Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Tender Coconut Varieties

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Coconut Water

  • 413 Accesses

Abstract

Indonesia, the Philippines, India, Sri Lanka, Brazil, Thailand and Vietnam are the top coconut cultivating and producing countries of the world. In spite of the fact that many coconut-based products are available in the export basket, none matches the popularity of coconut water as an all-natural electrolyte drink in the global market. Famers of these countries have been cultivating many traditional coconut varieties (tall, dwarf and hybrids of T × D and D × T) for various end uses. Many varieties of coconut, with unique characteristics (Makapuno of the Philippines; Aromatic (Nam Hom) and Kelapa Pandan Wangi of Thailand; The King Coconut of Sri Lanka; Gangabondam Green Dwarf, Chowghat Orange Dwarf, Chowghat Green Dwarf, Gudanjali Green Dwarf of India; Wulung Coconut and Kebumen Entog Dwarf Coconut of Indonesia; Malayan Dwarf Coconuts (Orange, Yellow, Green and Red) of Malaysia; Green Xiem Coconut and Sap Coconut of Vietnam; Brazilian Green Coconut of Brazil, and Cameroon Red Dwarf of Cameroon having high potential for the purpose of extracting coconut water are available in the major producing countries. There are ample opportunities for coconut farmers to cultivate such varieties and earn more income. Generally, fruits from Tall, Dwarf and Hybrids could be used for tender nut water purpose when harvested at appropriate stage of maturity. This chapter provides a comprehensive report on important tender coconut varieties.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abd Razak H, Che Hasmah H, Idrus MH (2010) Replanting and rehabilitation of coconut under smallholders. Planter 86:243–252

    Google Scholar 

  • Adriano FT, Manahan M (1931) The nutritive value of green, ripe and sport coconut (buko, niyog, and Makapuno). Philipp Agric 20:195–198

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Angeles JGC, Lado JP, Pascua ED, Cueto CA, Antonio C, Laurena AC, Laude RP (2018) Towards the understanding of important coconut endosperm phenotypes: is there an epigenetic control? Agronomy 8(10):225. https://doi.org/10.3390/Agro8100225, 19 pages

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balasubramaniam K (1976) Polysaccharides of the kernel of maturing and matured coconuts. J Food Sci 41:1370–1373

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Banzon JA, Velasco JR (1982) Coconut production and utilization. Philippine Coconut Research and Development Foundation, Manila Philipp Cocon Res Dev Found 351

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourdeix R, Konan JL, N’Cho YP (2005) Coconut: a guide to traditional and improved varieties. Editions Diversiflora, Montpellier, p 104

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourdeix R, Konan JL, Ballo K (2010) Cameroon Red Dwarf (CRD) in Côte d’Ivoire. In: Bourdeix R, Batugal P, Oliver JT, George MLC (eds) Catalogue of conserved coconut germplasm. International Coconut Genetic Resources Network (COGENT), Bioversity International, Regional Office for Asia, the Pacific and Oceania, Serdang, pp 30–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradbury LMT, Fitzgerald TL, Henry RJ, Jin Q, Waters DLE (2005) The gene for fragrance in rice. Plant Biotechnol J 3(3):363–370. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7652.2005.00131.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Choeisunthon R, Tongchitpakdee S (2011) Effect of maturation on quality changes of pasteurized aromatic coconut water. In: Proceedings of the 49th Kasetsart University annual conference, Kasetsart University, Thailand, 1–4 February, 2011. Volume 7. Subject: Agro-Industry, pp 658–664

    Google Scholar 

  • Chomchalow N (1987) Maphrao Kathi (makapuno) (curd coconut). Chaiyaphruek Sci 202:6–9. (in Thai)

    Google Scholar 

  • Chomchalow N (1999) Coconut varieties in Thailand. Assumpt J Technol 3(1):19–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Chomchalow N (2006) Maphroa Kathi (curd coconut). Thailand network for the conservation and enhancement of landraces of cultivated plants (TNCEL), Bangkok. (in Thai)

    Google Scholar 

  • Chomchalow N (2013) Curd coconut: its mystery and potentialities. CORD 29(2):46–51. https://doi.org/10.37833/cord.v29i2.89

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chongpraditnun P, Limsmuthchaiporn P, Hattori H, Nakamura S, Watanabe A, Chino M (2001) Nutrient concentrations of phloem sap of aromatic coconut grown under various nutrient conditions. In: Horst WJ, Schenk MK, Bürkert A, Claassen N, Flessa H, Frommer WB, Goldbach H, Olfs HW, Römheld V, Sattelmacher B, Schmidhalter U, Schubert S, von Wirén N, Wittenmayer L (eds) Plant nutrition, Developments in plant and soil sciences, vol 92. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 232–233. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47624-X_112

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Chowdhury MM, Aziz MG, Uddin MB (2005) Development of shelf-stable ready-to-serve green coconut water. Biotechnology 4(2):121–125. https://doi.org/10.3923/biotech.2005.121.125

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • da Silva Lédo A, Passos EEM, Fontes HR, Ferreira JMS, Talamini V, Vendrame WA (2018) Advances in coconut palm propagation. Rev Bras de Frutic 41(2):e159. https://doi.org/10.1590/0100-29452019159

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • del Rosario RR, Gabuya ES (1980) Preliminary studies on the polysaccharide composition of coconut and makapuno cell wall. Philipp J Cocon Stud 5:17–21

    Google Scholar 

  • del Rosario AG, de Guzman EV (1981) Growth promoting activity and cytokinin-like substances of Makapuno and non-Makapuno coconut endosperm. Philipp J Cocon Stud 6:20–29

    Google Scholar 

  • Denisse L, Padilla E (2013) Makapuno, the good mutant. Bureau Agric Res 14(9):8–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Diaz MGQ (2002) Differential gene expression of the enzymes of galactomannan degradation in the developing endosperms of normal and “Makapuno” coconut (Cocos nucifera Linn.). Ph.D. Thesis, University of the Philippines Los Banos, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines, 2002

    Google Scholar 

  • Dolnik V, Gurske WA, Padua A (2001) Galactomannans as a sieving matrix in capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 22(4):707–719. https://doi.org/10.1002/1522-2683(200102)22:4<707::AID-ELPS707>3.0.CO;2-3

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dumhai R, Wanchana S, Saensuk C, Choowongkomon K, Mahatheeranont S, Kraithong T, Toojinda T, Vanavichit A, Arikit S (2018) Discovery of a novel CnAMADH2 allele associated with higher levels of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) in yellow dwarf coconut (Cocos nucifera L.). Sci Hortic. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2018.09.005

  • Ediriweera ND (1996) King coconut. CORD 12(2):34–36. https://doi.org/10.37833/cord.v12i02.304

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ekanayake GK, Perera SACN, Dassanayake PN, Everard JMDT (2010) Varietal classification of new coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) forms identified from Southern Sri Lanka. COCOS 19(1):41–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Esmeraldo MA, Barreto ACH, Freitas JEB, Fechine PBA, Sombra ASB, Corradini E, Mele G, Maffezzoli A, Mazzetto SE (2010) Dwarf-green coconut fibers: a versatile natural renewable raw bioresource. Treatment, morphology, and physicochemical properties. Bioresources 5(4):2478–2501. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.5.4.2478-2501

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fan HK, Feng ML, Huang LY, Ma ZL, Tang LX, Qin WQ, Wu DY, Liu LY, Zhao SL (2011) A new coconut cultivar ‘Wenye 4’. Acta Hortic Sin 38:803–804

    Google Scholar 

  • Gonzales BM (1914) The macapuno coconut. Philipp Agric Forester 3:31–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunathilake KDPP, Rathnayake RMCN (2012) Optimum physico-chemical and processing parameters for the preservation of King Coconut water. CORD 28(1):1–8. https://doi.org/10.37833/cord.v28i1.104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Islam MN, Cedo MLO, Namuco LO, Borromeo TH, Aguilar EA (2009) Effect of fruit age on endosperm type and embryo germination of Makapuno coconut. Gene Conserve 8:708–722

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson JC, Gordon A, Wizzard G, McCook K, Rolle R (2004) Changes in chemical composition of coconut (Cocos nucifera) water during maturation of the fruit. J Sci Food Agric 84(9):1049–1052. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.1783

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jangchud K, Puchakawimol P, Jangchud A (2007) Quality changes of burnt aromatic coconut during 28-day storage in different packages. LWT-Food Sci Technol 40(7):1232–1239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2006.08.014

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Janick J, Paull RE (2008) Arecaceae – the Palm Family. In: The encyclopedia of fruit and nuts. CAB International, Wallingford, pp 78–160

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Jaroonchon N, Krisanappok K, Imsabi W (2017) The development of 2 acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) in Thai aromatic coconut. Songklanakarin J Sci Technol 39(2):179–183. https://doi.org/10.14456/sjst-psu.2017.21

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jayasinghe MD, Hewajulige IGN (2021) King coconut – the golden nut of Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka J Food Agric 7(1):9–12. https://doi.org/10.4038/sljfa.v7i1.90

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jirapong C, Uthairatanakij A, Noichinda S, Kanlayanarat S, Wongs-Aree C (2012) Comparison of volatile compounds between fresh and heat-processed aromatic coconut. Acta Hortic 943(943):111–115. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2012.943.11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jirapong C, Wongs-Aree C, Noichinda S, Uthairatanakij A, Kanlayanarat S (2015) Assessment of volatile and non-volatile organic compounds in the liquid endosperm of young ‘Nam Hom’ coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) at two stages of maturity. J Pomol Hortic Sci 90(5):477–482. https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2015.11668703

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kalina S, Navaratne SB (2018) Evaluation of antioxidant activity and texture profile of tender-young and king coconut (Cocos nucifera) mesocarp. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 7(3):2945–2949

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karouw S, Mawardi S, Miftahorrachman, Pandin DS, Kumaunang J, Matana Y, Santosa B, Manaroinsong E, Tenda ET (2020) Physicochemical and phytochemical characteristics of exotic Cungap red coconut. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 418. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/418/1/012036, 6 pages

  • Kliaphuangphit B (ed) (2014) Easy-to-open roasted or boiled aromatic coconut, has groove line that comprise converged groove line located at bottom side of shell of coconut and groove line is made by laser engraving using laser engraver. Coco Easy Co Ltd (Coco-Non-standard), p 13

    Google Scholar 

  • Krisanapook K, Jaroonchon N, Imsabai W (2016) Physiological traits and 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline development of aromatic coconut fruit. Acta Hortic 1129:79–84. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2016.1129.11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krisanapook K, Anusornpornpong P, Havananda T, Luengwilai K (2019) Inflorescence and flower development in Thai aromatic coconut. J Appl Hortic 21(1):3–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar KD, Gautam RK, Ahmad I, Roy DS, Sharma A (2015) Biochemical, genetic and molecular basis of the novel and commercially important soft endosperm Makapuno coconut-a review. J Food Agric Environ 13:61–65

    Google Scholar 

  • Kwiatkowski A, Clemente E, Scarcelli A, Batista V (2008) Quality of coconut water ‘in natura’ belonging to Green Dwarf fruit variety in different stages of development in plantation on the northwest area of Parana, Brazil. Int J Food Agric Environ 6(1):102–105

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lado JP, Arellano BZ, Osio CAL, Tendero BJT, Vina CBD, Torio MAO, Laude RP, Diaz MGQ (2019) Early differential expression of galactomannan biosynthesis genes in ‘Makapuno’ coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) revealed by the de novo assembly and analysis of endosperm transcriptome. Philipp Agric Sci 102:6–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Lauzon RD (2005) Physico-chemical properties and processing possibilities of macapuno cultivars developed at Leyte State University. Philipp J Crop Sci 30(2):55–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Leong LP, Shui G (2002) An investigation of antioxidant capacity of fruits in Singapore markets. Food Chem 76:69–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(01)00251-5

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leorna M, Israel KA (2018) The influence of maturity of VMAC5 (Cocos nucifera L. ‘makapuno’) on its physicochemical, proximate composition and fatty acid profile. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 102(1):012098. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/102/1/012098

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lima AD, Maia GA, Sousa PHM, Prado GM, Rodrigues S (2009) Storage stability of a stimulant coconut water-acerola fruit juice beverage. Int J Food Sci Technol 44:1445–1451. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2009.01977.x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin FM, Wilkens WF (1970) Volatile flavor components of coconut meat. J Food Sci 35(5):538–539. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1970.tb04802.x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luckanatinvong V (2015) Effect of pre- and post-harvest factors on aroma developing and quality of aromatic coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) (in Thai). Ph.D. Dissertation, Kasetsart University, Thailand

    Google Scholar 

  • Luckanatinvong V, Sornkeaw P (2011) Quality of blanched aromatic coconut for export. Agric Sci J 42(1):147–150

    Google Scholar 

  • Luckanatinvong V, Mahatheeranont S, Siriphanich J (2018) Variation in the aromatic nature of Nam-Hom coconut depends on the presence and contents of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline. Sci Hortic 233:277–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2018.01.049

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luengwilai K, Beckles DM, Pluemjit O, Siriphanich J (2014) Postharvest quality and storage life of ‘Makapuno’ coconut (Cocos nucifera L.). Sci Hortic 175:105–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2014.06.005

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Man N, Shah JA (2020) Acceptance of new coconut seed Matag among coconut growers in Bagan Datoh, Perak and Bachok, Kelantan. Int J Acad Res Bus Soc Sci 10(16):1–26. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v10-i16/8286

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mansur PS (2017) Khasiat kelapa hijau bertampuk merah atau kelapa Wulung (Efficacy of green coconut or coconut Wulung). http://puan.co/2017/04/khasiat-kelapa-hijaubertampuk-merah-atau-kelapa-wulung/

  • Mantena S, Jagadish, Badduri SR, Siripurapu KB, Unnikrishnan MK (2003) In vitro evaluation of antioxidant properties of Cocos nucifera Linn. water. Nahrung 47(2):126–131. https://doi.org/10.1002/food.200390023

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maskromo I, Karouw S, Pandin DS, Mahayu WM, Santosa B, Alouw JC (2020) Physicochemical properties of Kebumen Entog dwarf coconut. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 418:6 pages. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/418/1/012037

  • Meethaworn K, Imsabai W, Zhang B, Chen K, Siriphanich J (2021) Off-flavor and loss of aroma in young coconut fruit during cold storage are associated with the expression of genes derived from the LOX pathway and Badh2. Hortic J. https://doi.org/10.2503/hortj.UTD-309, 12 pages

  • Mendoza EMT, Mujer CV, Rodriguez FM, Ramirez DA (1982) Ontogeny of some chemical constituents in developing makapuno and normal coconut endosperms. Kalikasan Philipp J Biol 11:293–301

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mendoza EMT, Samonte JL, Mujer CV, Dela Cruz NB, Ramirez DA (1985) Galactomannan metabolism in developing normal and makapuno endosperms. Trans NAST PHL 7:237–247

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Menon KPV, Pandalai KM (1958) The coconut. A monograph. India Central Coconut Committee, Govt. Press Madras, Madras, pp 86–102

    Google Scholar 

  • Mujahid I, Mulyanto A, Khasanah TU (2019) The effectiveness of coconut water in inhibiting Shigella sp. bacteria from diarrhea. Medisains 17(1):8–11. https://doi.org/10.30595/medisains.v17i1.3796

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mujer CV, Arambullo AS, Mendoza EMT, Ramirez DA (1983) The viscous component of the mutant (makapuno) coconut endosperm. I. Isolation and characterization. Kalikasan Philipp J Biol 12:42–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Mujer CV, Ramirez DA, Mendoza EMT (1984a) Alpha-d-galactosidase deficiency in coconut endosperm—its possible pleiotropic effects in Makapuno. Phytochemistry 23(4):893–894. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)85051-7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mujer CV, Ramirez DA, Mendoza EMT (1984b) Coconut α-d-galactosidase isoenzymes: isolation, purification and characterization. Phytochemistry 23(4):1251–1254

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mulyanto A, Mujahid I, Khasanah TU (2018) Kemampuan air kelapa muda sebagai antimikroba terhadap bakteri Escherichia coli penyebab diare (Potentiality of young coconut water as antimicrobial against Escherichia coli bacteria causing diarrhea). Bio-Site 4(1):18–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Nartvaranant P (2019) Genetic variations for ‘Nam Hom’ coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) grown in the western region of Thailand using AFLP markers. Thai Inter Discip Res 14(1):12–20. https://doi.org/10.14456/jtir.2019.3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen QT, Bandupriya HDD, Foale M, Adkins SW (2016) Biology, propagation and utilization of elite coconut varieties (makapuno and aromatics). Plant Physiol Biochem 109:579–589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.11.003

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nikhontha K, Krisanapook K, Imsabai W (2019) Fruit growth, endocarp lignification, and boron and calcium concentrations in Nam Hom (Aromatic) coconut during fruit development. J Int Soc Southeast Asian Agric Sci 25(1):21–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Noel KKJ, Edmond KK, Konan KJL, Eugene KK (2011) Microsatellite gene diversity within Philippine’s dwarf coconut palm (Cocos nucifera L.) resources at Port Bouët, Côte d’Ivoire. Sci Res Essays 6(28):5986–5992. https://doi.org/10.5897/SRE11.877

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nunez TC, Ocoy ET (2008) Polyembryony in Philippine Makapuno (Cocos nucifera L.) hybrids. CORD 24(2):40–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Pablito PP (2014) Opportunities in growing coconut for sweet aromatic water and young, tender nuts. Agriculture Monthly’s August 2014

    Google Scholar 

  • Paull RE, Ketsa S (2015) Coconut: Postharvest quality-maintenance guidelines. Fruit, Nut, and Beverage Crops. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources (CTAHR), University of Hawai’i at Manoa, F.N-45, p 5

    Google Scholar 

  • Perera SACN, Ekanayake GK, Herath HMNB (2015) An investigation of the tender nut potential of diverse coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) varieties/forms in Sri Lanka. CORD 31(1):39–45

    Google Scholar 

  • Phoeurka C, Somana J, Sornwatana T, Udompaisarn S, Traewachiwiphak S, Sirichaiyakul P, Phongsak T, Arthan D (2018) Three novel mutations in α-galactosidase gene involving in galactomannan degradation in endosperm of curd coconut. Phytochemistry 156:33–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.08.015

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prades A, Dornier M, Diop N, Pain JP (2012) Coconut water uses, composition and properties: a review. Fruits 67(2):87–107. https://doi.org/10.1051/fruits/2012002

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Puchakawimol P, Jangchud K (2003) Study on the quality changes of aromatic coconut at different maturity. In: Proceedings of 41st Kasetsart University annual conference, 3–7 February, 2003. Subject: Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand, pp 166–174

    Google Scholar 

  • Puchakawimol P, Jangchud K, Wuttijumnong P, Mahakarnjanakul W (2005) Effect of burning process on qualities of aromatic coconut water and coconut. In: Proceedings of 43rd Kasetsart University Academic Conference: Animal, Agro-Industry, Bangkok, 1st to 4th Feb 2005, pp 586–593

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramirez DA, Mendoza EMT (1998) The makapuno mutant coconut. The National Academy of Science and Technology, Philippines, p 66

    Google Scholar 

  • Ranasinghe CS, Wimalasekara R (2006) Technical guidelines to enhance shelf-life of tender King Coconut for the export market. Indian Cocon J 37:17–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Rillo EP (1999) Coconut embryo culture. In: Oropeza C, Verdeil JL, Ashburner GR, Cardeña R, Santamaría JM (eds) Current advances in coconut biotechnology, Current plant science and biotechnology in agriculture, vol 35. Springer Netherlands, pp 279–288. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9283-3_20

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez MJB (2010) Makapuno coconut: a potential new commercial source of galactomannan. CORD 26(2):11–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Saemah C, Jirapakkul W (2011) Effect of solvent types on volatile compounds extracted from burnt aromatic coconut water. In: Proceedings of the 49th Kasetsart University annual conference, Kasetsart University, Thailand, 1–4 February, 2011. Volume 7: Agro-Industry, pp 564–572

    Google Scholar 

  • Saensuk C, Wanchana S, Choowongkomon K, Wongpornchai S, Kraithong T, Imsabai W, Chaichoompu E, Ruanjaichon V, Toojinda T, Vanavichit A, Arikit S (2016) De novo transcriptome assembly and identification of the gene conferring a “pandan-like” aroma in coconut (Cocos nucifera L.). Plant Sci 252:324–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.08.014

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saittagaroon S, Kawakishi S, Namiki M (1984) Aroma constituents of roasted coconut. Agric Biol Chem 48:2301–2307. https://doi.org/10.1080/00021369.1984.10866491

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Samonte JL, Ramirez DA, Mendoza EMT (1987) Galactomannan in developing normal and makapuno coconut endosperms. Bull Philipp Biochem Soc 7:15–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Samonte JL, Mendoza EMT, Ilag LL, de La Cruz NB, Ramirez DA (1989) Galactomannan degrading enzymes in maturing normal and makapuno and germinating normal coconut endosperm. Phytochemistry 28(9):2269–2273. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)97966-4

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Samosir YMS, Rillo EP, Mashud N, Vu TML, Kembu A, Faure M, Magdalita PM, Damasco OP, Novarianto H, Adkins SW (2006) Revealing the potential of elite coconut types through tissue culture. In: Adkins SW, Foale M, Samosir YMS (eds) Coconut revival – new possibilities for the ‘tree of Life’. Proceedings of the international coconut forum held in Cairns, Australia, 22–24 November 2005. ACIAR. Proceedings no. 125, p 103

    Google Scholar 

  • Santoso U, Kubo K, Ota T, Tadokoro T, Maekawa A (1996) Nutrient composition of kopyor coconuts (Cocos nucifera L.). Food Chem 57(2):299–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/0308-8146(95)00237-5

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siriphanich J, Saradhuldhat P, Romphophak T, Krisana-pook K, Pathaveerat S, Tongchitpakdee S (2011) Coconut. In: Yahia EM (ed) Postharvest biology and technology of tropical and subtropical fruits: cocona to mango, Woodhead Publishing series in food science, technology and nutrition. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, pp 8–35. https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857092885.8

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Sukendah S, Volaert HA, Sudarsono S (2009) Isolation and analysis of DNA fragment of genes related to Kopyor trait in coconut plant. Indones J Biotechnol 14(2):1169–1178

    Google Scholar 

  • Toan NB, Thanh VC (2011) Potential development of makapuno coconut in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. J Renew Energy Smart Grid Technol 6(2):21–28. https://doi.org/10.14456/iire.2011.10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vichitrananda S, Somsri S (2008) Tropical fruit production in Thailand. In: Chomchalow N, Chantrasmi V, Sukhvibul N (eds) Acta Horticulturae International Society for Horticultural Science (ISHS), Leuven, Belgium, pp 33–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Vu TML (2002) Coconut embryo culture in Vietnam. In: Engelmann F, Batugal P, Oliver J (eds). Coconut embryo in vitro culture: Part II. Proceedings of 2nd international embryo culture workshop, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico, 14–17 March 2002, p 89

    Google Scholar 

  • Watawana MI, Jayawardena N, Gunawardhana CB, Waisundara VY (2016) Enhancement of the antioxidant and starch hydrolase inhibitory activities of king coconut water (Cocos nucifera var. aurantiaca) by fermentation with kombucha ‘tea fungus’. Int J Food Sci Technol 51(2):490–498. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.13006

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wicaksono A, Raihandhany R, da Silva TJA (2021) Kopyor versus macapuno coconuts: are these two edible mutants of Southeast Asia the same? Planta 254(5):86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-021-03740-y, 9 pages

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wijeratnam RSW, Jeyachandran V, Karunanithy K, Hewajulige IGN, Perera MGDS (2006) Extending storage life of King Coconut, Cocos nucifera. var. auranta. Acta Hortic 712:407–412. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2006.712.47

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xiao Y, Luo Y, Yang YD, Fan HK, Xia W, Mason AS, Sager ZSR, Qiao F (2013) Development of microsatellite markers in Cocos nucifera and their application in evaluating the level of genetic diversity of Cocos nucifera. Plant Omics J 6(3):193–200

    Google Scholar 

  • Yong JWH, Ge L, Ng YF, Tan SN (2009) The chemical composition and biological properties of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) water. Molecules 14(12):5144–5164. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules14125144

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Web Links

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Former Executive Director, Asian and Pacific Coconut Community, Jakarta, Indonesia

    P. Rethinam

  2. Former Principal Scientist (Agronomy) & Head, ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Krishnapuram, Kerala, India

    V. Krishnakumar

Authors
  1. P. Rethinam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. V. Krishnakumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Rethinam, P., Krishnakumar, V. (2022). Tender Coconut Varieties. In: Coconut Water. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10713-9_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation