco. Precambrian Research 395:107135
El Mehdi, B., Turki, S. M., Suwesi, K. S., Oweiss, K. 2004. Short notes and guide on the Geology of Al Kufrah Basin “Al Awaynat area”. Tripoli,67p.
El Naggar, A., 1988. Geology of Ras Gharib, Shoab Gharib and Ras Fanar oil fields. SUCO, Cairo 15.
El Sabagh SM, El-Naggar AY, El Nady MM, Badr IHA, Rashed AM, Ebiad MA, Abdullah ES (2015) Geochemical characteristics of crude oils from Gulf of Suez. Egypt. Int. J. Curr. Res. 7:20574–20580
El Wartiti, M. E., Malaki, A., Zahraoui, M., Di Gregorio, F., & De Waele, J. (2009). Geosites and touristic development of the Northwestern Tabular Middle Atlas of Morocco. In Desertification and Risk Analysis Using High and Medium Resolution Satellite Data: Training Workshop on Mapping Desertification (pp. 143–156). Springer Netherlands.
El-Saadawi WE, Kamal El-Din MM, El-Faramawi W, El-Noamani ZM (2010) Fossil palm woods of Egypt III. A new site for Palmoxylon ascxhersoni Schenk and P. wadiai Sahni. Taeckholmia 30:145–159
El-Sabbagh A, El-Hedeny M, Al F, S., (2017) Thalassinoides in the Middle Miocene succession at Siwa Oasis, northwestern Egypt. Proc Geol Assoc 128:222–233
El-Shawaihdi, M. H., Boaz, N.T., Muftah, A. M., and Salloum, F. (2022) New lithostratigraphic nomenclature of Neogene rock units in As-Sahabi area, Sirt Basin, northeast Libya. In: Stratigraphy & Timescales Integrated Quaternary Stratigraphy.
El-Younsy ARM (2001) Sedimentology and sequence stratigraphic outline of the Jurassic succession at Khashm El-Galala, Gulf of Suez. Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Geology 45:385–411
Elkaichi A, Errami E, Patel N (2021) Quantitative assessment of the geodiversity of M’Goun UNESCO Geopark, Central High Atlas (Morocco). Arab J Geosci 14(24):2829
Enniouar, A., Errami, E., Lagnaoui, A., & Bouaala, O. (2015). Geoheritage of Doukkala-Abda region (Morocco): a tool for local socio- economical sustainable development. In Geoheritage to Geoparks: Case Studies from Africa and Beyond. From Geoheritage to Geoparks: Case Studies from Africa and Beyond, 109–124.
Enniouar, A., Errami, E., Lagnaoui, A., & Boualla, O. (2013). Le géopatrimoine de la région de Doukkala-Abda (Maroc): un outil pour un développement socio-économique local durable et homogène. In Abstract 24th colloquium of African geology, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Vol. 336).
Errami, E., Brocx, M., & Semeniuk, V. (2015b). From geoheritage to geoparks. Springer International Publishing Switzerland, Case Studies from Africa and Beyond, 269p. doi, 10, 978–3.
Errami, E., Brocx, M., Semeniuk, V., & Ennih, N. (2015a). Geosites, Sites of Special Scientific Interest, and Potential Geoparks in the Anti-Atlas (Morocco) Géosites, Sites Géologiques d’Intérêt Scientifique Spécial et potentiels géoparcs. From geoheritage to geoparks, 57.
Errami E, Ennih N, Brocx M, Semeniuk V, Otmane K (2013) Geoheritage, geoconservation and aspiring geoparks in Morocco: the Zenaga inlier. Rendiconti Online Societa Geologica Italiana 28:49–53
Errishi H, El-EKhfifi SS, Muftah AM, Elseaiti SO (2020) Highlights on the Geotourism in Libyan Desert. Iraqi Geological Journal 53(1B):108–120
Faraj H. F., Salloum, F. M., Muftah, A. M. and Bilal, A. A. (2016): Unique dolines field in the area between Soluq and Msus, NE Libya: origin and distribution. 4th International Symposium, Karst Evolution in the South Mediterranean Area. Speleologia Iblea, vol. XVI, pp. 51–64. Ragusa, Italy.
Gindy AR, El-Askary MA (1969) Stratigraphy, structure, and origin of the Siwa Depression, Western Desert of Egypt. Am Asso Petrol Geol Bull 53:603–625
Goudarzi, G. H. 1970. Geology and Mineral resources of Libya- A reconnaissance. U. S. Geol. Surv., Prof. Pap., 660, 104p.Washington.
Hamimi Z, El-Barkooky A, Martinez Frias J, Fritz H, Abd El-Rahman Y (eds) (2020) The Geology of Egypt. Springer, Cham, p 711
Hammuda, O. S., Sbeta, A. M., and Worsley, D. 2000. Field guide to the Mesozoic succession of Jabal Nefusah, NW Libya. Earth Sci. Soc. Libya, Tripoli,50p.
Henriques MH, Pena dos Reis R, Brilha J, Mota T (2011) Geoconservation as an Emerging Geoscience. Geoheritage 3:117–128
Hili A, El Khalki Y (2017) Les paysages karstiques du parc national de Tazekka (Moyen Atlas nord oriental, province de Taza, Maroc): inventaire, évaluation et valorisation pour un développement territorial durable et intégré. Karstologia 70:43–52
Ibouh H, El Bchari F, Bouabdelli M, Souhel A, Youbi N (2001) L’accident tizal-azourki haut atlas central du maroc: déformations syn-sedimentaires liasiques en extension et conséquences du serrage atlasique. Estud Geol 57(1–2):15–30
Issawi B, Sallam ES, Salem M (2018) Tectonostratigraphic and sedimentary evolution of the Ubur-Orabi sub-basin, southeast Nile Delta. Egypt. Carbonates and Evaporites 33:663–681
Jossen, J.A. (1988). Carte géologique de Zaouit Ahancal. 1/100.000. Notes et Mém. Serv Géol. Maroc, Rabat, n.o 355.
Kele, S., Sallam, E.S., Capezzuoli, E., Rogerson, M., Wanas, H., Shen, C., Lone, M.A., Yu, T.L., Schauer, A., Huntington, K.W., 2021. Were springline carbonates of the Kurkur-Dungul area (Southern Egypt) deposited during glacial periods? Journal of the Geological Society 178, jgs2020–147.
Khoukhouchi M, Errami E, Hassou N, Irzan E (2018) The geomorphological heritage of the Oualidia and Sidi Moussa lagoons: assessment and promotion for a sustainable human and socio-economic development. Journal of Scientific Research and Studies 5(4):73–87
Lahmidi, S., Lagnaoui, A., Bahaj, T., El Adnani, A., & Fadli, D. (2020). First inventory and assessment of the Geoheritage of Zagora province from the project Bani Geopark (South-Eastern
M’Barki L, Abioui M, Benssaou M, Ezaidi A (2017) Global Sustainable tourism development and geomorphology: Agouliz Oasis, Morocco. International Journal of Global Science Research 4(1):471–480
Mashaal NM, Sallam ES (2023) Mid-Eocene (Bartonian) composite alluvial paleosol succession in NE Egypt: a key to terrestrial paleoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic reconstruction. Int J Earth Sci 112:1311–1314
Mashaal NM, Sallam ES, Khater TM (2020) Mushroom rock, inselberg, and butte desert landforms (Gebel Qatrani, Egypt): evidence of wind erosion. Int J Earth Sci 109:1975–1976
Mehdioui S, El Hadi H, Tahiri A, Brilha J, El Haibi H, Tahiri M (2020) Inventory and quantitative assessment of geosites in Rabat-Tiflet Region (North Western Morocco): Preliminary study to evaluate the potential of the area to become a geopark. Geoheritage 12:1–17
Mehdioui S, Hadi HE, Tahiri A, Haibi HE, Tahiri M, Zoraa N, Hamoud A (2022) The Geoheritage of Northwestern Central Morocco Area: Inventory and Quantitative Assessment of Geosites for Geoconservation, Geotourism, Geopark Purpose and the Support of Sustainable Development. Geoheritage 14(3):86
Meneisy, M.Y., Abdel Aal, A.Y., 1984. Geochronology of Phanerozoic volcanic rocks in Egypt. Bulletin of Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo 25 (B24).
Mousa FA, Abu El-Hassan MM, Wanas HA, Sallam ES, Ermolaev VA, Ruban DA (2023) Geoheritage meaning of past humidity in the central Western Desert of Egypt. International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks 11(3):331–348
Muftah, A. M. and El Zouki, A. Y. (2021): A conifer Pagiophyllum yafraiensis sp. nov. from the Jurassic Khashm az Zarzur Formation, Yafran, Jebel Nefusa – Libya. Libyan Journal of Science & Technology 13:2:131–136.
Myrow PM (1995) Thalassinoides and the enigma of Early Paleozoic open-framework burrow systems. Palaios 10(1):58–74
Nicolai C (2008) Tracing the As Sahabi Channel System in the Ajdabiya Trough, Central Sirt Basi, Libya. Garyounis Scientific Bulletin, Special Issue No. 5:285–294
Nicoll K, Sallam ES (2017) Paleospring tufa deposition in the Kurkur Oasis region and implications for tributary integration with the River Nile in southern Egypt. J Afr Earth Sc 136:239–251
Noubhani, A. (2015). Late Cretaceous and Lower Paleogene Moroccan Phosphates: Geotourism Opportunities Les phosphates du Crétacé terminal et Paléogène inférieur du Maroc: Opportunités. From geoheritage to geoparks, 125.
Oukassou M, Boumir K, Benshili K, Ouarhache D, Lagnaoui A, Charrière A (2019) The Tichoukt massif: A geotouristic play in the folded middle atlas (Morocco). Geoheritage 11:371–379
Plyusnina EE, Sallam ES, Ruban DA (2016) Geological heritage of the Bahariya and Farafra oases, the central Western Desert. Egypt. Journal of African Earth Sciences 116:151–159
Prosser C, Murphy M, Larwood J (2006) Geological conservation: a guide to good practice. English Nature, Peterborough, p 145
Rais J, Barakat A, Louz E, Barka AA (2021) Geological heritage in the M’Goun geopark: A proposal of geo-itineraries around the Bine El Ouidane dam (Central High Atlas, Morocco). International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks 9(2):242–263
Reynard E, Brilha J (eds) (2018) Geoheritage: Assessment, Protection, and Management. Elsevier, Amsterdam, p 482
Rohlich, P. 1979. Geological map of Libya 1:250,000 Sheet: Ghadames NH 32–7, Explanatory Booklet, Industrial Research Centre, Tripoli, 63p.
Rovero L, Tonietti U, Fratini F, Rescic S (2009) The salt architecture in Siwa oasis - Egypt (XII-XX centuries). Constr Build Mater 23:2492–2503
Ruban DA, Sallam ES (2016) Bajocian-Bathonian (Middle Jurassic) sea-level changes in northeastern Egypt: Synthesis and further implications. J Afr Earth Sc 120:141–145
Ruban DA, Sallam ES, Khater TM, Ermolaev VA (2021) Golden Triangle Geosites: Preliminary Geoheritage Assessment in a Geologically Rich Area of Eastern Egypt. Geoheritage 13:54
Ruban DA, Sallam ES, Wanas HA (2019) Middle-Late Jurassic sedimentation and sea-level changes on the northeast African margin: A case study in the Khashm El-Galala area, NE Egypt. J Afr Earth Sc 156:189–202
Ruban DA, Tiess G, Sallam ES, Ponedelnik AA, Yashalova NN (2018) Combined mineral and geoheritage resources related to kaolin, phosphate, and cement production in Egypt: Conceptualization, assessment, and policy implications. Sustainable Environment Research 28:454–461
Saddiqi, O., Rjimati, E., Michard, A., Soulaimani, A., & Ouanaimi, H. (2015). Recommended Geoheritage Trails in Southern Morocco: A 3 Ga Record Between the Sahara Desert and the Atlantic Ocean Recommandation de deux géoroutes au sud du Maroc: 3 Ga entre le désert du Sahara et. From geoheritage to geoparks, 91.
Said R (ed) (2017) The geology of Egypt. Routledge, London, p 734
Salhi A, Alilou MR, Benabdelouahab S, Vila-Subirós J, Sala P, Benabdelouahab T, Casas Ponsati A (2020) Assessment of geosites in northern Morocco: diversity and richness with potential for socioeconomic development. Geoheritage 12:1–21
Sallam ES (2022a) Speleothems of the Wadi Sannur cave (Eastern Desert, Egypt): a well-preserved archive of paleoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic changes. Int J Earth Sci 111:1269–1271
Sallam ES (2022b) Facies and early diagenesis of rainwater-fed paleospring calcareous tufas in the Kurkur Oasis area (southern Egypt). Carbonates Evaporites 37:46
Sallam ES, Ruban DA (2017) Palaeogeographical type of the geological heritage of Egypt: anew evidence. J Afr Earth Sc 129:739–750
Sallam ES, Abd El-Aal AK, Fedorov YA, Bobrysheva OR, Ruban DA (2018a) Geological heritage as a new kind of natural resource in the Siwa Oasis, Egypt: The first assessment, comparison to the Russian South, and sustainable development issues. J Afr Earth Sc 144:151–160
Sallam ES, Fathy EE, Ruban DA, Ponedelnik AA, Yashalova NN (2018b) Geological heritage diversity in the Faiyum Oasis (Egypt): A comprehensive assessment. J Afr Earth Sc 140:212–224
Sallam ES, Abd El-Samee MA, Bobrysheva OR, Yashalova NN, Ruban DA (2020) Geological heritage of Luxor and its vicinities, Egypt: a new assessment and geotourism perspectives. Arab J Geosci 13:76
Sallam ES, Abou-Elmagd K (2021) Paleospring freshwater tufa carbonates of the Kurkur Oasis Geosite (southern Egypt): archives for paleoenvironment and paleoclimate. Int J Earth Sci 110:1073–1075
Sallam ES, Ruban DA, Van Loon AJ (2022a) Lagoonal carbonate deposition preceding rifting-related uplift: evidence from the Bartonian-Priabonian (Eocene) in the northwestern Gulf of Suez (Egypt). Journal of Palaeogeography 11:8–30
Sallam ES, Ruban DA, Ermolaev VA (2022b) Geoheritage resources and new direction of infrastructural growth in Egypt: From geosite assessment to policy development. Resour Policy 79:103127
Sallam ES, Wanas HA, Osman R (2015) Stratigraphy, facies analysis and sequence stratigraphy of the Eocene succession in the Shabrawet area (north Eastern Desert, Egypt): An example for a tectonically influenced inner ramp carbonate platform. Arab J Geosci 8(12):10433–10458
Shata AA (1988) Geology of Cairo, Egypt. Bull Assoc Eng Geol 25:149–183
Tawadros E (2011) Geology of North Africa. CRC Press, London, p 930
Thiedig F, Oezen D, El-Chair M, Geyh MA (2000) The absolute age of the Quaternary lacustrine limestone of the Al Mahruqah Formation-Murzuq Basin, Libya. In: Sola MA, Worsley D (eds) Geological Exploration in Murzuq Basin. Elsevier, Amsterdam., pp 89–116
Wanas HA, Sallam ES, Zobaa MK, Li X (2015) Mid-Eocene alluvial-lacustrine succession at Gebel El-Goza El-Hamra (Shabrawet area, NE Eastern Desert, Egypt): Facies analysis, sequence stratigraphy and paleoclimatic implications. Sed Geol 329:115–129
Wimbledon WA, Benton MJ, Bevins RE, Black GP, Bridgland DR, Cleal CJ, Cooper RG, May VJ (1995) The development of a methodology for the selection of British geological sites for conservation: part 1. Mod Geol 20:159–202
Xiao, S. H., & Narbonne, G. M. (2020). The Ediacaran Period. In Geologic time scale 2020 (pp. 521–561). Elsevier.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Errami, E. et al. (2024). Geoheritage, Geotourism, and Geoparks in North Africa: Current State. In: Hamimi, Z., et al. The Geology of North Africa. Regional Geology Reviews. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-48299-1_21
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-48299-1_21
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-48298-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-48299-1
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)