Abstract
Since the description of diffraction from the seventeenth century and the development of optical microscopy that has followed, many approaches have been developed for breaking the diffraction limit. Following the first proposition of near-field optical microscopy made in the 1920s, the first experimental demonstrations started in the early 1980s through scanning near-field optical microcopy, within the context of the swift development of scanning probe microscopies.
Since, different alternative approaches and concepts have emerged for probing the optical near-field with a sub-wavelength resolution.
The chapter is divided into four main sections. In Sect. 4.2, important theoretical principles will be reminded. They will allow the reader to acquire a general background in near-field optics. Section 4.3 describes how it is possible to probe the near-field with physical optical nano-antenna. In particular, different approaches of scanning near-field optical microscopy will be discussed. Section 4.4 is dedicated to the way free electrons can be used for probing the near-field. Section 4.5 deals with the use of nanoscale photochemistry for probing the optical near-field.
These three approaches present respective features and assets that will be illustrated by examples of achievements from the literature.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
H.I.E. Ahrach, R. Bachelot, A. Vial, G. Lérondel, J. Plain, P. Royer, O. Soppera, Spectral degeneracy breaking in plasmon resonance of single metal nanoparticles by nanoscale near-field photopolymerization. Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 107402 (2007)
M. Aeschlimann, M. Bauer, D. Bayer, T. Brixner, F.J. de Abajo, W. Pfeiffer, M. Rohmer, C. Spindler, F. Steeb, Adaptive subwavelength control of nano-optical fields. Nature 446, 301 (2007)
M. Aeschlimann, M. Bauer, D. Bayer, T. Brixner, S. Cunovic, F. Dimler, A. Fischer, W. Pfeiffer, M. Rohmer, C. Schneider, F. Steeb, C. Strüber, D.V. Voroninec, Spatiotemporal control of nanooptical excitations. PNAS 107, 5329–5333 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0913556107
M. Aeschlimann, M. Bauer, D. Bayer, T. Brixner, S. Cunovic, F. Dimler, A. Fischer, W. Pfeiffer, M. Rohmer, C. Schneider, F. Steeb, C. Strüber, D.V. Voroninec, Determination of local optical response functions of nanostructures with increasing complexity by using single and coupled Lorentzian oscillator models. Appl. Phys. B Lasers Opt. 122, 199 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-016-6471-3
P. Anger, P. Bharadwaj, L. Novotny, Enhancement and quenching of single-molecule fluorescence. PRL 96, 113002 (2006)
S. Aubert, A. Bruyant, S. Blaize, R. Bachelot, G. Lerondel, S. Hudlet, P. Royer, Analysis of the interferometric effect of the background light in apertureless scanning near-field optical microscopy. Opt. Soc. Am. B Optical Physics 20(10), 2117–2124 (2003)
C. Awada, T. Popescu, L. Douillard, F. Charra, A. Perron, H. Yockell-Lelièvre, A.-L. Baudrion, P.-M. Adam, R. Bachelot, Selective excitation of plasmon resonances of single Au triangles by polarization dependent light excitation. J. Phys. Chem. C 16, 14591–14598 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/jp303475c
A. Asenjo-Garcia, F. García de Abajo, Plasmon electron energy-gain spectroscopy. New J. Phys. 15, 103021 (2013)
A.C. Atre, B.J.M. Brenny, T. Coenen, A. García-Etxarri, A. Polman, J.A. Dionne, Nanoscale optical tomography with cathodoluminescence spectroscopy. Nat. Nanotechnol. 10, 429–436 (2015)
B. Barwick, D. Flannigan, A. Zewail, Photon-induced near-field electron microscopy. Nature 462, 902 (2009)
R. Bachelot, G. Wurtz, P. Royer, An application of the apertureless scanning near-field optical microscopy: Imaging a GaAlAs laser diode in operation. Appl. Phys. Lett. 73(23), 3333–3335 (1998)
R. Bachelot, F. H’Dhili, D. Barchiesi, G. Lerondel, R. Fikri, P. Royer, N. Landraud, J. Peretti, F. Chaput, G. Lampel, J.-P. Boilot, K. Lahlil, Apertureless near-field optical microscopy: A study of the local tip field enhancement using photosensitive azobenzene-containing films. J. Appl. Phys. 94(3), 2060–2072 (2003)
D. Van Baak, G. Herold, Response of a lock-in amplifier to noise. Am. J. Phys. 82(8), 785–797 (2014)
T.A. Baker, A. Grubisic, D.J. Nesbitt, Plasmon mediated multiphoton photoemission microscopy of Au nanoholes and nanohole dimers. J. Phys. Chem. C 118, 6959–6971 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/jp411943f
E. Bauer, Surface Microscopy with Low Energy Electrons (Springer Science + Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4939-0934-6 ISBN 978-1-4939-0935-3 (eBook), New York/Heidelberg/Dordrecht/London, 2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0935-3
J.V. Bladel, Singular Electromagnetic Fields and Sources (IEEE Press, New York, 1991)
K.Y. Bliokh, I.P. Ivanov, G. Guzzinati, L. Clark, R. Van Boxem, A. Béché, R. Juchtmans, M.A. Alonso, P. Schattschneider, F. Nori, J. Verbeeck, Theory and applications of free-electron vortex states. Phys. Rep. 690, 1 (2017)
G.D. Bernasconi, J. Butet, V. Flauraud, D. Alexander, J. Brugger, O.J.F. Martin, Where does energy go in electron energy loss spectroscopy of nanostructures? ACS Photonics 4, 156–164 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.6b00761
E. Betzig, J.K. Trautman, Near-field optics: microscopy, spectroscopy, and surface modification beyond the diffraction limit. Science 257(5067), 189–195 (1992)
J.-L. Bijeon, P.-M. Adam, D. Barchiesi, P. Royer, A simple resolution criterion in an Apertureless Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscope (A-SNOM): Contribution of the tip vibration and lock-in detection. Def. Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys. 26(1), 45–52 (2004)
L. Billot, M.L. De La Chapelle, D. Barchiesi, S.-H. Chang, S.K. Gray, J.A. Rogers, A. Bouhelier, P.-M. Adam, J.-L. Bijeon, G.P. Wiederrecht, R. Bachelot, P. Royer, Error signal artifact in apertureless scanning near-field optical microscopy. Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(2), art.no.023105 (2006)
M. Born, E. Wolf, Principles of Optics, 6th edn. (Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1993)
O. Bryngdhal, Evanescent waves in optical imaging, in Progress in Optics XI, Chap IV, ed. by E. Wolf, (North Holland, Amsterdam, 1973)
N.M. Buckanie, P. Kirschbaum, S. Sindermann, F.-J. Meyer zu Heringdorf, Interaction of light and surface plasmon polaritons in Ag islands studied by nonlinear photoemission microscopy. Ultramicroscopy 130, 49–53 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2013.03.007
F. Carbone, O.-H. Kwon, A.H. Zewail, Dynamics of chemical bonding mapped by energy-resolved 4D electron microscopy. Science 325, 181 (2009)
R. Carminati, A. Cazé, D. Cao, F. Peragut, V. Krachmalnicoff, R. Pierrata, Y. De Wilde, Electromagnetic density of states in complex plasmonic systems. Surf. Sci. Rep. 70, 1–41 (2015)
G.M. Caruso, F. Houdellier, S. Weber, M. Kociak, A. Arbouet, High brightness ultrafast transmission electron microscope based on a laser-driven cold field emission source: Principle and applications. Adv. Phys. X 4, 1660214 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1080/23746149.2019.1660214
L. Chelaru, F. Meyer zu Heringdorf, In situ monitoring of surface plasmons in single-crystalline Ag-nanowires. Surf. Sci. 601, 4541 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susc.2007.04.146
S.H. Chew, F. Süßmann, C. Späth, A. Wirth, J. Schmidt, S. Zherebtsov, A. Guggenmos, A. Oelsner, N. Weber, J. Kapaldo, A. Gliserin, M.I. Stockman, M.F. Kling, U. Kleineberg, Time-of-flight-photoelectron emission microscopy on plasmonic structures using attosecond extreme ultraviolet pulses. Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 051904 (2012)
M. Cinchetti, A. Gloskovskii, S.A. Nepjiko, G. Schönhense, H. Rochholz, M. Kreiter, Photoemission electron microscopy as a tool for the investigation of optical near fields. Phys. Rev. Lett. 95(47601), 10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.047601 (2005)
T. Coenen, B.J.M. Brenny, E. Jan Vesseur, A. Polman, Cathodoluminescence microscopy: Optical imaging and spectroscopy with deep-subwavelength resolution. MRS Bull. 40, 359 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2015.64
T. Coenen, N.M. Haegel, Cathodoluminescence for the 21st century: Learning more from light featured. Appl. Phys. Rev. 4, 031103 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4985767
S.M. Collins, O. Nicoletti, D. Rossouw, T. Ostasevicius, P.A. Midgley, Excitation dependent Fano-like interference effects in plasmonic silver nanorods. Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 90, 155419 (2014)
S.M. Collins, E. Ringe, M. Duchamp, Z. Saghi, R.E. Dunin-Borkowski, P.A. Midgley, Eigenmode tomography of surface charge oscillations of plasmonic nanoparticles by electron energy loss spectroscopy. ACS Photonics 2, 1628–1635 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.5b00421
S.M. Collins, P.A. Midgley, Progress and opportunities in EELS and EDS tomography. Ultramicroscopy 180, 133–141 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2017.01.003
C. Colliex, M. Kociak, O. Stéphan, Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy imaging of surface plasmons at the nanometer scale. Ultramicroscopy 162, A1–A24 (2016)
D. Courjon, C. Bainier (eds.), Champ Proche Optique : Théorie et Applications, Collection Technique et Scientifique des Télécommunications, Chapter 8 (Springer, Cham, 2001), pp. 147–176
Y. Dai, M. Dąbrowski, V.A. Apkarian, H. Petek, Ultrafast microscopy of spin-momentum locked surface plasmon polaritons. ACS Nano 12, 6588–6596 (2018)
Y. Dai, H. Petek, Plasmonic spin-hall effect in surface plasmon polariton focusing. ACS Photonics 6, 2005–2013 (2019)
Y. Dai, M. Dabrowski, H. Petek, Optical field tuning of localized plasmon modes in Ag microcrystals at the nanofemto scale. J. Chem. Phys. 152, 054201 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5139543
Y. Dai, Z. Zhou, A. Ghosh, S. Yang, H. Chen-Bin Huang, Petek., Ultrafast nanofemto photoemission electron microscopy of vectorial plasmonic fields. MRS Bull. 46 (2021)
C. Deeb, C. Ecoffet, R. Bachelot, J. Plain, A. Bouhelier, O. Soppera, Plasmon-based free-radical photopolymerization: Effect of diffusion on nanolithography processes. Am. Chem. Soc. 133(27), 10535–10542 (2011)
C. Deeb, R. Bachelot, J. Plain, A.-L. Baudrion, S. Jradi, A. Bouhelier, O. Soppera, P.-K. Jain, L. Huang, C. Ecoffet, L. Balan, P. Royer, Quantitative analysis of localized surface plasmons based on molecular probing. ACS Nano 4, 4579–4586 (2010)
C. Delacour, S. Blaize, P. Grosse, J.M. Fedeli, A. Bruyant, R. Salas-Montiel, G. Lerondel, A. Chelnokov, Efficient directional coupling between silicon and copper plasmonic nanoslot waveguides: Toward metal−oxide−silicon nanophotonics. Nano Lett. 10, 2922 (2009)
B. Di Bartolo, J. Collins, L. Silvestri, Nano-Optics: Principles Enabling Basic Research and Applications. Part of the book series: NATO Science for Peace and Security Series B: Physics and Biophysics (NAPSB), conference proceeding (Springer, 2016)
T. Ding, J. Mertens, A. Lombardi, O.A. Scherman, J.J. Baumberg, Light-directed tuning of plasmon resonances via plasmon-induced polymerization using hot electrons. ACS Photonics 4(6), 1453–1458 (2017)
P.A.M. Dirac, The quantum theory of emission and absorption of radiation. Roy. Soc. Lond. A 114(767), 243–265 (1927). https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1927.0039
L. Douillard, F. Charra, C. Fiorini, P.-M. Adam, R. Bachelot, S. Kostcheev, G. Lerondel, M. Lamy de la Chapelle, P. Royer, Optical properties of metal nanoparticles as probed by photoemission electron microscopy. J. Appl. Phys. 101, 83518–83522 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2719282
L. Douillard, F. Charra, Z. Korczak, P.M. Adam, R. Bachelot, S. Kostcheev, G. Lerondel, P. Royer, Short range plasmon resonators probed by photoemission electron microscopy. Nano Lett. 8, 935–940 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl080053v
L. Douillard, F. Charra, High-resolution mapping of plasmonic modes: Photoemission and scanning tunnelling luminescence microscopies. J. Phys. D. Appl. Phys. 44, 464002 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/44/46/464002
A. Drezet, M.J. Nasse, S. Huant, J.C. Woehl, The optical near-field of an aperture tip. Europhys. Lett. 66, 41 (2004)
B. Egger, S.G. Sprecher, Super-Resolution STED and STORM/PALM Microscopy for Brain Imaging. Part of the Progress in Optical Science and Photonics book series POSP, vol. 5 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-9020-2_12
P.Z. El-Khoury, P. Abellan, B.Y. Gong, A.F.S. Hage, J. Cottom, A.G. Joly, R. Brydson, C.Q.M. Ramasseb, W.P. Hessa, Visualizing surface plasmons with photons, photoelectrons, and electrons. Analyst 141, 3562 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/c6an00308g
A. Feist, N. Bach, N.R. da Silva, T. Danz, M. Möller, K.E. Priebe, T. Domröse, J.G. Gatzmann, S. Rost, J. Schauss, S. Strauch, R. Bormann, M. Sivis, S. Schäfer, C. Ropers, Ultrafast transmission electron microscopy using a laser-driven field emitter: Femtosecond resolution with a high coherence electron beam. Ultramicroscopy 176, 63–73 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2016.12.005
G. Ferrini, F. Banfi, C. Giannetti, F. Parmigiani, Non-linear electron photoemission from metals with ultrashort pulses. Nuclear Inst. Methods Phys. Res. A 601, 123–131 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2008.12.107
K.W. Frese, C. Chen, Theoretical models of hot carrier effects at metal-semiconductor electrodes. J. Electrochem. Soc. 139, 3234 (1992)
F.J. Garcia de Abajo, Relativistic energy loss and induced photon emission in the interaction of a dielectric sphere with an external electron beam. Phys. Rev. B 59, 3095 (1999)
K. Fukumoto, K. Onda, Y. Yamada, T. Matsuki, T. Mukuta, S.-i. Tanaka, S.-y. Koshihara, Femtosecond time-resolved photoemission electron microscopy for spatiotemporal imaging of photogenerated carrier dynamics in semiconductors. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 85, 083705 (2014)
D. Ge, S. Marguet, A. Issa, S. Jradi, T. Hoa Nguyen, M. Nahra, J. Béal, R. Deturche, H. Chen, S. Blaize, J. Plain, C. Fiorini, L. Douillard, O. Soppera, X.Q. Dinh, C. Dang, X. Yang, T. Xu, B. Wei, X.W. Sun, C. Couteau, R. Bachelot, Hybrid plasmonic nano-emitters with controlled single quantum emitter positioning on the local excitation field. Nat. Commun. 11, 3414 (2020)
T. Geldhauser, A. Kolloch, N. Murazawa, K. Ueno, J. Boneberg, P. Leiderer, E. Scheer, H. Misawa, Quantitative measurement of the near-field enhancement of nanostructures by two-photon polymerization. Langmuir 28, 9041–9046 (2012)
H. Gersen, T.J. Karle, R.J.P. Engelen, W. Bogaerts, J.P. Korterik, N.F. van Hulst, T.F. Krauss, L. Kuipers, Real-space observation of ultraslow light in photonic crystal waveguides. Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 073903 (2005)
L. Gomez, R. Bachelot, A. Bouhelier, G.P. Wiederrecht, S.-H. Chang, S.K. Gray, F. Hua, S. Jeon, J.A. Rogers, M.E. Castro, S. Blaize, I. Stefanon, G. Lerondel, P.J. Royer, Apertureless scanning near-field optical microscopy: A comparison between homodyne and heterodyne approaches. Opt. Soc. Am. B Optical Physics 23(5), 823–833 (2006)
J.-J. Greffet, R. Carminati, Image formation in near-field optics. Prog. Surf. Sci. 56(3), 133–237 (1997)
S. Grésillon, L. Aigouy, A.C. Boccara, J.C. Rivoal, X. Quelin, C. Desmarest, P. Gadenne, V.A. Shubin, A.K. Sarychev, V.M. Shalaev, Experimental observation of localized optical excitations in random metal-dielectric films. Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 4529 (1999)
C. Gruber, A. Hirzer, V. Schmidt, A. Trügler, U. Hohenester, H. Ditlbacher, A. Hohenau, J.R. Krenn, Imaging nanowire plasmon modes with two-photon polymerization. Appl. Phys. Lett. 106, 081101 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4913470
A. Grubisic, E. Ringe, C.M. Cobley, Y. Xia, L.D. Marks, R.P. Van Duyne, D.J. Nesbit, Plasmonic near-electric field enhancement effects in ultrafast photoelectron emission: Correlated spatial and laser polarization microscopy studies of individual Ag nanocubes. Nano Lett. 12, 4823–4829 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl302271u
A. Grubisic, V. Schweikhard, T.A. Baker, D.J. Nesbitt, Multiphoton photoelectron emission microscopy of single Au nanorods: Combined experimental and theoretical study of rod morphology and dielectric environment on localized surface plasmon resonances. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 15, 10616 (2013)
F.J. García de Abajo, Optical excitations in electron microscopy. Rev. Mod. Phys. 82, 209 (2010)
F.J. Garcia de Abajo, A. Asenjo-Garcia, M. Kociak, Multiphoton absorption and emission by interaction of swift electrons with evanescent light fields. Nano Lett. 10, 1859 (2010)
A. Garcia-Etxarri, I. Romero, F.J.G. de Abajo, R. Hillenbrand, J. Aizpurua, Influence of the tip in near-field imaging of nanoparticle plasmonic modes: Weak and strong coupling regimes. Phys. Rev. B 79(2009), 045111 (2009)
Y. Gong, A.G. Joly, P.Z. El-Khoury, W.P. Hess, Nonlinear photoemission electron micrographs of plasmonic nanoholes in gold thin films. J. Phys. Chem. C 118, 25671–25676 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/jp509900h
Y. Gong, A. Joly, D. Hu, P. El-Khoury, W. Hess, Ultrafast imaging of surface plasmons propagating on a gold surface. NanoLetters 15, 3472 (2015)
A. Gliserin, S.H. Chew, S. Choi, K. Kim, D.T. Hallinan, O. Jin-Woo, S. Kim, D.E. Kim, Interferometric time- and energy-resolved photoemission electron microscopy for few-femtosecond nanoplasmonic dynamics. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 90, 093904 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5110705
B. Goris, G. Guzzinati, C. Fernández-López, J. Pérez-Juste, L.M. Liz-Marzán, A. Trügler, U. Hohenester, J. Verbeeck, S. Bals, G. Van Tendeloo, Plasmon mapping in Au@Ag nanocube assemblies. J. Phys. Chem. C. Nanomater. Interf. 118, 15356 (2014)
M. Haggui, M. Dridi, J. Plain, S. Marguet, P. Henri, G. Schatz, G. Wiederrecht, S. Gray, R. Bachelot, Spatial confinement of electromagnetic hot and cold spots in gold nanocubes. ACS Nano 6, 1299–1307 (2012)
A. Hartschuh, H. Qian, C. Georgi, M. Böhmler, L. Novotny, Tip-enhanced near-field optical microscopy of carbon nanotubes. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 394, 1787–1795 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-009-2827-4A
M.T. Hassan, J.S. Baskin, B. Liao, A.H. Zewail, High-temporal-resolution electron microscopy for imaging ultrafast electron dynamics. Nat. Photonics 11, 425 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/NPHOTON.2017.79
M. Hassan, Attomicroscopy: From femtosecond to attosecond electron microscopy. J. Phys. B Atomic Mol. Phys. 51, 032005 (2018)
B. Hecht, H. Bielefeldt, Y. Inouye, D.W. Pohl, L. Novotny, Facts and artifacts in near-field optical microscopy. J. Appl. Phys. 81, 2492 (1997)
P.N. Hedde, G.U. Nienhaus, Sub-wavelength optical fluorescence microscopy for biological applications, in Nano-Optics for Enhancing Light-Matter Interactions on a Molecular Scale: Plasmonics, Photonic Crystals, Metamaterials and Sub-Wavelength Resolution, Springer Series: NATO Science for Peace and Security Series B: Physics and Biophysics, ed. by B. di Bartolo, J. Collins, (Springer Science + Business Media B.V, Dordrecht, 2013), pp. 47–71
C. Hrelescu, T.K. Sau, A.L. Rogach, F. Jäckel, G. Laurent, L. Douillard, F. Charra, Selective excitation of individual plasmonic hotspots at the tips of single gold nanostars. Nano Lett. 11, 402–407 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl103007m
R.G. Hobbs, W.P. Putnam, A. Fallahi, Y. Yang, F.X. Kärtner, K.K. Berggren, Mapping photoemission and hot-electron emission from plasmonic nanoantennas. Nano Lett. 17, 6069–6060 (2017)
A. Hörl, A. Trügler, U. Hohenester, Tomography of particle plasmon fields from electron energy loss spectroscopy. Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 076801 (2013)
A. Hörl, G. Haberfehlner, A. Trügler, F.-P. Schmidt, U. Hohenester, G. Kothleitner, Tomographic imaging of the photonic environment of plasmonic nanoparticles. Nat. Commun. 8, 37 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-00051-3
A. Horrer, Y. Zhang, D. Gerard, J. Béal, M. Kociak, J. Plain, R. Bachelot, Local optical chirality induced by near-field mode interference in achiral plasmonic metamolecules. Nano Lett. 20, 509–516 (2019)
A. Howie, Photon interactions for electron microscopy applications. Eur. Phys. J.-Appl. Phys. 54, 33502 (2011)
B. Huber, S. Pres, E. Wittmann, L. Dietrich, J. Lüttig, D. Fersch, E. Krauss, D. Friedrich, J. Kern, V. Lisinetskii, M. Hensen, B. Hecht, R. Bratschitsch, E. Riedle, T. Brixner, Space- and time-resolved UV-to-NIR surface spectroscopy and 2D nanoscopy at 1 MHz repetition rate. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 90, 113103 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5115322
C. Hubert, A. Rumyantseva, G. Lerondel, J. Grand, S. Kostcheev, L. Billot, A. Vial, R. Bachelot, P. Royer, S.-H. Chang, S.K. Gray, G.P. Wiederrecht, G.C. Schatz, Near-field photochemical imaging of noble metal nanostructures. Nano Lett. 5(4), 615–619 (2005)
C. Hubert, R. Bachelot, J. Plain, S. Kostcheev, G. Lerondel, M. Juan, P. Royer, S. Zou, G.C. Schatz, G.P. Wiederrecht, S.K. Gray, Near-field polarization effects in molecular-motion-induced photochemical imaging. J. Phys. Chem. C 112, 4111–4116 (2008)
H.C.V.d. Hulst Dover, Light Scattering by Small Particles (Wiley, 1981)
A. Jalocha, N.F. van Hulst, Polarization contrast in fluorescence scanning near-field optical reflection microscopy. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 12, 1577 (1995)
R. Jazi, T.P.L. Ung, P. Maso, G.C.D. Francs, M. Nasilowski, B. Dubertret, J.-P. Hermier, X. Quélina, S. Bui, Measuring the orientation of a single CdSe/CdS nanocrystal at the end of a near-field tip for the realization of a versatile active SNOM probe. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 20, 16444–16448 (2018)
M. Juan, J. Plain, R. Bachelot, P. Royer, S.K. Gray, G.P. Wiederrecht, Stochastic model for photoinduced surface relief grating formation through molecular transport in polymer films. Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 153304–153306 (2008)
M.L. Juan, J. Plain, R. Bachelot, P. Royer, S.K. Gray, G.P. Wiederrecht, Multiscale model for photoinduced molecular motion in azo polymers. ACS Nano 3(6), 1573–1579 (2009)
P. Kahl, D. Podbiel, C. Schneider, A. Makris, S. Sindermann, C. Witt, D. Kilbane, M.H.-v. Hoegen, M. Aeschlimann, F. Meyer zu Heringdorf, Direct observation of surface plasmon polariton propagation and interference by time-resolved imaging in normal-incidence two photon photoemission microscopy plasmonics. Plasmonics 13, 239–246 (2018)
M.A. Kats, N. Yu, P. Genevet, Z. Gaburro, F. Capasso, Effect of radiation damping on the spectral response of plasmonic components. Opt. Express 19, 21748 (2011)
H. Kawano, Effective work functions of the elements. Prog. Surf. Sci. 97, 100583 (2022)
C. Kealhofer, W. Schneider, D. Ehberger, A. Ryabov, F. Krausz, P. Baum, All-optical control and metrology of electron pulses. Science 352, 429 (2016)
M.W. Knight, L. Liu, Y. Wang, L. Brown, S. Mukherjee, N.S. King, H.O. Everitt, P. Nordlander, N.J. Halas, Aluminum plasmonic nanoantennas. Nano Lett. 12, 6000–6004 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl303517v
A.E. Klein, N. Janunts, M. Steinert, A. Tünnermann, T. Pertsch, Polarization-resolved near-field mapping of plasmonic aperture emission by a dual-SNOM system. Nano Lett. 14, 5010 (2014)
M. Kociak, O. Stéphan, Mapping plasmons at the nanometer scale in an electron microscope. Chem. Soc. Rev. 43, 3865 (2014)
M. Kociak, L.F. Zagonel, Cathodoluminescence in the scanning transmission electron microscope. Ultramicroscopy 176, 112–131 (2017)
V. Krachmalnicoff et al., Towards a full characterization of a plasmonic nanostructure with a fluorescent near-field probe. Opt. Express 21, 11536 (2013)
E. Kretschmann, H. Raether, Zeitschrift Fur Naturforschung Part A-Astrophysik Physik Und Physikalische Chemie A. 23, 2135–2136 (1968)
A. Kubo, N. Pontius, H. Petek, Femtosecond microscopy of surface plasmon polariton wave packet evolution at the silver/vacuum interface. Nano Lett. 7, –470 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl0627846
A. Lahrech, R. Bachelot, P. Gleyzes, A.C. Boccara, Infrared-reflection-mode near-field microscopy using an apertureless probe with a resolution of λ/600. Opt. Lett. 21(17), 1315–1317 (1996)
A. Lahrech, R. Bachelot, P. Gleyzes, A.C. Boccara, Infrared near-field imaging of implanted semiconductors: Evidence of a pure dielectric contrast. Appl. Phys. Lett. 71(5), 575–577 (1997)
M.J. Lagos, A. Trügler, U. Hohenester, P.E. Batson, Mapping vibrational surface and bulk modes in a single nanocube. Nature 543, 529–532 (2017)
H.S. Lee, C. Awada, S. Boutami, F. Charra, L. Douillard, R. de Lamaestre, Espiau., Loss mechanisms of surface plasmon polaritons propagating on a smooth polycrystalline Cu surface. Opt. Express 20, 8974–8981 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.008974
P. Lefin, C. Fiorini, J.-M. Nunzi, Anisotropy of the photo-induced translation diffusion of azobenzene dyes in polymer matrices. J. Optics A Pure Appl. Optics 7(1), 71–82 (1998)
M. Lehr, B. Foerster, M. Schmitt, K. Krüger, C. Sönnichsen, G. Schönhense, H.-J. Elmers, Momentum distribution of electrons emitted from resonantly excited individual gold nanorods. Nano Lett. 17, 6606–6612 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b02434
C. Lemke, T. Leißner, S. Jauernik, A. Klick, J. Fiutowski, J. Kjelstrup-Hansen, H.-G. Rubahn, M. Bauer, Mapping surface plasmon polariton propagation via counter-propagating light pulses. Opt. Express 20, 12877–12884 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.012877
M.A. Lieb, A.J. Meixner, A high numerical aperture parabolic mirror as imaging device for confocal microscopy. Opt. Express 8, 458–474 (2001)
H. Liu, J.S. Baskin, A.H. Zewail, Infrared PINEM developed by diffraction in 4D UEM. PNAS 113, 2041–2046 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1600317113
C. Liu, W. Yueying, H. Zhongwei, J.A. Busche, E.K. Beutler, N.P. Montoni, T.M. Moore, G.A. Magel, J.P. Camden, D.J. Masiello, G. Duscher, P.D. Rack, Photon stimulated electron energy-gain and electron energy-loss spectroscopy of individual plasmonic nanoparticles. ACS Photonics 6, 2499–2508 (2019)
G. Longo, M. Girasole, G. Pompeo, A. Cricenti, Optical super resolution using higher harmonics and difference acquisition modes in an aperture tapping SNOM. Phys. Status Solidi 247, 2056 (2010)
A. Losquin, M. Kociak, Link between cathodoluminescence and electron energy loss spectroscopy and the radiative and full electromagnetic local density of states. ACS Photonics 2, 1619–1627 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.5b00416
A. Losquin, L.F. Zagonel, V. Myroshnychenko, B. Rodríguez-González, M. Tencé, L. Scarabelli, J. Förstner, L.M. Liz-Marzán, F.J. García de Abajo, O. Stéphan, M. Kociak, Unveiling nanometer scale extinction and scattering phenomena through combined electron energy loss spectroscopy and cathodoluminescence measurements. Nano Lett. 15, 1229–1237 (2015)
E. Lorek, E. Mårsell, A. Losquin, M. Miranda, A. Harth, C. Guo, R. Svärd, C.L. Arnold, A. L’Huiller, A. Mikkelsen, J. Mauritsson, Size and shape dependent few-cycle near-field dynamics of bowtie nanoantennas. Opt. Express 23, 31460 (2015)
A. Losquin, T.T.A. Lummen, Electron microscopy methods for space-, energy-, time-resolved plasmonics. Front. Phys. 12, 127301 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11467-016-0605-2
T.T.A. Lummen, R.J. Lamb, G. Berruto, T. LaGrange, F. Luca Dal Negro, J.G. de Abajo, D. McGrouther, B. Barwick, F. Carbone, Imaging and controlling plasmonic interference fields at buried interfaces. Nat. Commun. 7, 13156 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13156
M.K.L. Man, A. Margiolakis, S. Deckoff-Jones, T. Harada, E. Laine Wong, M.B.M. Krishna, J. Madéo, A. Winchester, S. Lei, R. Vajtai, P.M. Ajayan, K.M. Dani, Imaging the motion of electrons across semiconductor heterojunctions. Nature Nanotechnol. 12, 36 (2017)
E. Mårsell, A. Losquin, R. Svärd, M. Miranda, C. Guo, A. Harth, E. Lorek, J. Mauritsson, C.L. Arnold, X. Hongxing, A. L’Huillier, A. Mikkelsen, Nanoscale imaging of local few-femtosecond near-field dynamics within a single plasmonic nanoantenna. Nano Lett. 15, 6601–6608 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b02363
M. Mankos, K. Shadman, R. Hahn, Y.J. Picard, D. Comparat, O. Fedchenko, G. Schönhense, L. Amiaud, A. Lafosse, N. Barrett, Design for a high resolution electron energy loss microscope. Ultramicroscopy 207, 112848 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2019.112848
G.A. Massey, Microscopy and pattern generation with scanned evanescent waves. Appl. Opt. 23, 658 (1984)
B.R. Masters, History of the optical microscope in cell biology and medicine, in Encyclopedia of Life Sciences, (Wiley, New York, 2008)
R.J. Matelon, D.M. Newman, M.L. Wears, Photoacoustic determination of the plasmon enhanced electric field at a corrugated metal interface. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 75, 2560–2563 (2004)
T. Matsukata, C. Wadell, N. Matthaiakakis, N. Yamamoto, T. Sannomiya, Selected mode mixing and interference visualized within a single optical nanoantenna. ACS Photonics 5, 4986–4992 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.8b01231
M. Merano, S. Sonderegger, A. Crottini, S. Collin, P. Renucci, E. Pelucchi, A. Malko, M.H. Baier, E. Kapon, B. Deveaud, J.-D. Ganière, Probing carrier dynamics in nanostructures by picosecond cathodoluminescence. Nature 438, 479 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04298
P. Melchior, D. Bayer, C. Schneider, A. Fischer, M. Rohmer, W. Pfeiffer, M. Aeschlimann, Optical near-field interference in the excitation of a bowtie nanoantenna. Phys. Rev. B 83, 235407 (2011)
A. Merlen, F. Lagugné-Labarthet, Imaging the optical near field in plasmonic nanostructures. Appl. Spec. OA 68, 1307 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1366/14-07699
M. Merschdorf, C. Kennerknecht, W. Pfeiffer, Collective and single-particle dynamics in time-resolved two-photon photoemission. Phys. Rev. B 70, 193401 (2004)
S. Meuret, M. Solà Garcia, T. Coenen, E. Kieft, H. Zeijlemaker, M. Lätzel, S. Christiansen, S.Y. Woo, Y.H. Ra, Z. Mi, A. Polman, Complementary cathodoluminescence lifetime imaging configurations in a scanning electron microscope. Ultramicroscopy 197, 28–38 (2019)
S. Mignuzzi, M. Mota, T. Coenen, Y. Li, A.P. Mihai, P.K. Petrov, R.F.M. Oulton, S.A. Maier, R. Sapienza, Energy−Momentum cathodoluminescence spectroscopy of dielectric nanostructures. ACS Photonics 5, 1381–1387 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.7b01404
O.L.A. Monti, T.A. Baker, D.J. Nesbitt, Imaging nanostructures with scanning photoionization microscopy. J. Chem. Phys. 125, 154709 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2354478
C. Moreno, J. Alda, E. Kinzel, G. Boreman, Phase imaging and detection in pseudo-heterodyne scattering scanning near-field optical microscopy measurements. Appl. Opt. 56, 1037 (2017)
Y. Morimoto, P. Baum, Diffraction and microscopy with attosecond electron pulse trains. Nat. Phys. 14, 252–256 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-017-0007-6
M. Munzinger, C. Wiemann, M. Rohmer, L. Guo, M. Aeschlimann, M. Bauer, The lateral photoemission distribution from a defined cluster/substrate system as probed by photoemission electron microscopy. New J. Phys. 7, 68–83 (2005)
V. Myroshnychenko, F. Natsuki Nishio, J. García, J. de Abajo, N.Y. Förstner, Unveiling and imaging degenerate states in plasmonic nanoparticles with nanometer resolution. ACS Nano 12, 8436–8446 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.8b03926
S. Negm, H. Talaat, Surface plasmon resonance halfwidths as measured using attenuated total reflection, forward scattering and photoacoustics. J. Phys. Condens. Matter 1, 10201–10205 (1989)
J. Nelayah, M. Kociak, O. Stephan, F.J.G. de Abajo, M. Tence, L. Henrard, D. Taverna, I. Pastoriza-Santos, L.M. Liz-Marzan, C. Colliex, Mapping surface plasmons on a single metallic nanoparticle. Nat. Phys. 3, 348–353 (2007)
V.-Q. Nguyen, Y. Ai, P. Martin, J.-C. Lacroix, Plasmon-induced nanolocalized reduction of diazonium salts. ACS Omega 2(5), 1947–1955 (2017)
O. Nicoletti, F. de la Peña, R.K. Leary, D.J. Holland, C. Ducati, P.A. Midgley, Three-dimensional imaging of localized surface plasmon resonances of metal nanoparticles. Nature 502, 80 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12469
P. Nordlander, C. Oubre, E. Prodan, K. Li, M.I. Stockman, Plasmon hybridization in nanoparticle dimers. Nano Lett. 4, 899–903 (2004)
L. Novotny, E.J. Sánchez, X. Sunney, J. Xie, Near-field optical imaging using metal tips illuminated by higher-order Hermite–Gaussian beams. Ultramicroscopy 71, 21–29 (1998)
L. Novotny, N.F. Van Hulst, Antennas for light. Nat. Photonics 5, 83 (2011)
L. Novotny, B. Hecht, Principle in nano-optics, 2nd edn. (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2013)
A. Otto, Eine neue Methode der Anregung nichtstrahlender Oberflächenplasmaschwingungen. Phys. Status Solidi 26, K99–K102 (1968)
T. Onuma, Y. Kagamitani, K. Hazu, T. Ishiguro, T. Fukuda, S.F. Chichibu, Femtosecond-laser-driven photoelectron gun for time-resolved cathodoluminescence measurement of GaN. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 83, 043905 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3701368
Y. Pan, B. Zhang, A. Gover, Anomalous photon-induced near-field electron microscopy. Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 183204 (2019)
S.T. Park, M. Lin, A.H. Zewail, Photon-induced near-field electron microscopy (PINEM): Theoretical and experimental. New J. Phys. 12, 123028 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/12/12/123028
S.T. Park, A.H. Zewail, Relativistic effects in photon-induced near-field electron microscopy. J. Phys. Chem. A 116, 11128 (2012)
S.T. Park, A.H. Zewail, Photon-induced near field electron microscopy. Proc. SPIE Ultrafast Imag. Spectrosc. 8845, 884506 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2023082
S.J. Peppernick, A.G. Joly, K.M. Beck, W.P. Hess, Plasmonic field enhancement of individual nanoparticles by correlated scanning and photoemission electron microscopy. J. Chem. Phys. 134, 034507 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3543714
L. Piazza et al., Simultaneous observation of the quantization and the interference pattern of a plasmonic near-field. Nat. Commun. 6, 6407 (2015)
J. Plain, G.P. Wiederrecht, S.K. Gray, P. Royer, R. Bachelot, Multiscale optical imaging of complex fields based on the use of azobenzene nanomotors. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 4(13), 2124–2132 (2013)
D. Podbiel, P. Kahl, A. Makris, B. Frank, S. Sindermann, T.J. Davis, H. Giessen, M.H.-v. Hoegen, F.J. Meyer zu Heringdorf., Imaging the nonlinear plasmoemission dynamics of electrons from strong plasmonic fields. Nano Lett. 17(11), 6569–6574 (2017)
D.W. Pohl. Scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM). Adv. Optic. Electr. Microsc. 12 (1991). ISBN 0-12-029912 Copyright © 1991 Academic
D. Pohl, D. Courjon, in Near Field Optics, NATO ASI Series E: Applied Sciences, vol. 242. Proceedings of NFO I: Besançon/Arc & Senans, France, 26–28 October 1992 (Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, 1993)
A. Polman, F. Mathieu Kociak, J. García, de Abajo., Electron-beam spectroscopy for nanophotonics. Nat. Mater. 18, 1158–1171 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-019-0409-1
M. Purcell, Spontanneaous emission probability at radio frequencies. Phys. Rev. 69, 681 (1946)
R. Qi, R. Wang, Y. Li, Y. Sun, S. Chen, B. Han, N. Li, Q. Zhang, X. Liu, Y. Dapeng, P. Gao, Probing far-infrared surface phonon polaritons in semiconductor nanostructures at nanoscale. Nano Lett. 19, 5070–5076 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b01350
H. Rau, Photo isomerization of azobenzenes. Photoreact. Organic Thin Films, 3–47 (2002)
H.-G. von Ribbeck, M. Brehm, D.W. van der Weide, S. Winnerl, O. Drachenko, M. Helm, F. Keilmann, Spectroscopic THz near-field microscope. Opt. Express 16, 3430 (2008)
N. Rotenberg, L. Kuipers, Mapping nanoscale light fields. Nature Photos 8, 919 (2014)
B.M. Ross, L.P. Lee, Comparison of near- and far-field measures for plasmon resonance of metallic nanoparticles. Opt. Lett. 34, 896–898 (2009)
D. Rossouw et al., Multipolar plasmonic resonances in silver nanowire antennas imaged with a subnanometer electron probe. Nano Lett. 11, 1499 (2011)
B. Rothenhäusler, J. Rabe, P. Korpiun, W. Knoll, On the decay of plasmon surface polaritons at smooth and rough Ag-air interfaces: A reflectance and photo-acoustic study. Surf. Sci. 137, 373–383 (1984). https://doi.org/10.1016/0039-6028(84)90696-4
A. Ryabov, P. Baum, Electron microscopy of electromagnetic waveforms. Science 353, 374 (2016)
J. Schefold, S. Meuret, N. Schilder, T. Coenen, H. Agrawal, E.C. Garnett, A. Polman, Spatial resolution of coherent cathodoluminescence super-resolution microscopy. ACS Photonics 6, 1067–1072 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.9b00164
F.-P. Schmidt, A. Losquin, F. Hofer, A. Hohenau, J.R. Krenn, M. Kociak, How dark are radial breathing modes in plasmonic nanodisks? ACS Photonics 5, 861–866 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.7b01060
A.W. Schell, P. Enge, J.F.M. Werra, C. Wolff, K. Busch, O. Benson, Scanning single quantum emitter fluorescence lifetime imaging: Quantitative analysis of the local density of photonic states. Nano Lett. 14, 2623 (2014)
V. Schweikhard, A. Grubisic, T.A. Baker, D.J. Nesbitt, Multiphoton scanning photoionization imaging microscopy for single-particle studies of plasmonic metal nanostructures. J. Phys. Chem. C 115, 83–91 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1021/jp1075143
E. Shirai, Y. Urai, K. Itoh, Surface-enhanced photopolymerization of a diacetylene derivative in langmuir−blodgett films on a silver island film. J. Phys. Chem. B 102(19), 3765–3772 (1998)
H.L. Skriver, N.M. Rosengaard, Surface energy and work function of elemental metals. Phys. Rev. B 46, 7157–7168 (1992)
G. Spektor, D. Kilbane, A.K. Mahro, B. Frank, S. Ristok, L. Gal, P. Kahl, D. Podbiel, S. Mathias, H. Giessen, F.-J. Meyer zu Heringdorf, M. Orenstein, M. Aeschlimann, Revealing the subfemtosecond dynamics of orbital angular momentum in nanoplasmonic vortices. Science 355, 1187–1191 (2017)
K.-H. Su, Q.-H. Wei, X. Zhang, J.J. Mock, D.R. Smith, S. Schultz, Interparticle coupling effects on plasmon resonances of nanogold particles. Nano Lett. 3, 1087–1090 (2003)
E.H. Synge, A suggested method for extending microscopic resolution into the ultramicroscopic region. Lond. Edinb. Dublin Philos. Mag. J. Sci 6(35), 356–362 (1928)
N. Talebi, Electron-light interactions beyond the adiabatic approximation: recoil engineering and spectral interferometry. Adv. Phys. X 3(1), 1499438 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/23746149.2018.1499438
T.H. Taminiau, F.D. Stefani, N.F. van Hulst, Optical nanorod antennas modeled as cavities for dipolar emitters: Evolution of sub- and super-radiant modes. Nano Lett. 11, 1020–1024 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl103828n
T. Taubner, F. Eilmann, R. Hillenbrand, Nanoscale-resolved subsurface imaging by scattering-type near-field optical microscopy. Opt. Express 13, 8893 (2005)
A. Teulle, A. Sanchot, E. Ishow, J. Sharma, E. Dujardin, Photochemical mapping of the multimodal plasmonic response of 2D gold crystals. J. Phys. Chem. C 121(29), 15908–15914 (2017)
I. Tijunelyte, I. Kherbouche, S. Gam-Derouich, M. Nguyen, C.N. Lidgi-Guigui, M.L. de la Chapelle, A. Lamouri, G. Lévi, J. Aubard, A. Chevillot-Biraud, C. Mangeney, N. Felidj, Multi-functionalization of lithographically designed gold nanodisks by plasmon-mediated reduction of aryl diazonium salts. Nanosc Horiz 3, 53 (2018)
L. Tong, Q.S. Wei, A. Wei, J.X. Cheng, Gold nanorods as contrast agents for biological imaging: Optical properties, surface conjugation and photothermal effects. Photochem. Photobiol. 85, 21–32 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-1097.2008.00507.x
Z. Thollar, C. Wadell, T. Matsukata, N. Yamamoto, T. Sannomiya, Three-dimensional multipole rotation in spherical silver nanoparticles observed by cathodoluminescence. ACS Photonics 5, 2555–2560 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.7b01293
K. Ueno, S. Takabatake, Y. Nishijima, V. Mizeikis, Y. Yokota, H. Misawa, Nanogap-assisted surface plasmon nanolithography. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 1(3), 657–662 (2010)
A.V. Uskov, I.E. Protsenko, R.S. Ikhsanov, V.E. Babicheva, S.V. Zhukovsky, A.V. Lavrinenko, E.P. O’Reilly, X. Hongxing, Internal photoemission from plasmonic nanoparticles: comparison between surface and volume photoelectric effects. Nanoscale 6, 4716 (2014)
R. Vogelgesang, A. Dmitriev, Real-space imaging of nanoplasmonic resonances. Analyst 135, 1175–1181 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1039/C000887G
B. Voigtländer, Atomic force microscopy, 2nd edn. (Springer, Cham, 2019)
J.A. Veerman, A.M. Otter, L. Kuipers, N.F. van Hulst, High definition aperture probes for near-field optical microscopy fabricated by focused ion beam milling. Appl. Phys. Lett. 72, 3115–3117 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.121564
E.J.R. Vesseur, R.D. Waele, M. Kuttge, A. Polman, Direct observation of plasmonic modes in au nanowires using high-resolution cathodo luminescence spectroscopy. Nano Lett. 7, 2843–2846 (2007)
B. Vohnsen, S. Bozhevolnyi, R. Olesen, Study of shear force technique for near-field microscopy with an uncoated fiber tip. Ultramicroscopy 61, 207–213 (1995)
G. Volpe, M. Noack, S.S. Aćimović, C. Reinhardt, R. Quidant, Near-field mapping of plasmonic antennas by multiphoton absorption in poly(methyl methacrylate). Nano Lett. 12(9), 4864–4868 (2012)
Z. Vörös, R. Johnsen, A simple demonstration of frustrated total internal reflection. Am. J. Phys. 76, 246 (2008)
F. Wang, Y. Ron Shen, General properties of local plasmons in metal nanostructures. Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 206806 (2006)
Y. Wang, S. Wang, S. Zhang, O.A. Scherman, J.J. Baumberg, T. Ding, X. Hongxing, Plasmon-directed polymerization: Regulating polymer growth with light. Nano Res. 11, 6384–6390 (2018)
K. Wang, R. Dahan, M. Shentcis, Y. Kauffmann, A.B. Hayun, O. Reinhardt, S. Tsesses, I. Kaminer, Coherent interaction between free electrons and a photonic cavity. Nature 582, 50 (2020)
R.W. Wood, On a remarkable case of uneven distribution of light in a diffraction grating spectrum. Philos. Mag. 4, 396 (1902)
R. C. Word, T. Dornan, R. Könenkamp. Photoemission from localized surface plasmons in fractal metal nanostructures. Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 251110 (2010); 10.1063/1.3457921
Y. Wu, G. Li, J.P. Camden, Probing nanoparticle plasmons with electron energy loss spectroscopy. Chem. Rev. 118, 2994–3031 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00354
Y. Wu, H. Zhongwei, X.-T. Kong, J.C. Idrobo, A.G. Nixon, P.D. Rack, D.J. Masiello, J.P. Camden, Infrared plasmonics: STEM-EELS characterization of Fabry-Pérot resonance damping in gold nanowires. Phys. Rev. B 101, 085409 (2020)
A. Yurtsever, A. Zewail, Direct visualization of near-fields in nanoplasmonics and nanophotonics. Nano Lett. 12, 3334 (2012)
G. Wurtz, R.A. Bachelot, P. Royer, A reflection-mode apertureless scanning near-field optical microscope developed from a commercial scanning probe microscope. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 69, 1735–1743 (1998)
G. Wurtz, D. Burget, C. Carre, in Photopolymerization-Induced Materialization of the Dipolar Response from Isolated Metallic Nanoparticles. Proceedings of the SPIE 5458, Optical Micro- and Nanometrology in Manufacturing Technology (17 August 2004); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.545655
A.V. Zayats, I.I. Smolyaninov, Near-field photonics: Surface plasmon polaritons and localized surface plasmons. J. Optics A Pure Appl. Optics 5, S16–S50 (2003)
C. Zhan, M. Moskovits, Z.-Q. Tian, Recent progress and prospects in plasmon-mediated chemical reaction. Matter 3, 42–56 (2020)
Y. Zhang, G. Demesy, M. Haggui, D. Gerard, J. Béal, S. Dodson, Q. Xiong, J. Plain, N. Bonod, R. Bachelot, Nanoscale switching of near-infrared hot spots in plasmonic oligomers probed by two-photon absorption in photopolymers. ACS Photon. 5(3), 918–928 (2017)
X. Zhou, C. Deeb, S. Kostcheev, G.P. Wiederrecht, P.-M. Adam, J. Béal, J. Plain, D.J. Gosztola, J. Grand, N. Félidj, H. Wang, A. Vial, R. Bachelot, Selective functionalization of the nanogap of a plasmonic dimer. ACS Photonics 2(1), 121–129 (2014)
S. Zu, T. Han, M. Jiang, F. Lin, X. Zhu, Z. Fang, Deep-subwavelength resolving and manipulating of hidden chirality in achiral nanostructures. ACS Nano 12, 3908–3916 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.8b01380
S. Zu, T. Han, M. Jiang, Z. Liu, Q. Jiang, F. Lin, X. Zhu, Z. Fang, Imaging of plasmonic chiral radiative local density of states with cathodoluminescence nanoscopy. Nano Lett. 19, 775–780 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b03850
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bachelot, R., Douillard, L. (2023). Probing the Optical Near-Field. In: Gordon, R. (eds) Advances in Near-Field Optics. Springer Series in Optical Sciences, vol 244. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34742-9_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34742-9_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-34741-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-34742-9
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)