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Biological Events at the Interface Between the Radicular Part of a Dental Implant and Bone

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Surgical Research in Implant Dentistry

Abstract

The integration of the endosseous portion of a dental implant relies heavily on interactions in the implant microenvironment. A complex biological cascade forms the basis for osseointegration, using chemical and physical cues from the implant surface to influence the activity of immune and progenitor cells. This further alters the recruitment, migration, proliferation, and maturation of progenitor cells into osteoblasts and stimulates osteoblasts to produce bone. Understanding the biological interactions at the implant surface is important when developing new materials and treatments to enhance osseointegration. The in vitro assays described in this chapter use multiple cell culture techniques, harvest methods, imaging modalities, and biochemical analyses to characterize individual cell types and co-cultures to predict the interaction of these cells in vivo. Surface designs that enhance micro/meso/nano-roughness and alter the free energy of the surface have been shown to alter protein adsorption profiles, promote a wound healing immune resolution, increase net bone apposition to the implant surface, alter osteoclast activity, and create long-term immune tolerance to create a tightly bonded biologic-material interface.

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Abbreviations

1α,25(OH)2D3:

1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3

BMP:

Bone morphogenetic protein

BSA:

Bovine serum albumin

CCR:

C chemokine receptor

CD:

Cluster of differentiation

ELISA:

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

ERK:

Extracellular regulated kinase

FAK:

Focal adhesion kinase

FBGC:

Foreign body giant cell

FBS:

Fetal bovine serum

FITC:

Fluorescein isothiocyanate

FTIR:

Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy

GFOGER:

Glycine-phenylalanine-hydroxyproline-glycine-glutamic acid-arginine

HLA-DR:

Human leukocyte antigen—antigen D related

IGF:

Insulin-like growth factor

IL:

Interleukin

IL-1ra:

Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist

ILK:

Integrin-linked kinase

LPS:

Lipopolysaccharide

MALDI-ToF-MS:

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectroscopy

MAPK:

Mitogen-activated protein kinase

MCP-1:

Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1

M-CSF:

Macrophage colony-stimulating factor

MIP-1α :

Macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha

MMP:

Matrix metalloproteinase

MSC:

Mesenchymal stem cell

NET:

Neutrophil extracellular trap

NO:

Nitric oxide

NOS2:

Nitric oxide synthase 2

OB:

Osteoblasts

OC:

Osteoclasts

OCN:

Osteocalcin

OCP:

Osteoclast precursors

OPG:

Osteoprotegerin

OPN:

Osteopontin

PBMC:

Peripheral blood mononuclear cell

PGE1:

Prostaglandin E1

PGE2:

Prostaglandin E2

PHA:

Phytohemagglutinin

PLXN:

Plexin

PMN:

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes

RANK:

Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B

RANKL:

Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand

RGD:

Arginine-glycine-aspartic acid

RUNX2:

Runt-related transcription factor 2

SEM:

Scanning electron microscopy

SEMA:

Semaphorin

SLM:

Selective laser melting

STAT:

Signal transducer and activator of transcription

TGFβ1:

Transforming growth factor beta 1

TNAP:

Tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha

TUNNEL:

Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) dUTP nick-end labeling

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

WNT:

Wingless-related integration site

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Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the support of the ITI Foundation (Waldenburg, Switzerland); Institut Straumann AG (Basel, Switzerland); Medtronic/Titan Spine LLC (Mequon, Wisconsin, USA); AB Dental (Ashdod, Israel); and the National Institutes of Health (AR052102, AR072500, and T32 GM08433). In addition, the authors acknowledge Caroline Bivens for her artistic contributions to the present work.

Author Disclosure Statement

BDB is an unpaid consultant for Institut Straumann AG and a paid consultant for Medtronic Spine. ZS is an unpaid consultant for AB Dental.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA

    Barbara D. Boyan, Ethan M. Lotz, Michael B. Berger, Jingyao Deng, D. Joshua Cohen & Zvi Schwartz

  2. Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA

    Barbara D. Boyan

  3. Department of Periodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA

    Zvi Schwartz

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Boyan, B.D., Lotz, E.M., Berger, M.B., Deng, J., Cohen, D.J., Schwartz, Z. (2023). Biological Events at the Interface Between the Radicular Part of a Dental Implant and Bone. In: Dard, M.M. (eds) Surgical Research in Implant Dentistry. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37234-6_11

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