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Metabolism of Alimentary Compounds by the Intestinal Microbiota and Health

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Abstract

The gut microbiota is a complex mixture of bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi. Approximately 150 different bacterial species can be identified at the individual level, but the heterogeneity of composition is important when comparing individuals between them. Ecological basis for such many species corresponds likely to the large number of substrates that are available for the global bacterial metabolic activity. Most studies have been performed using fecal samples, thus representing the microbiota composition representative of the distal part of the large intestine, and only a few analyses have been performed in the different parts of the intestinal tract. In the small intestine, the transit of the luminal fluid is rapid, and the concentration of bacteria is low and progressively increases from the duodenum to the ileum. In contrast, in the large intestine, the transit is considerably slowed down and the bacteria concentration is much higher. The intestinal tract is rapidly colonized after birth, and the intestinal microbiota composition found in neonates moves progressively within the first 3 years to the adult composition. Thereafter, the bacterial composition stays relatively stable. Interestingly, the composition of milk has an impact on the metabolic activity of intestinal bacteria in infants. The microbiota composition and metabolic activity depend mainly on environmental parameters, including alimentary parameters. The intestinal microbiota evolves in very old individuals, and the reasons for such changes are likely multifactorial.

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  1. UMR PNCA, Nutrition Physiology and Alimentary Behavior, Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Paris, France

    François Blachier

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Blachier, F. (2023). Intestine Offers Board and Lodging for Intestinal Microbes on a Short- or Long-Term Stay. In: Metabolism of Alimentary Compounds by the Intestinal Microbiota and Health. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26322-4_2

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