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Pharmaceutically Active Compounds in Water Bodies—Occurrence, Fate, and Toxicity

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Advanced Wastewater Treatment Technologies for the Removal of Pharmaceutically Active Compounds

Part of the book series: Green Energy and Technology ((GREEN))

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Abstract

The presence of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in water bodies has been considered an issue of global concern due to their high consumption and release into the environment, especially under pandemic conditions such as current COVID-19 situations. Additionally, the appearance of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARBs) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) threatens the effectiveness of the pharmaceuticals developed to treat certain diseases. To address this problem, there have been efforts to develop efficient and cost-effective (waste)water treatment methods or to upgrade the existing facilities to regenerate clean water resources. According to the reports available in the literature, the effectiveness of these methods is highly dependent on the applied technology and the type and concentration of the PhACs. The efficiency of these systems can also determine the environmental and ecotoxicological effects expected from the release of these compounds. This chapter aims to summarize and discuss the available literature on the occurrence, environmental concentrations, fate, and possible effects of typical PhACs when introduced into receiving environments. The existing research gaps have also been discussed, and recommendations have been provided for further studies.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Escherichia coli strains.

  2. 2.

    6.4 × 104, 4.2 × 104, and 3.1 × 103 CFU/mL, respectively.

  3. 3.

    For example, the gene intI1 and all ARGs, except blaCTX-M in influent samples in the municipal wastewater treatment plants utilizing activated sludge process [92].

  4. 4.

    Especially sulfonamide resistance.

  5. 5.

    Such as blaOXA-48 [95].

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Process and Environmental Technology Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium

    Mohammadreza Kamali, Lise Appels & Raf Dewil

  2. School of Advanced Sciences, KLE Technological University, Hubballi, Karnataka, India

    Tejraj M. Aminabhavi

  3. Department of Materials and Ceramics Engineering, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal

    Maria Elisabete V. Costa

  4. Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA

    Shahid Ul Islam

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Correspondence to Mohammadreza Kamali .

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Kamali, M., Aminabhavi, T.M., V. Costa, M.E., Ul Islam, S., Appels, L., Dewil, R. (2023). Pharmaceutically Active Compounds in Water Bodies—Occurrence, Fate, and Toxicity. In: Advanced Wastewater Treatment Technologies for the Removal of Pharmaceutically Active Compounds. Green Energy and Technology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20806-5_1

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