Abstract
Congenital heart diseases (CHD) can be classified according to various systems. These classifications comprise malformation occurring in the heart’s embryologic evolution (i.e., conotruncal abnormalities, endocardial cushion defects), predominant pathophysiologic or hemodynamic characteristics (cyanotic versus non-cyanotic defects, shunt lesions, etc.), or the classification based on clinical severity. The latter is commonly used and includes simple or complex CHD.
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (CMR) has gradually gained attention in the context of CHD, especially in complex CHD. Chest X-ray, angiography, and echocardiography have been historically used in combination to guide clinicians and surgeons in the diagnosis and management of these patients. Since CMR offers a combined anatomical and functional evaluation, including tissue characterization and flow quantification, within a single exam, through the arrangement of multiparametric sequences, it is gaining more and more attention also in the situation of simple CHD: atrial and ventricular septal defects (ASD, VSD), partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (PAPVR), aortic coarctation (CoA), and anomalous aortic origin of coronary arteries (AAOCA). CMR is helpful either in CHD or in adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) that underwent surgical correction of the structural cardiac anomaly. This explains why CMR is emerging as the ideal cardiac imaging modality when evaluating CHD patients after a second-level examination, including a clinical assessment, electrocardiography, and echocardiography.
After an “Introduction” section clarifying an up-to-date viewpoint on the several capacities that CMR imaging offers to CHD patients with simple lesions, ten practical cases are presented to emphasize the valuable role of CMR in guiding diagnosis, surgical options, and follow-up in simple CHD, both in children and adults.
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Acknowledgments
We thank Dr. Mario Raguso (Radiology Department, Policlinico Casilino, Roma) for providing clinical and imaging material of the cases no. 3 and 6.
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Transaxial cineSSFP imaging (MP4 298 kb)
Transaxial cineSSFP showing the L-to-R shunt (MP4 225 kb)
Coronal cineSSFP imaging showing a Scimitar-like PAPVR (MP4 94 kb)
Coronal cineSSFP imaging after PAPVR closure (MP4 342 kb)
4D flow imaging (MP4 145 kb)
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Bianco, F., Bucciarelli, V., Lanzillo, C., Raimondi, F. (2023). Simple Congenital Heart Diseases. In: Barison, A., Dellegrottaglie, S., Pontone, G., Indolfi, C. (eds) Case-based Atlas of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-32593-9_17
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