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Anatomy of Mesenchyme and the Pharyngeal Arches

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The Embryologic Basis of Craniofacial Structure

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Abstract

This chapter traces out the neuromeric origins of the four germ layers of the embryo. In order of appearance, these are: endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm (what remains of the epiblast), and a special zone of the neuroectoderm, the neural crest. We shall see how these layers, once formed, morph into the five pharyngeal arches from which the structures of the head and neck are constructed. Within these arches, developmental fields arise, each based on a specific neurovascular supply which relates them to the neuromeric system of the CNS. We shall then use the pedestrian model of facial clefting to observe how these fields are assembled into recognizable structures and further more into their final configuration by the end of the embryonic period. The principal learning objectives here are: (1) to understand the relationship between the germ layers and their respective points of origin along the embryonic axis, (2) to apply the model to the development of facial clefts.

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  1. Wake Forest Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA

    Michael H. Carstens

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    Michael H. Carstens

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Carstens, M.H. (2023). Anatomy of Mesenchyme and the Pharyngeal Arches. In: Carstens, M.H. (eds) The Embryologic Basis of Craniofacial Structure. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15636-6_2

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