Abstract
Assessment of the current physical performance of an athlete relies on monitoring several parameters in response to a stimulus. One of them is a fast march on a treadmill with regulated speed and incline. Because traditional parameters describing physical performance (heart rate, blood lactate concentration, \(VO_{2max}\)) do not provide specific information about muscle activity, an alternative approach is needed. This applies to muscle oxygen saturation (\(SmO_2\)), which can be acquired in a noninvasive way based on near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). The changes of \(SmO_2\) are evaluated as fitting the linear regression to three phases of the experiment: the march with the velocity of 4 mph (6.44 km/h), the march with the highest walking velocity, and the rest. The coefficients of linear regression indicate the decrease of \(SmO_2\) level during the phases 1 and 2 and the increase of \(SmO_2\) level during the rest. Observed values of linear regression coefficients of \(SmO_2\) during the analyzed phases indicate the usefulness of NIRS in evaluating muscle fatigue, which may find its use in monitoring the interval training.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Bailey, S.J., Wilkerson, D.P., DiMenna, F.J., Jones, A.M.: Influence of repeated sprint training on pulmonary o2 uptake and muscle deoxygenation kinetics in humans. J. Appl. Phys. 106(6), 1875–1887 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00144.2009
Baker, W.B., et al.: Effects of exercise training on calf muscle oxygen extraction and blood flow in patients with peripheral artery disease. J. Appl. Phys. 123(6), 1599–1609 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00585.2017
Belardinelli, R., Barstow, T.J., Porszasz, J., Wasserman, K.: Changes in skeletal muscle oxygenation during incremental exercise measured with near infrared spectroscopy. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 70(6), 487–492 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00634377
Bentley, D.J., Newell, J., Bishop, D.: Incremental exercise test design and analysis. Sports Med. 37(7), 575–586 (2007). https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200737070-00002
Bhambhani, Y.N., Buckley, S.M., Susaki, T.: Detection of ventilatory threshold using near infrared spectroscopy in men and women. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 29(3), 402–409 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199703000-00017
Boone, J., Vandekerckhove, K., Coomans, I., Prieur, F., Bourgois, J.G.: An integrated view on the oxygenation responses to incremental exercise at the brain, the locomotor and respiratory muscles. Eur. J. Appl. Phys. 2085–2102 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-016-3468-x
Chance, B., Dait, M.T., Zhang, C., Hamaoka, T., Hagerman, F.: Recovery from exercise-induced desaturation in the quadriceps muscles of elite competitive rowers. Am. J. Phys. Cell Phys. 262(3), C766–C775 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1992.262.3.c766
De Blasi, R.A., Fantini, S., Franceschini, M.A., Ferrari, M., Gratton, E.: Cerebral and muscle oxygen saturation measurement by frequency-domain near-infra-red spectrometer. Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 33(2), 228–230 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02523048
Esaki, K., et al.: Association between regional quadriceps oxygenation and blood oxygen saturation during normoxic one-legged dynamic knee extension. Eur. J. Appl. Phys. 95(4), 361–370 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-005-0008-5
Esteve-Lanao, J., Foster, C., Seiler, S., Lucia, A.: Impact of training intensity distribution on performance in endurance athletes. J. Strength Conditioning Res. 21(3), 943 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1519/r-19725.1
Farzam, P., Starkweather, Z., Franceschini, M.A.: Validation of a novel wearable, wireless technology to estimate oxygen levels and lactate threshold power in the exercising muscle. Phys. Rep. 6(7), e13,664 (2018). https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.13664
Ferrari, M., Mottola, L., Quaresima, V.: Principles, techniques, and limitations of near infrared spectroscopy. Can. J. Appl. Physiol. 29(4), 463–487 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1139/h04-031
Ferrari, M., Muthalib, M., Quaresima, V.: The use of near-infrared spectroscopy in understanding skeletal muscle physiology: recent developments. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 369(1955), 4577–4590 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0230
Goodwin, M.L., Harris, J.E., Hernández, A., Gladden, L.B.: Blood lactate measurements and analysis during exercise: a guide for clinicians. J. Diab. Sci. Technol. 1(4), 558–569 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1177/193229680700100414
Grassi, B., et al.: Muscle oxygenation and pulmonary gas exchange kinetics during cycling exercise on-transitions in humans. J. Appl. Phys. 95(1), 149–158 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00695.2002
Grassi, B., Quaresima, V., Marconi, C., Ferrari, M., Cerretelli, P.: Blood lactate accumulation and muscle deoxygenation during incremental exercise. J. Appl. Phys. 87(1), 348–355 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1999.87.1.348
Hamaoka, T., et al.: Noninvasive measures of oxidative metabolism on working human muscles by near-infrared spectroscopy. J. Appl. Phys. 81(3), 1410–1417 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1996.81.3.1410
Hamaoka, T., McCully, K.K.: Review of early development of near-infrared spectroscopy and recent advancement of studies on muscle oxygenation and oxidative metabolism. J. Phys. Sci. 69(6), 799–811 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12576-019-00697-2
Hamaoka, T., McCully, K.K., Niwayama, M., Chance, B.: The use of muscle near-infrared spectroscopy in sport, health and medical sciences: recent developments. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 369(1955), 4591–4604 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0298
Huang, N.E., et al.: The empirical mode decomposition and the hilbert spectrum for nonlinear and non-stationary time series analysis. In: Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, vol. 454(1971), pp. 903–995 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1998.0193
Ihsan, M., Abbiss, C., Lipski, M., Buchheit, M., Watson, G.: Muscle oxygenation and blood volume reliability during continuous and intermittent running. Int. J. Sports Med. 34(07), 637–645 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1331771
Jobsis, F.: Noninvasive, infrared monitoring of cerebral and myocardial oxygen sufficiency and circulatory parameters. Science 198(4323), 1264–1267 (1977). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.929199
Komiyama, T., Onozuka, A., Miyata, T., Shigematsu, H.: Oxygen saturation measurement of calf muscle during exercise in intermittent claudication. Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg. 23(5), 388–392 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1053/ejvs.2002.1645
Nielsen, H.B., Boushel, R., Madsen, P., Secher, N.H.: Cerebral desaturation during exercise reversed by o2 supplementation. Am. J. Phys. Heart Circulatory Phys. 277(3), H1045–H1052 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1999.277.3.h1045
Nonin Medical Inc: Model 8004CA single-patient use, non-sterile, disposable regional oximetry sensor with EQUANOX™ technology. Datasheet (2019). https://www.nonin.com/wp-content/uploads/Operators-Manual-8004CA.pdf
Perrey, S., Ferrari, M.: Muscle oximetry in sports science: a systematic review. Sports Med. 48(3), 597–616 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0820-1
Racinais, S., Buchheit, M., Girard, O.: Breakpoints in ventilation, cerebral and muscle oxygenation, and muscle activity during an incremental cycling exercise. Front. Phys. 5 (2014). https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2014.00142
Rato, R., Ortigueira, M., Batista, A.: On the HHT, its problems, and some solutions. Mech. Syst. Sig. Process. 22(6), 1374–1394 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2007.11.028. Special Issue: Mechatronics
Rilling, G., Flandrin, P., Goncalves, P.: On empirical mode decomposition and its algorithms. In: IEEE-EURASIP Workshop Nonlinear Signal Image Processing, vol. 3, pp. 8–11 (2003)
Seiler, K.S., Kjerland, G.O.: Quantifying training intensity distribution in elite endurance athletes: is there evidence for an “optimal” distribution? Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 16(1), 49–56 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2004.00418.x
Shibuya, K., Tachi, M.: Oxygenation in the motor cortex during exhaustive pinching exercise. Respir. Phys. Neurobiol. 153(3), 261–266 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2005.11.008
Tew, G.A., Ruddock, A.D., Saxton, J.M.: Skin blood flow differentially affects near-infrared spectroscopy-derived measures of muscle oxygen saturation and blood volume at rest and during dynamic leg exercise. Eur. J. Appl. Phys. 110(5), 1083–1089 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-010-1596-2
van der Zwaard, S., et al.: Oxygenation threshold derived from near-infrared spectroscopy: Reliability and its relationship with the first ventilatory threshold. PLoS ONE 11(9), e0162,914 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0162914
Wang, G., Chen, X.Y., Qiao, F.L., Wu, Z., Huang, N.E.: On intrinsic mode function. Adv. Adapt. Data Anal. 02(03), 277–293 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1142/S1793536910000549
Wang, L., Yoshikawa, T., Hara, T., Nakao, H., Suzuki, T., Fujimoto, S.: Which common NIRS variable reflects muscle estimated lactate threshold most closely? Appl. Phys. Nutr. Metab. 31(5), 612–620 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1139/h06-069
Willwacher, S., et al.: A new method for measuring treadmill belt velocity fluctuations: effects of treadmill type, body mass and locomotion speed. Sci. Rep. 11(1) (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-81951-9
Yodh, A., Chance, B.: Spectroscopy and imaging with diffusing light. Phys. Today 48(3), 34–40 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.881445
Acknowledgment
The project was supported by the National Centre for Research and Development of Poland under the Smart Growth Operational Programme, grant number POIR.01.01.01-00-0653/19.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Sieciński, S., Kostka, P.S., Tkacz, E.J. (2022). Changes in \(SmO_2\) Levels During the March on a Treadmill and Rest in Healthy Subjects. In: Rocha, Á., Ferrás, C., Méndez Porras, A., Jimenez Delgado, E. (eds) Information Technology and Systems. ICITS 2022. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol 414. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96293-7_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96293-7_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-96292-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-96293-7
eBook Packages: Intelligent Technologies and RoboticsIntelligent Technologies and Robotics (R0)