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Exploiting Exosomes for Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment

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Circulating Tumor Cells

Part of the book series: Current Cancer Research ((CUCR))

Abstract

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles (EVs) of endosomal origin involved in a multitude of intercellular communication mechanisms that regulate a vast repertoire of functional outcomes. In addition to the investigation of aspects pertaining to the basic biology of exosomes, a wealth of literature has pinpointed the translational potential of these nanoparticles in cancer. Exosomes derived from patient biofluids can be exploited as biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis and to monitor the response to anticancer therapies. Furthermore, exosomes can be engineered and leveraged as therapeutic delivery systems for cancer treatment. In biomedical research, the translational potential of exploiting exosomes for cancer diagnosis and treatment is increasingly appreciated and is the focus of discussion in this chapter.

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Abbreviations

ANXA2:

Annexin A2

ARF6:

ADP ribosylation factor 6

CAR:

Chimeric antigen receptor

CD147:

Cluster of differentiation 147

CD82:

Cluster of differentiation 82

circRNA:

Circular RNA

CPNE3:

Copine III

CRISPR/Cas9:

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated endonuclease 9

EGFR:

Epidermal growth factor receptor

ESCRT:

Endosomal sorting complexes required for transport

EVs:

Extracellular vesicles

hnRNPA2B1:

Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2B1

ICB:

Immune checkpoint blockade

ILVs:

Intraluminal vesicles

ISEV:

International Society for Extracellular Vesicles

ITGA3:

Integrin alpha-3

KRAS:

Kirsten rat sarcoma

lncRNA:

Long noncoding RNA

miRNA:

microRNA

MVB:

Multivesicular body

MVs:

Microvesicles

PD-L1:

Programmed death-ligand 1

PLD2:

Phospholipase D2

PTMs:

Posttranslational modifications

RNA:

Ribonucleic acid

sFlt-1:

Soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1

SIMPLE:

Small integral membrane protein of the lysosome/late endosome

siRNA:

Small interfering RNA

SIRPα:

Signal regulatory protein α

SNARE:

Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor

SP1:

Sphingosine 1-phosphate

SPION:

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles

STING:

Stimulator of interferon genes

TME:

Tumor microenvironment

TP53:

Tumor protein 53

TRAIL:

TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand

tRNA:

Transfer RNA

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Acknowledgments

F.G.K. funding is supported by the Odyssey Program and Theodore N. Law for Scientific Achievement at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. R.K. Laboratory is supported by research funds from the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center.

Conflict of Interest

F.G.K. has no conflict of interest to disclose. MDACC and R.K. hold patents in the area of exosome biology that are licensed to Codiak Biosciences, Inc. MDACC and R.K. are stock equity holders in Codiak Biosciences, Inc. R.K. is a consultant and scientific adviser for Codiak Biosciences, Inc. R.K. is a scientific advisor and a stock equity holder in Transcode Therapeutics, Inc.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA

    Fernanda G. Kugeratski & Raghu Kalluri

  2. Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA

    Raghu Kalluri

  3. Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA

    Raghu Kalluri

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  1. Fernanda G. Kugeratski
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Correspondence to Raghu Kalluri .

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  1. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA

    Richard J. Cote

  2. ACTC Lab, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

    Evi Lianidou

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Kugeratski, F.G., Kalluri, R. (2023). Exploiting Exosomes for Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment. In: Cote, R.J., Lianidou, E. (eds) Circulating Tumor Cells. Current Cancer Research. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22903-9_3

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