Abstract
Femtosecond laser direct writing (FsLDW) of optical waveguides in dielectrics has the potential to enable the direct fabrication of extremely complex three-dimensional networks of optical waveguides in the volume of any transparent dielectric material. Such a capability is unique, suggesting that ultrafast lasers could be the enabling technology required to build the photonic circuitry of the approaching quantum era. However, at the present time, FsLDW has yet to supersede established conventional techniques, such as two-dimensional lithography or ion exchange, which offer intrinsically less flexibility. The main reason for this is that the unique features of FsLDW have tended to hamper its practical implementation and adoption. In the first section of this chapter, we present the mechanisms governing energy deposition during laser writing and review some practical strategies employed to optimize the energy coupling. In the second section, the pervasiveness of thermal processes in the formation of waveguides is discussed. We show the extent to which ultrafast lasers as pure heat sources constitute a mixed blessing but one which can be systematically managed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
K. Okamoto, in Fundamentals of Optical Waveguides (Second Edition), ed. by K. Okamoto, 2nd edn. (Academic Press, Burlington, 2006), pp. 417–534
A.L. Washburn, R.C. Bailey, Analyst 136(2), 227 (2011)
R.G. Hunsperger, Losses in Optical Waveguides (Springer New York, New York, NY, 2009), pp. 107–128
F. Chen, J.R.V. de Aldana, Laser Photonics Rev. 8(2), 251 (2014)
A. Baum, P.J. Scully, M. Basanta, C.L.P. Thomas, P.R. Fielden, N.J. Goddard, W. Perrie, P.R. Chalker, Opt. Lett. 32(2), 190 (2007)
C. Florea, K.A. Winick, J. Lightwave Technol. 21(1), 246 (2003)
H. Ma, A. Jen, L. Dalton, Adv. Mater 14(19), 1339 (2002)
G.C. Righini, A. Chiappini, Opt. Eng. 53, 53 (2014)
K.M. Davis, K. Miura, N. Sugimoto, K. Hirao, Opt. Lett. 21(21), 1729 (1996)
M. Beresna, M. Gecevičius, P.G. Kazansky, Adv. Opt. Photon. 6(3), 293 (2014)
F.J. Furch, W.D. Engel, T. Witting, A. Perez-Leija, M.J.J. Vrakking, A. Mermillod-Blondin, Opt. Lett. 44(17), 4267 (2019)
S. Gross, M. Dubov, M.J. Withford, Opt. Express 23(6), 7767 (2015)
A. Schiffrin, T. Paasch-Colberg, N. Karpowicz, V. Apalkov, D. Gerster, S. Muhlbrandt, M. Korbman, J. Reichert, M. Schultze, S. Holzner, J.V. Barth, R. Kienberger, R. Ernstorfer, V.S. Yakovlev, M.I. Stockman, F. Krausz, Nature 493(7430), 70 (2013)
S.A. Self, Appl. Opt. 22(5), 658 (1983)
V. Diez-Blanco, J. Siegel, A. Ferrer, A. Ruiz de la Cruz, J. Solis, Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(5), 051104 (2007)
G. Vdovin, F. van Goor, Lightpipes: Beam Propagation Toolbox. https://opticspy.github.io/lightpipes
Q. Sun, H. Jiang, Y. Liu, Y. Zhou, H. Yang, Q. Gong, J. Opt. A Pure Appl. Opt. 7(11), 655 (2005)
N. Huot, R. Stoian, A. Mermillod-Blondin, C. Mauclair, E. Audouard, Opt. Express 15(19), 12395 (2007)
C. Hnatovsky, R.S. Taylor, E. Simova, V.R. Bhardwaj, D.M. Rayner, P.B. Corkum, J. Appl. Phys. 98(1), 013517 (2005)
R.W. Boyd, in Nonlinear Optics (Fourth Edition), ed. by R.W. Boyd, 4th edn. (Academic Press, 2020), pp. 321–380
G. Fibich, A.L. Gaeta, Opt. Lett. 25(5), 335 (2000)
R. Cauble, W. Rozmus, Phys. Fluids (United States) 28(11), 759 (1985)
P. Jürgens, B. Liewehr, B. Kruse, C. Peltz, D. Engel, A. Husakou, T. Witting, M. Ivanov, M.J.J. Vrakking, T. Fennel, A. Mermillod-Blondin, Nat. Phys. 16(10), 1035 (2020)
K. Sokolowski-Tinten, D. von der Linde, Phys. Rev. B 61, 2643 (2000)
Y. Cheng, K. Sugioka, K. Midorikawa, M. Masuda, K. Toyoda, M. Kawachi, K. Shihoyama, Opt. Lett. 28(1), 55 (2003)
P.S. Salter, A. Jesacher, J.B. Spring, B.J. Metcalf, N. Thomas-Peter, R.D. Simmonds, N.K. Langford, I.A. Walmsley, M.J. Booth, Opt. Lett. 37(4), 470 (2012)
M. Ams, G.D. Marshall, D.J. Spence, M.J. Withford, Opt. Express 13(15), 5676 (2005)
S.H. Wiersma, T.D. Visser, P. Török, Pure Appl. Opt. J. Eur. Opt. Soc. A 7(5), 1237 (1998)
J. Gottmann, M. Hörstmann-Jungemann, M. Hermans, D. Beckmann, J. Laser Micro/Nanoeng. 4, 192 (2009)
P.S. Salter, M.J. Booth, Light Sci. Appl. 8(1), 110 (2019)
C. Mauclair, A. Mermillod-Blondin, N. Huot, E. Audouard, R. Stoian, Opt. Express 16(8), 5481 (2008)
G. Zhu, J. van Howe, M. Durst, W. Zipfel, C. Xu, Opt. Express 13(6), 2153 (2005)
F. He, H. Xu, Y. Cheng, J. Ni, H. Xiong, Z. Xu, K. Sugioka, K. Midorikawa, Opt. Lett. 35, 1106 (2010)
R. Kammel, R. Ackermann, J. Thomas, J. Gotte, S. Skupin, A. Tunnermann, S. Nolte, Light Sci. Appl. 3, e169 (2014)
D.N. Vitek, D.E. Adams, A. Johnson, P.S. Tsai, S. Backus, C.G. Durfee, D. Kleinfeld, J.A. Squier, Opt. Express 18(17), 18086 (2010)
T.E. Lanier, J.R. Gulley, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 33(2), 292 (2016)
J. Burghoff, S. Nolte, A. Tünnermann, Appl. Phys. A 89(1), 127 (2007)
H.T. Bookey, R.R. Thomson, n.d. Psaila, A.K. Kar, N. Chiodo, R. Osellame, G. Cerullo, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 19(12), 892 (2007)
A. Mermillod-Blondin, J. Bonse, A. Rosenfeld, I.V. Hertel, Y.P. Meshcheryakov, N.M. Bulgakova, E. Audouard, R. Stoian, Appl. Phys. Lett. 94(4), 041911 (2009)
T. Yoshino, Y. Ozeki, M. Matsumoto, K. Itoh, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 51(10R), 102403 (2012)
M. Shimizu, M. Sakakura, M. Ohnishi, M. Yamaji, Y. Shimotsuma, K. Hirao, K. Miura, Opt. Express 20(2), 934 (2012)
M. Sakakura, M. Terazima, Y. Shimotsuma, K. Miura, K. Hirao, Opt. Express 15(25), 16800 (2007)
V.V. Kononenko, E.V. Zavedeev, M.I. Latushko, V.I. Konov, Laser Phys. Lett. 10(3), 036003 (2013)
J. Bonse, T. Seuthe, M. Grehn, M. Eberstein, A. Rosenfeld, A. Mermillod-Blondin, Appl. Phys. A 124(1), 60 (2017)
A. Mermillod-Blondin, H. Mentzel, A. Rosenfeld, Opt. Lett. 38, 4112 (2013)
B. Redding, M.A. Choma, H. Cao, Nature Photonics 6, 355 (2012)
M. Shimizu, M. Sakakura, M. Ohnishi, Y. Shimotsuma, T. Nakaya, K. Miura, K. Hirao, J. Appl. Phys. 108(7), (2010)
V.M. Fokin, E.D. Zanotto, J.W. Schmelzer, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 321(1), 52 (2003)
R. Brückner, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 5(2), 123 (1970)
S. Duhr, D. Braun, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 103(52), 19678 (2006)
M. Macias-Montero, F. Muñoz, B. Sotillo, J. del Hoyo, R. Ariza, P. Fernandez, J. Siegel, J. Solis, Sci. Rep. 11(1), 8390 (2021)
Y. Bellouard, A. Champion, B. McMillen, S. Mukherjee, R.R. Thomson, C. Pépin, P. Gillet, Y. Cheng, Optica 3(12), 1285 (2016)
Q. Sun, T. Lee, M. Beresna, G. Brambilla, Sci. Rep. 10(1), 3819 (2020)
B. Poumellec, L. Sudrie, M. Franco, B. Prade, A. Mysyrowicz, Opt. Express 11(9), 1070 (2003)
V.R. Bhardwaj, P.B. Corkum, D.M. Rayner, C. Hnatovsky, E. Simova, R.S. Taylor, Opt. Lett. 29(12), 1312 (2004)
Y. Shimotsuma, M. Sakakura, P.G. Kazansky, M. Beresna, J. Qiu, K. Miura, K. Hirao, Adv. Mater. 22(36), 4039 (2010)
C. Itoh, K. Tanimura, N. Itoh, J. Phys. C Solid State Phys. 21(26), 4693 (1988)
P. Audebert, P. Daguzan, A. Dos Santos, J.C. Gauthier, J.P. Geindre, S. Guizard, G. Hamoniaux, K. Krastev, P. Martin, G. Petite, A. Antonetti, Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 1990 (1994)
P. Martin, S. Guizard, P. Daguzan, G. Petite, P. D’Oliveira, P. Meynadier, M. Perdrix, Phys. Rev. B 55, 5799 (1997)
S. Guizard, P. Martin, P. Daguzan, G. Petite, P. Audebert, J.P. Geindre, A.D. Santos, A. Antonnetti, Europhys. Lett. (EPL) 29(5), 401 (1995)
P.H. Gaskell, D.J. Wallis, Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 66 (1996)
S.S. Mao, F. Quéré, S. Guizard, X. Mao, R.E. Russo, G. Petite, P. Martin, Appl. Phys. A 79(7), 1695 (2004)
A.J. Fisher, W. Hayes, A.M. Stoneham, Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 2667 (1990)
A.N. Trukhin, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 91(1), 334 (1994)
P. Jürgens, M. Vrakking, A. Husakou, R. Stoian, A. Mermillod-Blondin, Appl. Phys. Lett. 115(19), 191903 (2019)
J. Zhang, S. Taylor, W. Eccleston, J. Appl. Phys. 72(4), 1429 (1992)
K. Said, G. Moya, A.S. Ahmed, G. Damamme, A. Kallel, Appl. Surf. Sci. 361, 226 (2016)
M. Huang, Int. J. Solids Struct. 40(7), 1615 (2003)
A. Courvoisier, M.J. Booth, P.S. Salter, Appl. Phys. Lett. 109(3), 031109 (2016)
E.A.J. Marcatili, Bell Syst. Tech. J. 48(7), 2103 (1969)
A. Arriola, S. Gross, N. Jovanovic, N. Charles, P.G. Tuthill, S.M. Olaizola, A. Fuerbach, M.J. Withford, Opt. Express 21(3), 2978 (2013)
L.A. Fernandes, J.R. Grenier, P.R. Herman, J.S. Aitchison, P.V.S. Marques, Opt. Express 19(13), 11992 (2011)
I.V. Dyakonov, I.A. Pogorelov, I.B. Bobrov, A.A. Kalinkin, S.S. Straupe, S.P. Kulik, P.V. Dyakonov, S.A. Evlashin, Phys. Rev. Appl. 10, 044048 (2018)
G. Corrielli, S. Atzeni, S. Piacentini, I. Pitsios, A. Crespi, R. Osellame, Opt. Express 26(12), 15101 (2018)
Z. Liu, Y. Liao, Z. Fang, W. Chu, Y. Cheng, Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron. 61(7), 70322 (2018)
H.S. Eisenberg, Y. Silberberg, R. Morandotti, A.R. Boyd, J.S. Aitchison, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 3383 (1998)
D.N. Christodoulides, F. Lederer, Y. Silberberg, Nature 424(6950), 817 (2003)
A. Szameit, S. Nolte, J. Phys. B At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 43(16), 163001 (2010)
J.W. Fleischer, M. Segev, N.K. Efremidis, D.N. Christodoulides, Nature 422(6928), 147 (2003)
T. Meany, M. Gräfe, R. Heilmann, A. Perez-Leija, S. Gross, M.J. Steel, M.J. Withford, A. Szameit, Laser Photon. Rev. 9(4), 363 (2015)
R. Diener, S. Nolte, T. Pertsch, S. Minardi, Appl. Phys. Lett. 112(11), 111908 (2018)
A.M. Hutchinson, Mol. Biotechnol. 3(1), 47 (1995)
M. Estevez, M. Alvarez, L. Lechuga, Laser Photon. Rev. 6(4), 463 (2012)
X. Guo, M. Qiu, J. Bao, B.J. Wiley, Q. Yang, X. Zhang, Y. Ma, H. Yu, L. Tong, Nano Lett. 9(12), 4515 (2009)
A.M. Shrivastav, U. Cvelbar, I. Abdulhalim, Communications Biology 4(1), 70 (2021)
M. Soler, M.C. Estevez, M. Cardenosa-Rubio, A. Astua, L.M. Lechuga, ACS Sensors 5(9), 2663 (2020). PMID: 32786383
J. Lapointe, M. Gagné, M.J. Li, R. Kashyap, Opt. Express 22(13), 15473 (2014)
G.A. Torchia, P.F. Meilán, A. Rodenas, D. Jaque, C. Mendez, L. Roso, Opt. Express 15(20), 13266 (2007)
S.M. Eaton, M.L. Ng, J. Bonse, A. Mermillod-Blondin, H. Zhang, A. Rosenfeld, P.R. Herman, Appl. Opt. 47, 2098 (2008)
A. Abou Khalil, J.P. Bérubé, S. Danto, J.C. Desmoulin, T. Cardinal, Y. Petit, R. Vallée, L. Canioni, Sci. Rep. 7(1), 11124 (2017)
J.P. Bérubé, R. Vallée, Opt. Lett. 41(13), 3074 (2016)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ghafur, O., Jürgens, P., Rammelt, L., Mermillod-Blondin, A. (2023). Ultrafast Meets Ultrasmall: Where Are the Limits of Ultrafast Waveguide Writing?. In: Stoian, R., Bonse, J. (eds) Ultrafast Laser Nanostructuring. Springer Series in Optical Sciences, vol 239. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14752-4_21
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14752-4_21
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-14751-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-14752-4
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)