Abstract
Multi-phase shear thickening fluids (STFs) are mixture of single-phase STFs and specific additives that allow the rheological properties of STFs to be modified for use in a specific application. This chapter presents the rheological behavior of multi-phase STFs and their advantages and disadvantages. To understand the effect of different additives on the rheological behavior of multi-phase STFs, the mechanism of interaction of additives with STF is reported. The main factors affecting the rheological behavior of multi-phase STF are also presented. Generally, the additives depending on their shape, aspect ratio, weight fraction, surface chemistry etc., are responsible for the enhanced shear thickening behavior of multi-phase STF. Finally, some directions for new developments and future work are outlined.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Abbreviations
- STF:
-
Shear thickening fluid
- EG:
-
Ethylene glycol
- PMMA:
-
Poly(methyl methacrylate)
- PEO:
-
Poly(ethylene oxide)
- PEG:
-
Polyethylene glycol
- AF:
-
Aramid fiber
- CNTs:
-
Carbon nanotubes
- GO:
-
Graphene oxide
- GNs:
-
Graphene nanoplatelets
- UHMWPE:
-
Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene
- MWCNTs:
-
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes
- FTIR:
-
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
- CNFs:
-
Cellulose nanofibers
- ODT:
-
Order-disorder transition
- SiC:
-
Silicon carbide
- PDA:
-
Polydopamine
- PS–AA:
-
Poly(styrene–acrylic acid)
- ZIF-8:
-
Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8
- Al2O3:
-
Aluminum oxide
- ZrO2:
-
Zirconium dioxide
- Nd2O3:
-
Neodymium oxide
References
M. Hasanzadeh, V. Mottaghitalab, The role of shear-thickening fluids (STFs) in ballistic and stab-resistance improvement of flexible armor. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 23(4), 1182–1196 (2014)
M. Hasanzadeh, V. Mottaghitalab, M. Rezaei, Rheological and viscoelastic behavior of concentrated colloidal suspensions of silica nanoparticles: A response surface methodology approach. Adv. Powder Technol. 26(6), 1570–1577 (2015)
K. Yu, H. Cao, K. Qian, L. Jiang, H. Li, Synthesis and stab resistance of shear thickening fluid (STF) impregnated glass fabric composites. Fibres Text East Eur. 95(6), 126–128 (2012)
A. Srivastava, A. Majumdar, B.S. Butola, Improving the impact resistance performance of Kevlar fabrics using silica based shear thickening fluid. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 529(1), 224–229 (2011)
E.V. Lomakin, P.A. Mossakovsky, A.M. Bragov, A.K. Lomunov, A.Y. Konstantinov, M.E. Kolotnikov, et al., Investigation of impact resistance of multilayered woven composite barrier impregnated with the shear thickening fluid. Arch. Appl. Mech. 81(12), 2007–2020 (2011. [Internet]. 2011 Apr 11 [cited 2022 Aug 9]). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00419-011-0533-0
Y.S. Lee, E.D. Wetzel, N.J. Wagner, The ballistic impact characteristics of Kevlar® woven fabrics impregnated with a colloidal shear thickening fluid. J. Mater. Sci. 38(13), 2825–2833 (2003. 3813 [Internet]. 2003 Jul 1 [cited 2022 Aug 9]). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024424200221
T.A. Hassan, V.K. Rangari, S. Jeelani, Synthesis, processing and characterization of shear thickening fluid (STF) impregnated fabric composites. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 527(12), 2892–2899 (2010)
L.L. Sun, D.S. Xiong, C.Y. Xu, Application of shear thickening fluid in ultra high molecular weight polyethylene fabric. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 129(4), 1922–1928 (2013. [Internet] [cited 2022 Aug 9]). https://doi.org/10.1002/app.38844
S. Gürgen, M.A. Sofuoǧlu, M.C. Kuşhan, Rheological compatibility of multi-phase shear thickening fluid with a phenomenological model. Smart Mater. Struct. 28(3), 035027 (2019)
S. Gürgen, M.C. Kuşhan, W. Li, Shear thickening fluids in protective applications: A review. Prog. Polym. Sci. 75, 48–72. [Internet] (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2017.07.003
W.H. Boersma, P.J.M. Baets, J. Laven, H.N. Stein, Time-dependent behavior and wall slip in concentrated shear thickening dispersions. J. Rheol. (N Y N Y) 35(6), 1093 (1998. [cited 2022 Aug 9], [Internet]). https://doi.org/10.1122/1.550167
M.J. Decker, C.J. Halbach, C.H. Nam, N.J. Wagner, E.D. Wetzel, Stab resistance of shear thickening fluid (STF)-treated fabrics. Compos. Sci. Technol. 67(3–4), 565–578 (2007)
D.P. Kalman, J.B. Schein, J.M. Houghton, C.H.N. Laufer, E.D. Wetzel, N.J. Wagner, Polymer dispersion based shear thickening fluid-fabrics for protective applications. Int. SAMPE Symp. Exhib., 52 (2007)
S.R. Raghavan, S.A. Khan, Shear-thickening response of Fumed silica suspensions under steady and oscillatory shear. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 185(1), 57–67 (1997)
H.A. Barnes, Shear-thickening (“dilatancy”) in suspensions of nonaggregating solid particles dispersed in Newtonian liquids. J. Rheol. (N Y N Y) 33(2), 329 (2000. [Internet, cited 2022 Aug 9]). https://doi.org/10.1122/1.550017
T.A. Hassan, V.K. Rangari, S. Jeelani, Sonochemical synthesis and rheological properties of shear thickening silica dispersions. Ultrason. Sonochem. 17(5), 947–952. [Internet] (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2010.02.001
K. Yu, H. Cao, K. Qian, X. Sha, Y. Chen, Shear-thickening behavior of modified silica nanoparticles in polyethylene glycol. J. Nanopart. Res. 14(3), 1–9 (2012. [Internet, cited 2022 Aug 9]). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-012-0747-2
Q.M. Wu, J.M. Ruan, B.Y. Huang, Z.C. Zhou, J.P. Zou, Rheological behavior of fumed silica suspension in polyethylene glycol. J. Cent. S. Univ. Technol. 13(1), 1–5 (2006. [Internet, cited 2022 Aug 9]). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11771-006-0096-3
X.Z. Zhang, W.H. Li, X.L. Gong, The rheology of shear thickening fluid (STF) and the dynamic performance of an STF-filleddamper. Smart Mater. Struct. 17(3), 035027 (2008., [Internet, cited 2022 Aug 9]). https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/17/3/035027
T.J. Kang, C.Y. Kim, K.H. Hong, Rheological behavior of concentrated silica suspension and its application to soft armor. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 124(2), 1534–1541 (2012. [Internet, cited 2022 Aug 9]). https://doi.org/10.1002/app.34843
D.P. Kalman, R.L. Merrill, N.J. Wagner, E.D. Wetzel, Effect of particle hardness on the penetration behavior of fabrics intercalated with dry particles and concentrated particle-fluid suspensions. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 1(11), 2602–2612 (2009. [Internet, cited 2022 Aug 9]). https://doi.org/10.1021/am900516w
B.W. Lee, I.J. Kim, C.G. Kim, The influence of the particle size of silica on the ballistic performance of fabrics impregnated with silica colloidal suspension. J. Compos. Mater. 43(23), 2679–2698 (2009. [Internet, cited 2022 Aug 9]). https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998309345292
A. Majumdar, B.S. Butola, A. Srivastava, Optimal designing of soft body armour materials using shear thickening fluid. Mater. Des. 1(46), 191–198 (2013)
Houghton JM, Schiffman BA, Kalman DP, Wetzel ED, Wagner NJ. Hypodermic needle puncture of shear thickening fluid (STF)-treated fabrics. Int SAMPE Symp Exhib. 2007; 52 (October)
Y.S. Lee, N.J. Wagner, Rheological properties and small-angle neutron scattering of a shear thickening, nanoparticle dispersion at high shear rates. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 45(21), 7015–7024 (2006. [Internet, cited 2022 Aug 9]). https://doi.org/10.1021/ie0512690
M. Takeda, T. Matsunaga, T. Nishida, H. Endo, T. Takahashi, M. Shibayama, Rheo-SANS studies on shear thickening in clay-poly(ethylene oxide) mixed solutions. Macromolecules 43(18), 7793–7799 (2010. [Internet, cited 2022 Aug 9]). https://doi.org/10.1021/ma101319j
Y. Wu, S. Cao, S. Xuan, M. Sang, L. Bai, S. Wang, et al., High performance zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) based suspension: Improving the shear thickening effect by controlling the morphological particle-particle interaction. Adv. Powder Technol. 31(1), 70–77 (2020)
M. Liu, W. Jiang, Q. Chen, S. Wang, Y. Mao, X. Gong, et al., A facile one-step method to synthesize SiO2@polydopamine core–shell nanospheres for shear thickening fluid. RSC Adv. 6(35), 29279–29287 (2016)
W. Jiang, F. Ye, Q. He, X. Gong, J. Feng, L. Lu, et al., Study of the particles’ structure dependent rheological behavior for polymer nanospheres based shear thickening fluid. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 413, 8–16 (2014)
R.L. Hoffman, Explanations for the cause of shear thickening in concentrated colloidal suspensions. J. Rheol. (N Y N Y) 42(1), 111 (1998. [Internet, cited 2022 Aug 15]). https://doi.org/10.1122/1.550884
W.H. Boersma, J. Laven, H.N. Stein, Viscoelastic properties of concentrated shear-thickening dispersions. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 149(1), 10–22 (1992)
H.M. Laun, R. Bung, S. Hess, W. Loose, O. Hess, K. Hahn, et al., Rheological and small angle neutron scattering investigation of shear-induced particle structures of concentrated polymer dispersions submitted to plane Poiseuille and Couette flowa. J. Rheol. (N Y N Y) 36(4), 743 (1998. [Internet, cited 2022 Aug 15]). https://doi.org/10.1122/1.550314
R.L. Hoffman, Discontinuous and dilatant viscosity behavior in concentrated suspensions. II. Theory and experimental tests. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 46(3), 491–506 (1974)
R.L. Hoffman, Discontinuous and dilatant viscosity behavior in concentrated suspensions. I. Observation of a flow instability. Trans. Soc. Rheol. 16(1), 155 (2000. [Internet, cited 2022 Aug 15]). https://doi.org/10.1122/1.549250
J.W. Bender, N.J. Wagner, Optical measurement of the contributions of colloidal forces to the rheology of concentrated suspensions. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 172(1), 171–184 (1995)
J. Bender, N.J. Wagner, Reversible shear thickening in monodisperse and bidisperse colloidal dispersions. J. Rheol. (N Y N Y) 40(5), 899 (1998. [Internet, cited 2022 Aug 15]). https://doi.org/10.1122/1.550767
M. Zarei, J. Aalaie, Application of shear thickening fluids in material development. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 9(5), 10411–10433 (2020)
B.J. Maranzano, N.J. Wagner, Flow-small angle neutron scattering measurements of colloidal dispersion microstructure evolution through the shear thickening transition. J. Chem. Phys. 117(22), 10291 (2002. [Internet, cited 2022 Aug 15]). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1519253
N.Y.C. Lin, B.M. Guy, M. Hermes, C. Ness, J. Sun, W.C.K. Poon, et al., Hydrodynamic and contact contributions to continuous shear thickening in colloidal suspensions. Phys. Rev. Lett. 115(22), 228304 (2015. [Internet, cited 2022 Aug 14]). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.228304
I.R. Peters, S. Majumdar, H.M. Jaeger, Direct observation of dynamic shear jamming in dense suspensions. Nature 532(7598), 214–217 (2016) [Internet, cited 2022 Aug 14]. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/nature17167
M. Wyart, M.E. Cates, Discontinuous shear thickening without inertia in dense non-brownian suspensions. Phys. Rev. Lett. 112(9), 098302 (2014. [Internet, cited 2022 Aug 14]). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.098302
B.J. Maranzano, N.J. Wagner, The effects of particle size on reversible shear thickening of concentrated colloidal dispersions. J. Chem. Phys. 114(23), 10514 (2001)
E.D. Wetzel, Y.S. Lee, R.G. Egres, K.M. Kirkwood, J.E. Kirkwood, N.J. Wagner, The effect of rheological parameters on the ballistic properties of shear thickening fluid (STF)-Kevlar composites. AIP Conf. Proc. 712(1), 288 (2004. [Internet, cited 2022 Aug 9]). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1766538
M. Hasanzadeh, V. Mottaghitalab, Tuning of the rheological properties of concentrated silica suspensions using carbon nanotubes. Rheol. Acta 55(9), 759–766 (2016)
M. Wei, Y. Lv, L. Sun, H. Sun, Rheological properties of multi-walled carbon nanotubes/silica shear thickening fluid suspensions. Colloid Polym. Sci. 298(3), 243–250 (2020)
D. Li, R. Wang, X. Liu, S. Fang, Y. Sun, Shear-thickening fluid using oxygen-plasma-modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes to improve the quasi-static stab resistance of Kevlar fabrics. Polymers (Basel). 10(12), 1356 (2018)
S. Gürgen, M.C. Kuşhan, W. Li, The effect of carbide particle additives on rheology of shear thickening fluids. Korea Aust. Rheol. J. 28(2), 121–128 (2016)
S. Gürgen, W. Li, M.C. Kuşhan, The rheology of shear thickening fluids with various ceramic particle additives. Mater. Des. 104, 312–319 (2016)
W. Huang, Y. Wu, L. Qiu, C. Dong, J. Ding, D. Li, Tuning rheological performance of silica concentrated shear thickening fluid by using graphene oxide. Adv. Condens Matter Phys. 2015, 734250 (2015)
P. Passey, M. Singh, S.K. Verma, D. Bhattacharya, R. Mehta, Steady shear and dynamic strain thickening of halloysite nanotubes and fumed silica shear thickening composite. J. Polym. Eng. 38(10), 915–923 (2018. [Internet, cited 2022 Aug 9]). https://doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2018-0043/html
A. Laha, A. Majumdar, Shear thickening fluids using silica-halloysite nanotubes to improve the impact resistance of p-aramid fabrics. Appl. Clay Sci. 132–133, 468–474 (2016)
H. Barthel, Surface interactions of dimethylsiloxy group-modified fumed silica. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 101(2–3), 217–226 (1995)
X. Sha, K. Yu, H. Cao, K. Qian, Shear thickening behavior of nanoparticle suspensions with carbon nanofillers. J. Nanopart. Res. 15(7), 1–11 (2013. [Internet, cited 2022 Jul 29]). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-013-1816-x
A. Ghosh, I. Chauhan, A. Majumdar, B.S. Butola, Influence of cellulose nanofibers on the rheological behavior of silica-based shear-thickening fluid. Cellulose 24(10), 4163–4171 (2017)
L. Sun, J. Zhu, M. Wei, C. Zhang, Y. Song, P. Qi, Effect of zirconia nanoparticles on the rheological properties of silica-based shear thickening fluid. Mater Res. Express. 5(5), 055705 (2018)
L. Sun, Y. Lv, M. Wei, H. Sun, J. Zhu, Shear thickening fluid based on silica with neodymium oxide nanoparticles. Bull. Mater. Sci. 43(1), 1–6., [Internet] (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-020-02134-2
M. Zabet, K. Trinh, H. Toghiani, T.E. Lacy, C.U. Pittman, S. Kundu, Anisotropic nanoparticles contributing to shear-thickening behavior of Fumed silica suspensions. ACS Omega 2(12), 8877–8887 (2017. [Internet, cited 2022 Aug 15]). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.7b01484
J. Ge, Z. Tan, W. Li, H. Zhang, The rheological properties of shear thickening fluid reinforced with SiC nanowires. Results Phys 7, 3369–3372 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2017.08.065. [Internet]
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sheikhi, M.R., Hasanzadeh, M. (2023). Multi-Phase Shear Thickening Fluid. In: Gürgen, S. (eds) Shear Thickening Fluid. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25717-9_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25717-9_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-25716-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-25717-9
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)