Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Obesity

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Handbook of Outpatient Medicine

  • 515 Accesses

Abstract

Obesity is a chronic, relapsing, multifactorial, neurobehavioral disease, where an increase in body fat promotes adipose tissue dysfunction and abnormal fat mass resulting in adverse metabolic, biomechanical, and psychosocial health consequences (Bays et al., Obesity Algorithm, presented by the Obesity Medicine Association, 2016). Obesity is defined as having a body mass index (BMI) of ≥30 kg/m2. It is estimated that by 2030 more than half the US population will have obesity. This increasing prevalence of obesity poses public health as well as economic concerns.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Bays HESJ, Primack C, McCarthy W, Long J, Schmidt SL, Daniel S, Wendt J, Horn DB, Westman EC. Obesity Algorithm, presented by the Obesity Medicine Association. 2016–2017. www.obesityalgorithm.org. Accessed 21 Dec 2016.

  2. Mauer Y, Parker M, Kashyap SR. Antiobesity drug therapy: an individualized and comprehensive approach. Cleve Clin J Med. 2021;88(8):440–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Bersoux S, Byun TH, Chaliki SS, Poole KG. Pharmacotherapy for obesity: what you need to know. Cleve Clin J Med. 2017;84(12):951–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Talwalkar A, McCarty F. Characteristics of physician office visits for obesity by adults aged 20 and over: United States, 2012. NCHS Data Brief. 2016;237:1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Ciciurkaite G, Moloney ME, Brown RL. The incomplete medicalization of obesity: physician office visits, diagnoses, and treatments, 1996–2014. Public Health Rep. 2019;134(2):141–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Moyer VA, U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for and management of obesity in adults: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2012;157(5):373–8.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Kushner RF. Tackling obesity: is primary care up to the challenge? Arch Intern Med. 2010;170(2):121–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Aveyard P, Lewis A, Tearne S, Hood K, Christian-Brown A, Adab P, et al. Screening and brief intervention for obesity in primary care: a parallel, two-arm, randomised trial. Lancet. 2016;388(10059):2492–500.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Tsai AG, Bessesen DH. Obesity. Ann Intern Med. 2019;170(5):ITC33–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Kushner RF. Clinical assessment and management of adult obesity. Circulation. 2012;126(24):2870–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Puhl R, Peterson JL, Luedicke J. Motivating or stigmatizing? Public perceptions of weight-related language used by health providers. Int J Obes. 2013;37(4):612–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Jay M, Gillespie C, Schlair S, Sherman S, Kalet A. Physicians’ use of the 5As in counseling obese patients: is the quality of counseling associated with patients’ motivation and intention to lose weight? BMC Health Serv Res. 2010;10:159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Garvey WT, Mechanick JI, Brett EM, Garber AJ, Hurley DL, Jastreboff AM, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology comprehensive clinical practice guidelines for medical care of patients with obesity. Executive summary complete guidelines available at https://www.aace.com/publications/guidelines. Endocr Pract. 2016;22(7):842–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Silk AW, McTigue KM. Reexamining the physical examination for obese patients. JAMA. 2011;305(2):193–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Chung F, Abdullah HR, Liao P. STOP-Bang Questionnaire: a practical approach to screen for obstructive sleep apnea. Chest. 2016;149(3):631–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Sharma AM, Kushner RF. A proposed clinical staging system for obesity. Int J Obes. 2009;33(3):289–95.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Atlantis E, Sahebolamri M, Cheema BS, Williams K. Usefulness of the Edmonton Obesity Staging System for stratifying the presence and severity of weight-related health problems in clinical and community settings: a rapid review of observational studies. Obes Rev. 2020;21(11):e13120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Bray GA, Fruhbeck G, Ryan DH, Wilding JP. Management of obesity. Lancet. 2016;387(10031):1947–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Vallis M. Quality of life and psychological well-being in obesity management: improving the odds of success by managing distress. Int J Clin Pract. 2016;70(3):196–205.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Look ARG. Eight-year weight losses with an intensive lifestyle intervention: the look AHEAD study. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2014;22(1):5–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group, Knowler WC, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, Christophi CA, Hoffman HJ, et al. 10-year follow-up of diabetes incidence and weight loss in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study. Lancet. 2009;374(9702):1677–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Sacks FM, Bray GA, Carey VJ, Smith SR, Ryan DH, Anton SD, et al. Comparison of weight-loss diets with different compositions of fat, protein, and carbohydrates. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(9):859–73.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Shai I, Schwarzfuchs D, Henkin Y, Shahar DR, Witkow S, Greenberg I, et al. Weight loss with a low-carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or low-fat diet. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(3):229–41.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Wylie-Rosett J, Davis NJ. Low-carbohydrate diets: an update on current research. Curr Diab Rep. 2009;9(5):396–404.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Makris A, Foster GD. Dietary approaches to the treatment of obesity. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2011;34(4):813–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Jakubowicz D, Barnea M, Wainstein J, Froy O. High caloric intake at breakfast vs. dinner differentially influences weight loss of overweight and obese women. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013;21(12):2504–12.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Garaulet M, Gomez-Abellan P, Alburquerque-Bejar JJ, Lee YC, Ordovas JM, Scheer FA. Timing of food intake predicts weight loss effectiveness. Int J Obes. 2013;37(4):604–11.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Sun M, Feng W, Wang F, Li P, Li Z, Li M, et al. Meta-analysis on shift work and risks of specific obesity types. Obes Rev. 2018;19(1):28–40.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Rynders CA, Thomas EA, Zaman A, Pan Z, Catenacci VA, Melanson EL. Effectiveness of intermittent fasting and time-restricted feeding compared to continuous energy restriction for weight loss. Nutrients. 2019;11(10):2442.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Jensen MD, Ryan DH, Apovian CM, Ard JD, Comuzzie AG, Donato KA, et al. 2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task Force on practice guidelines and The Obesity Society. Circulation. 2014;129(25 Suppl 2):S102–38.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Wadden TA, Volger S, Sarwer DB, Vetter ML, Tsai AG, Berkowitz RI, et al. A two-year randomized trial of obesity treatment in primary care practice. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(21):1969–79.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Sharretts J, Galescu O, Gomatam S, Andraca-Carrera E, Hampp C, Yanoff L. Cancer risk associated with lorcaserin—the FDA’s review of the CAMELLIA-TIMI 61 trial. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(11):1000–2.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Sjostrom L. Review of the key results from the Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) trial—a prospective controlled intervention study of bariatric surgery. J Intern Med. 2013;273(3):219–34.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Adams TD, Davidson LE, Litwin SE, Kim J, Kolotkin RL, Nanjee MN, et al. Weight and metabolic outcomes 12 years after gastric bypass. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(12):1143–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Yanovski SZ. Weight management in adults with Obesity: what is a primary care clinician to do? JAMA. 2018;320(11):1111–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Mechanick JI, Apovian C, Brethauer S, Garvey WT, Joffe AM, Kim J, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the perioperative nutrition, metabolic, and nonsurgical support of patients undergoing bariatric procedures—2019 update: cosponsored by American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists/American College of Endocrinology, the Obesity Society, American Society for Metabolic & Bariatric Surgery, Obesity Medicine Association, and American Society of Anesthesiologists—executive summary. Endocr Pract. 2019;25(12):1346–59.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Mehta M, Istfan NW, Apovian CM. Obesity: overview of weight management. Endocr Pract. 2021;27(6):626–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Stanford FC, Alfaris N, Gomez G, Ricks ET, Shukla AP, Corey KE, et al. The utility of weight loss medications after bariatric surgery for weight regain or inadequate weight loss: a multi-center study. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2017;13(3):491–500.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Ibrahim N, Alameddine M, Brennan J, Sessine M, Holliday C, Ghaferi AA. New onset alcohol use disorder following bariatric surgery. Surg Endosc. 2019;33(8):2521–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Aronne LJ, Wadden TA, Peterson C, Winslow D, Odeh S, Gadde KM. Evaluation of phentermine and topiramate versus phentermine/topiramate extended-release in obese adults. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013;21(11):2163–71.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Calanna S, Davies M, Van Gaal LF, Lingvay I, et al. Once-weekly semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(11):989.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Davies M, Faerch L, Jeppesen OK, Pakseresht A, Pedersen SD, Perreault L, et al. Semaglutide 2.4 mg once a week in adults with overweight or obesity, and type 2 diabetes (STEP 2): a randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2021;397(10278):971–84.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Wadden TA, Bailey TS, Billings LK, Davies M, Frias JP, Koroleva A, et al. Effect of subcutaneous semaglutide vs placebo as an adjunct to intensive behavioral therapy on body weight in adults with overweight or obesity: the STEP 3 randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2021;325(14):1403–13.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Rubino D, Abrahamsson N, Davies M, Hesse D, Greenway FL, Jensen C, et al. Effect of continued weekly subcutaneous semaglutide vs placebo on weight loss maintenance in adults with overweight or obesity: the STEP 4 randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2021;325(14):1414–25.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Internal Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City Health and Hospitals/Jacobi + North Central Bronx, Bronx, NY, USA

    Jacinth S. Ruddock

  2. Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY, USA

    Gayotri Goswami

Authors
  1. Jacinth S. Ruddock
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Gayotri Goswami
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jacinth S. Ruddock .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA

    Elana Sydney

  2. Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA

    Eleanor Weinstein

  3. Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA

    Lisa M. Rucker

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Ruddock, J.S., Goswami, G. (2022). Obesity. In: Sydney, E., Weinstein, E., Rucker, L.M. (eds) Handbook of Outpatient Medicine. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15353-2_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15353-2_10

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-15352-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-15353-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation