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Causes of Cancer and Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis

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Understanding Cancer

Abstract

Cancer, like other diseases, is initiated by an interaction between a causative agent and a susceptible live organism. There are many causative agents and several factors which determine susceptibility or resistance to them, explaining why cancer does not develop in all exposed individuals. This Chapter discusses the mechanisms of action of several known carcinogenic agents including: (i) various chemicals that rapidly exert irreversible effects by electrophyllic binding to DNA (ii) solid state agents, like asbestos fibres and plastic films, that exert their effects by their physical topography (iii) radiation, which seemingly exerts its effects remotely and (iv) viruses, that are apparently inert, non-viable entities—until they enter other living organisms and use host resources for their own purposes. Their mechanisms of action are diverse and complicated but share some common properties: (i) each seems to act by exerting effects on cellular DNA (ii) all pervade the environment in which life exists, are inescapable and pose occupational hazards, (iii) they can be cleared from the body leaving no trace, (iv) the target cell which becomes transformed, believed to be a “stem” or progenitor cell, is elusive to identify and the timing of action relative to phases of the mitotic cycle is critical. Broader issues of cancer pathogenesis involving (a) susceptibility or resistance to neoplasia, (b) initiation and promotion of tumour development, (c) the “field effect” and its surgical implications (d) latency, (e) progression and (f) regression are discussed and explained. Interwoven into the descriptions of mechanisms of carcinogenesis are explanations of how molecular level genomic damage scales-up into changes at the cellular, supracellular, tissue, organ and whole-person realms. Specifically, these changes consist of cellular and tissue disorganisation, invasion, metastasis and deleterious effects on other organs. Included, as examples, are accounts of the cellular and histopathological changes seen in asbestos-induced mesotheliomas, plastic-induced sarcomas, carcinogen induced skin tumours and virus-induced hepatomas.

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Tarin, D. (2023). Causes of Cancer and Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis. In: Understanding Cancer. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97393-3_9

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