Abstract
Numerous substrates from alimentary origin are metabolized by the gut microbiota. Their luminal concentrations are the net result of production, utilization, and absorption through the intestinal epithelium. Undigested proteins in the colon are degraded into amino acids by the bacteria which utilize them for their own protein synthesis and for other metabolic pathways, giving rise to numerous bacterial metabolites. Several among them, including formate, oxaloacetate, p-cresol, and indole are used for microbial communication. Others like lactate and hydrogen sulfide are used as fuels by colonocytes. Some like branched-chain fatty acids are involved in electrolyte transport. Indole and indole-related compounds represent beneficial bacterial metabolites for the colonic mucosa physiology, while bacterial metabolites like ammonia, p-cresol, and hydrogen sulfide affect energy metabolism in colonocytes when present in excess. Polyamines produced by intestinal bacteria are involved in bacterial growth and epithelium renewal, but excessive concentrations of putrescine exert deleterious effects on the intestinal barrier function. The intestinal microbiota produces compounds with neurotransmitter functions in the host. Norepinephrine for instance is involved in bacterial communication, while dopamine and tryptamine are involved in colon physiology. Consumption of high-protein diet by volunteers modifies the bacterial metabolite profile as well as the expression of genes involved in the epithelium renewal processes in rectal biopsies. Regarding indigestible polysaccharides, they are metabolized by the intestinal microbiota giving rise to short-chain fatty acid production. Among these latter, butyrate is highly metabolized in the mitochondria of colonocytes, allowing energy production and regulation of the cytosolic concentration of butyrate. Such regulation appears crucial for determining the effects of butyrate on gene expression. In addition, short-chain fatty acids are involved in different aspects of colon physiology, including notably the regulation of the intestinal immune system. Lower intake of indigestible polysaccharides shifts the metabolic activity of the intestinal bacteria to other sources of substrates like amino acids and lipids. Regarding lipids, few proportions of them are usually transferred from the small to the large intestine. The effects of lipid-derived bacterial metabolites on the colonic epithelium have been little investigated. The effects of phytochemicals, notably polyphenols, on the colon epithelium have been investigated, and beneficial effects of several polyphenol-derived bacterial metabolites have been reported in different experimental situations. Regarding vitamins of the B group, although the intestinal bacteria use primarily these compounds for their own metabolism and growth, a part of bacteria-derived vitamins B may remain available for the host. Lastly, it has been shown that several food additives and compounds produced during cooking processes are metabolized by the intestinal microbiota giving rise to bacterial metabolites with biological activities on the colonic epithelium.
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Blachier, F. (2023). Metabolism of Dietary Substrates by Intestinal Bacteria and Consequences for the Host Intestine. In: Metabolism of Alimentary Compounds by the Intestinal Microbiota and Health. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26322-4_3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26322-4_3
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