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IgA Nephropathy

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Pediatric Kidney Disease

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Abstract

IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is identified by the prevalence of immunoglobulin A (IgA) in glomerular deposits. IgAN is the commonest glomerular disease in children and adolescents who undergo renal biopsy because of isolated microscopic hematuria or hematuria with non-nephrotic proteinuria. Its prevalence varies in different reports, mostly due to the variable criteria for performing renal biopsy in young subjects. The pathogenesis of IgAN is due to abnormal production of galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1), autoantibody immune response, and formation of circulating immune complexes that are eventually deposited in the glomeruli, leading to complement and inflammatory mediator activation and glomerular injury. The pathologic lesions found at renal biopsy are highly variable, from minimal mesangial proliferation to severe inflammatory changes with crescent formation. According to the Oxford clinical-pathological classification, four lesions (mesangial hypercellularity, endocapillary hypercellularity, segmental glomerulosclerosis and tubular atrophy/interstitial fibrosis; “MEST”) were predictive of outcome independent of clinical assessment. The value of crescents (C) was detected examining a larger cohort. IgAN rarely progresses to kidney failure in childhood, but typically occurs after many years, leading to kidney failure after reaching adulthood. Detecting IgAN at the beginning of its natural history in childhood may offer an important opportunity for early treatment of the nephritis and its complications, with benefits for these patients during childhood, and perhaps more importantly, during adulthood. For these reasons, interest has focused on individual risk prediction in children with IgAN. Clinical data and MEST-C scores may allow identification of potentially progressive cases. Presently, proteinuria >0.5 g/day/1.73 m2 represents the most relevant risk for disease progression. Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcome (KDIGO) suggests treating children with IgAN and persistent proteinuria >0.5 g/1.73 m2/day, with renin-angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors and, if proteinuria persists despite 3–6 months of this treatment, glucocorticoids should be considered in children as well as in adults. The early initiation of more aggressive therapy with corticosteroids was successful in pediatric cases with active histologic lesions, including in children with severe mesangial proliferation and endocapillary or extracapillary acute lesions. New promising therapeutic approaches are under evaluation and will hopefully modify the long-term prognosis of children with IgAN.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Fondazione Ricerca Molinette, Turin, Italy

    Rosanna Coppo & Licia Peruzzi

  2. Pediatric Nephrology Unit, “Regina Margherita Children’s Department”, City of Health and Science University Hospital, Turin, Italy

    Licia Peruzzi

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  1. Rosanna Coppo
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  1. Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany

    Franz Schaefer

  2. Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA

    Larry A. Greenbaum

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Coppo, R., Peruzzi, L. (2023). IgA Nephropathy. In: Schaefer, F., Greenbaum, L.A. (eds) Pediatric Kidney Disease. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11665-0_17

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