Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Phanerozoic Structural Setting and Tectonic Evolution of Egypt

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Phanerozoic Geology and Natural Resources of Egypt

Part of the book series: Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation ((ASTI))

Abstract

The study of the Phanerozoic structural setting and tectonic evolution in Egypt has gained more attention during the last three decades. The present work reviews the characteristic tectonic/structural features of this succession, with emphasis on different structural geometries and styles. The chapter is divided into three main parts, highlighting the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic structures of Egypt. Unlike the Mesozoic and Cenozoic structures, the Paleozoic structures are not well understood in Egypt, due to limited exposures and insufficient subsurface data. However, this chapter attempts to present the available data, even if limited. Following the introduction (Sect. 1), the main outline of part one includes: the Precambrian-Cambrian transition, the distribution of Paleozoic sediments, glacial/fluvioglacial deposits, and Paleozoic structural framework (Paleozoic arches and basins). In part two, the Mesozoic structures in Egypt are dealt with in terms of Jurassic-Early Cretaceous rifts, Cretaceous rifts, Late Cretaceous to Recent inverted structures (northern Western Desert, northern Eastern Desert, and North Sinai inverted structures), and Late Mesozoic–Early Tertiary structures in central and southern Egypt (the Bahariya Depression and southern Western Desert inverted structures). The Cenozoic structures in Egypt are discussed in part three throughout the following main topics: Cretaceous-Paleogene (K/P) boundary, Paleocene-Eocene transition, the Oligocene–Miocene rifting (magmatism, the Red Sea and Gulf of Suez Rift System, Cairo-Suez District), the opening of the Gulf of Aqaba, and the Quaternary and neotectonics.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abbas, I., Guinn, S., Afify, W., Ramadan, Y., Jennette, D., & Gharieb, A. (2019). Impact of Jurassic volcanic rocks on hydrocarbon exploration, North Western Desert, Egypt. In 14th Offshore Mediterranean Conference and Exhibition, Ravena, Italy, extended abstract.

    Google Scholar 

  • Abdallah, A. M., & Adindani, A. (1963). Stratigraphy of Upper Paleozoic rocks, western side of Gulf of Suez. Egypt Geology of Survey, paper 25, 18pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Abd-Allah, M. A., Moustafa, A. R., & Hashem, W. A. (2004). Structural characteristics and analysis of the Gebel El Halal fold, Northeast Sinai Egypt. MERC, Ain Shams University, Earth Science Series, 18, 1–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Abdeen, M. M., & Gaballah, H. M. (2013). Utilization of open source imagery data in delineating active faults, SE Western Desert Egypt. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 45(7), 160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Abd El-Aal, A. E. -A. K., Hagag, W., Sakr, K., & Saleh, M. (2020). Seismicity, seismotectonics and neotectonics in Egypt. In Z. Hamimi, A. El-Barkooky, J. Martínez Frías, H. Fritz & Y. Abd El-Rahman (Eds.), The Geology of Egypt (pp. 375–413). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15265-9_10

  • Abd El-Aziz, M., Moustafa, A. R., Said, S. E. (1998). Impact of basin inversion on hydrocarbon habitat in the Qarun Concession, Western Desert, Egypt. In Proceedings of 14th EGPC Exploration and Production Conference, Cairo, (Vol. 1, pp. 139–155).

    Google Scholar 

  • Abd El-Fattah, B. K., Moustafa, A. R., & Yousef, M. (2021) A new insight into the structural evolution of Rosetta Fault, eastern margin of Herodotus Basin, East Mediterranean. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 105161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2021.105161

  • Abdel Khalek, M. L., Abdel Wahed, N., & Sehim, A. A. (1993). Wrenching deformation and tectonic setting of the northwestern part of the Gulf of Aqaba. Geological Society Egypt Special Publication, 1, 409–444.

    Google Scholar 

  • Abd El-Wahed, M. (2010). The role of the Najd Fault system in the tectonic evolution of the Hammamat molasse sediments, Eastern Desert Egypt. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 3, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-008-0030-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abed, M. A., Issa, M. M., Anihre, B. S., & Khalil, B. (1993). Upper Ordovician glacial deposits. Episodes, 16(1,2), 316–328.

    Google Scholar 

  • Addate, T., Keller, G., & Stinnesbeck, W. (2002). Late Cretaceous to Early Paleogene climate and sea-level fluctuations: The Tunisia record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 178, 165–196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Akaad, M. K. (1972). A contemplation and assessment of 1960–1961 classification of rocks of the central Eastern Desert Egypt. Annals of the Geological Survey of Egypt, 2, 19–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Ahwani, M. M. (1982). Geological and sedimentological studies of Gebel Shabrawet area, Suez Canal district—Egypt. Annals of the Geological Survey of Egypt, 12, 305–381.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alvarez, L. W., Alvarez, W., Asaro, F., & Michel, H. V. (1980). Extraterrestrial cause for the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction. Science, 208, 1095–1108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ambraseyes, N. N., Melville, C. P., & Adams, R. D. (1994). The seismicity of Egypt, Arabia and Red Sea, a historical review. King AbdulAziz City for Science and Technology (pp. 1–137). Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anan, T., & Shahin, A. (2021). Biostratigraphy and depositional environments of the Palaeocene-Eocene succession at Um El Huwaitat area, Eastern Desert Egypt. Geological Journal, 56, 1795–1820.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andres, W., & Radtke, U. (1988). Quartäre Strandterrassen an der Kilüste des Gebel Zeit (Golf von Suez/Agypten). Erdkunde, 42, 7–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atta, M. (1994). Geological study of the Gebel El Zeit-Esh El Mellaha basin, with special emphasis on geochemical evolution [M.Sc. Thesis], Cairo University, Egypt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Attwa, M., & Henaish, A. (2018). Regional structural mapping using a combined geological and geophysical approach—A preliminary study at Cairo-Suez district Egypt. Journal African Earth Sciences, 144, 104–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Attwa, M., Henaish, A., & Zamzam, S. (2020). Hydrogeologic characterization of a fault-related dome using outcrop, borehole and electrical resistivity data. Natural Resources Research, 29, 1143–1161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ayyad, M. H., & Darwish, M. (1996). Syrian arc structures: A unifying model of inverted basins and hydrocarbon occurrences in north Egypt. In EGPC 13th Petroleum Conference Egypt (Vol. 1, pp. 40–59).

    Google Scholar 

  • Badawy, A. (1999). Historical seismicity of Egypt. Acta Geodaetica et Geophysica Hungarica, 34, 119–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03325564

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Badawy, A. (2001). Status of the crustal stress in Egypt as inferred from earthquake focal mechanisms and borehole breakouts. Tectonophysics, 343, 49–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bakr, A., & Helmy, M. (1990). Wrench faulting and its implication on hydrocarbon accumulations: Alamein- Yidma area, Western Desert, Egypt. In Proceedings of 10th EGPC Petroleum Exploration and Production Conference (Vol. 2, pp. 257–289).

    Google Scholar 

  • Baldridge, W. S., Eyal, Y., Bartov, Y., Steinitz, G., & Eyal, M. (1991). Miocene magmatism of Sinai related to the opening of the Red Sea. Tectonophysics, 197, 181–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bartov, Y., Lewy, Z., Steinitz, G., & Zak, I. (1980a). Mesozoic and Tertiary stratigraphy, paleogeography and structural history of the Gebel Areif en Naqa area, eastern Sinai Israel. Journal of Earth Sciences, 29, 114–139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartov, Y., Steinitz, G., Eyal, M., & Eyal, Y. (1980b). Sinistral movement along the Gulf of Aqaba. Nature, 285, 220–222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beall, A. O., & Squyres, C. H. (1980). Modern frontier exploration strategy, a case history from Upper Egypt. Oil and Gas Journal, 4, 106–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bellini, E., & Massa, D. (1980). A stratigraphic contribution to the Paleozoic of the southern basins of Libya. In M. J. Salem & M. T. Busserwil (Eds.), The geology of Libya (Vol. 1, pp. 3–56). London: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ben Ferjani, A., Burollet, R. F., & Mejri, F. (1990). Petroleum geology of Tunisia: ETAE Tunis, 160 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernaola, G., & Monechi, S. (2007). Calcareous nannofossil extinction and survivorship across the Cretaceous_Paleogene boundary at Walvis Ridge (ODP Hole 1262C, South Atlantic Ocean). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 255, 132–156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beuf, S., Biju-Duval, B., de Charpal, O., Ragnon, P., Gariel, O., & Bennacef, A. (1971). Les gres du Paleozoique inferieur au Sahra. In Technip (Ed.), Sedimentation et discontinuite, Evolution Struturale d’un craton (480pp). Paris: College of Science Et Technology Du Petrole.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bevan, T. G., & Moustafa, A. R. (2012). Inverted rift-basins of Northern Egypt. In D. G. Roberts & A. W. Bally (Eds.), Regional geology and tectonics: phanerozoic rift systems and sedimentary basins (Vol. 2, pp. 483–507). Elsevier

    Google Scholar 

  • Bornemann, A., Schulte, P., Sprong, J., Steurbaut, E., Youssef, M., & Speijer, R. (2009). Latest Danian carbon isotope anomaly and associated environmental change in the southern Tethys (Nile Basin, Egypt). Journal of Geological Society of London, 166, 1135–1142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bosworth, W. (1994). A model for the three-dimensional evolution of continental rift basins, northeast Africa: Geologische Rundschau (Vol. 83, pp. 671–688). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00251067

  • Bosworth, W. (1995). A high strain rift model for the southern Gulf of Suez, Egypt. In J. Lambiase (Ed.), Hydrocarbon habitat in rift basins (Vol. 80, pp. 75–102). Journal of Geological Society of London, Special Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bosworth, W., & McClay, K. R. (2001). Structural and stratigraphic evolution of the Suez rift, Egypt: a synthesis. In P. A. Zeigler, W. Cavazza, A. H. F. Robertson & S. Crasquin-Soleau (Eds.), Peri-Tethyan rift-wrench basins and passive margins (pp. 567–606). Musee Nationale Hist Natural.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bosworth, W., & Stockli, D. F. (2016). Early magmatism in the greater Red Sea rift: Timing and significance. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 53, 1158–1176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bosworth, W., & Tari, G. (2021). Hydrocarbon accumulation in basins with multiple phases of extension and inversion: Examples from the Western Desert (Egypt) and the western Black Sea. Solid Earth, 12(1), 59–77. https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-59-2021

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bosworth, W., & Taviani, M. (1996). Late Quaternary reorientation of stress field and extension direction in the southern Gulf of Suez, Egypt: Evidence from uplifted coral terraces, mesoscopic fault arrays, and borehole breakouts. Tectonics, 15, 791–802.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bosworth, W., Guiraud, R., & Kessler, L. G. (1999). Late Cretaceous (Ca. 84 Ma) compressive deformation of the stable platform of northeast Africa (Egypt): Far-field stress effects of the “Santonian event” and origin of the Syrian arc deformation belt. Geology, 27, 633–636.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bosworth, W., Stockli, D. F., & Helgeson, D. E. (2015). Integrated outcrop, 3D seismic, and geochronologic interpretation of Red Sea dike-related deformation in the Western Desert, Egypt—The role of the 23 Ma Cairo “mini-plume.” Journal of African Earth Sciences, 109, 107–119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bosworth, W., El-Hawat, A. S., Helgeson, D. E., & Burke, K. (2008). Cyrenaican “shock absorber” and associated inversion strain shadow in the collision zone of northeast Africa. Geology, 36(9), 695–698.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bosworth, W., Huchon, P., & McClay, K. (2005). The Red Sea and Gulf of Aden basins. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 43, 334–378.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bosworth, W., Lučić, D., & Stockli, D. F. (2020). North African Phanerozoic. In D. Alderton & S. A. Elias (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Geology (2nd edn, pp. 244–258). Oxford: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.12454-6

  • Burollet, P. F. (1963). Reconnaissance geologique dans le sud-est du basin de Kufra. Review Institut Francais Petrole, 18, 219–227.

    Google Scholar 

  • Choukri, A., Reyss, J. L., & Plaziat, J. C. (1995). Datations radiochimiques des hauts niveaux marins de la rive occidentale du Nord de la Mer Rouge au moyen de radioles d ’oursin. Comptes Rendus De L’academie Des Sciences. Serie III, Sciences De La Vie, 321, 25–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clifford, T. N. (1970). The structural framework of Africa. In T. N. Clifford & I. G. Gass (Eds.), African magmatism and tectonics (pp. 1–23). Oliver and Edinburg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cochran, J. R. (2005). Northern Red Sea: Nucleation of an oceanic spreading center within a continental rift. Geochem-Geophys-Geosyst, 6, Q03006. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gc000826

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cochran, J. R., Gaulier, J. M., & LePichon, X. (1991). Crustal structure and the mechanism of extension in the northern Red Sea: Constraints from gravity anomalies. Tectonics, 10, 1018–1037.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Conant, L. C., & Goudarzi, G. H. (1964). Geological map of the Kingdom of Libya. US Geological Survey, 1(2)

    Google Scholar 

  • Courtillot, V., Jaupart, C., Manighetti, I., Tapponnier, P., & Besse, J. (1999). On causal links between flood basalts and continental breakup, Earth Planet. Science Letter, 166, 177–195.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coward, M. P., & Ries, A. C. (2003). Tectonic development of North African basins. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 207, 61–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Culver, S. (2003). Benthic foraminifera across the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary: A review. Marine Micropaleontology, 47, 177–226.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dardir, A. A. (1981). Basement rocks of the Gilf-Uweinat area. Annals Geological Survey of Egypt, 11, 67–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darwish, M., & Tewfik, N. (2008). Sequence stratigraphy and facies of the Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous rift systems in NE Africa. In M. Salem, A. El-Arnauti & A. Saleh (Eds.), 3rd Symposium on the Sedimentary Basins of Libya (Vol. 1, pp. 345–368). The Geology of East Libya.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dolson, J. C., Atta, M., Blanchard, D., Sehim, A., Villinski, J., Loutit, T., & Romine, K. (2014). Egypt’s future petroleum resources: a revised look into the 21st century. In L. Marlow, C. Kendall & L. Yose (Eds.), Petroleum systems of the Tethyan region (Vol. 106, pp. 143–178). AAPG Memoir

    Google Scholar 

  • Dullo, W. C. (1990). Facies, fossil record, and age of Pleistocene reefs from the Red Sea (Saudi Arabia). Facies, 22, 1–46. Evidence from uplifted coral terraces, mesoscopic fault arrays, and borehole breakouts. Tectonics, 15, 791–802.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dupuis, C., Aubry, M. -P., Steurbaut, E., Berggren, W., Ouda, Kh., Magioncalda, R., Cramer, S., Kent, D., Speijer, R., & Heilmann-Clausen, C. (2003). The Dababiya quarry section: Lithostratigraphy, clay mineralogy, geochemistry and paleontology. Micropaleontology, 49, 41–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • El Habaak, G. H., & Mahmoud, S. (1994). Carbonaceous bodies of debatable organic provenance in the banded iron formation of the Wadi Kareim area, Eastern desert Egypt. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 19, 125–133.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • El Kelany, A. (2000). Lithostratigraphy and petrology of the Paleozoic sequence in Sinai, Egypt. [Ph.D. Thesis] (208pp). Al Azhar University.

    Google Scholar 

  • El Saadany, M. (2008). Structural style and tectonic evolution of the central part of the northern Western Desert, Egypt. [Ph.D. dissertation] (267pp). Ain Shams University.

    Google Scholar 

  • El Shazly, E. M. (1977). The geology of the Egyptian region. In A. E. M. Nairn, W. H. Kanes, & F. G. Stehli (Eds.), The Ocean Basins and Margins, vol. 4(A) (pp. 379–444). Plenum Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • El-Shaarawy, O. A., Abdel Aal, A., & Papazis, P. (1992). Tectonic setting of the Razzak oil field, northern Western desert of Egypt. In Proceedings of 11th EGPC Petroleum Exploration and Production Conference (vol. 3, pp. 310–323).

    Google Scholar 

  • Eyal, M., Eyal, Y., Bartov, Y., & Steinitz, G. (1981). The tectonic development of the western margin of the Gulf of Elat (Aqaba) rift. Tectonophysics, 80, 39–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Faris, M. I., & Abbass, H. L. (1961). The geology of Shabrawet area. Ain Shams University of Science Bulletin, 7, 37–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freund, R., Garfunkel, Z., Zak, I., Goldgerg, M., Weissbrod, T., & Derin, B. (1970). The shear along the Dead Sea rift. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, 267, 107–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gamal, N., Yousef, M., Moustafa, A. R., & Bosworth, W. (2021). Spatiotemporal evolution of transfer structures and linked fault systems in an extensional setting: Southwest Gebel Akheider, Cairo-Suez District, Egypt. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 133, 105260 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MARPETGEO.2021.105260

  • Garfunkel, Z. (1998). Constrains on the origin and history of the Eastern Mediterranean basin. Tectonophysics, 298(1–3), 5–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garfunkel, Z. (2004). Origin of the Eastern Mediterranean basin: A reevaluation. Tectonophysics, 391, 11–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2004.07.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garfunkel, Z., & Bartov, Y. (1977). The tectonics of the Suez rift. Bulletin Geolical Survey of Israel, 71, 1–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghobrial, M. G. (1967). The structural geology of the Kharga Oasis. Geological Survey of Egypt paper, 43, 39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guennoc, P., Pautot, G., Le Quentric, M. F., & Coutelle, A. (1990). Structure of an early oceanic rift in the northern Red Sea. Oceanologica Acta, 13, 145–155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guiraud, R. (1998). Mesozoic rifting and basin inversion along the northern African-Arabian Tethyan margin: an overview. In MacGregor, Moody, Clark-Lowes (Eds.), Petroleum Geology of North Africa (vol. 133, pp. 215–227). Geological Society, London, Special Publication. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.132.01.13

  • Guiraud, R., & Bosworth, W. (1997). Senonian basin inversion and rejuvenation of rifting in Africa and Arabia: Synthesis and implications to platescale tectonics. Tectonophysics, 282, 39–82.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(97)00212-6

  • Guiraud, R., & Bosworth, W. (1999). Phanerozoic geodynamic evolution of northeastern Africa and the northwestern Arabian platform. Tectonophysics, 315, 73–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0040-1951(99)00293-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guiraud, R., Bosworth, W., Thierry, J., & Delplanque, A. (2005). Phanerozoic geological evolution of Northern and Central Africa: An overview. In Catuneanu, O., Guiraud, R., Eriksson, P., Thomas, B., Shone, R., & Key, R. (Eds.) Phanerozoic Evolution of Africa. Journal of African Earth Sciences (vol. 43, pp. 83–143). Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guiraud, R., Issawi, B., Bosworth, & W. (2001). Phanerozoic history of Egypt and surrounding areas. In P. A. Zeigler, W. Cavazza, A. H. F. Robertson & S. Crasquin-Soleau (Eds.), Peri-Tethys Memoir 6, Peri-Tethys Rift/Wrench Basins and Passive Margins (Vol. 186, pp. 469–509). de Paris: Memoir Museum National d’Historie Natur.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gvirtzman, G. (1994). Fluctuations of sea level during the past 400 000 years: The record of Sinai, Egypt (northern Red Sea). Coral Reefs, Heidelberg, 13, 203–214.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hagag, W. (2016). Structural evolution and Cenozoic tectonostratigraphy of the Cairo-Suez district, north Eastern Desert of Egypt: Field-structural data from Gebel Qattamiya-Gebel Um Reheiat area. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 118, 174–191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fowler, A., & Hamimi, Z. (2020). Structural and tectonic framework of neoproterozoic basement of Egypt: From gneiss domes to transpression belts. In Z. Hamimi, A. El-Barkooky, J. Martínez Frías, H. Fritz & Abd El-Rahman, Y. (Eds.), The Geology of Egypt, Regional Geology Reviews (pp. 81–129). Springer Nature Switzerland, 762p https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15265-9_2

  • Fowler, A., & Hamimi, Z. (2021). Post-amalgamation depositional basins in the Arabian-Nubian Shield: The Hammamat Basins of Egypt. In Z. Hamimi, A. –R. Fowler, J. -P. Liegeois, A. Collins, M. Abdelsalam & M. Abd EI-Wahed (Eds.), The Geology of the Arabian-Nubian Shield, Regional Geology Reviews book series (RGR) (pp. 451–483), Springer Nature Switzerland, 786p. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72995-0

  • Hamimi, Z., Abd El-Wahed, M, Gahlan, H. A, & Kamh, S. Z. (2019). Tectonics of the Eastern desert of Egypt: Key to understanding the Neoproterozoic evolution of the Arabian-Nubian Shield (East African Orogen). In A. Bendaoud, Z. Hamimi, M. Hamoudi, S. Djemai & B. Zoheir (Eds.), Geology of the Arab World- An Overview (pp. 1–81). Springer Geology, Springer Geology. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96794-3_1

  • Hamimi, Z., El-Barkooky, A., Martínez Frías, J., Fritz, H., & Abd El-Rahman, Y. (Eds.) (2020). The geology of Egypt, regional geology reviews. Springer Nature Switzerland, 762p. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15265-9_2

  • Hamimi, Z., & Fowler, A. (2021). Najd shear system in the Arabian Nubian shield. In Hamimi, Z., Fowler, A. -R., Liegeois, J. -P., Collins, A., Abdelsalam, M., Abd EI-Wahed, M. (Eds.), The Geology of the Arabian-Nubian Shield, Regional Geology Reviews Book Series (RGR) (pp. 359–392). Springer Nature Switzerland, 786p. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72995-0

  • Hamimi, Z., Arai, S., Fowler, A., & El-Bialy, M. Z. (Eds.) (2021a). The geology of the Egyptian Nubian Shield. In Regional Geology Reviews Book Series (RGR). Springer Nature Switzerland, 700p. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49771-2

  • Hamimi, Z., Fowler, A.-R., Liegeois, J. -P., Collins, A., Abdelsalam, M., & Abd EI-Wahed, M. (Eds.) (2021b). The geology of the Arabian-Nubian Shield. In Regional Geology Reviews Book Series (RGR). Springer Nature Switzerland, 786p. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72995-0

  • Hantar, G. (1990). North Western desert. In R. Said (Ed.), The Geology of Egypt. (Vol. 15, pp. 293–319). Balkema, Chapter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haq, B. U., & Stephen, R. S. (2008). A chronology of Paleozoic Sea-level changes. Science, 322, 64–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hartman, G., Niemi, T. M., Tibor, G., Ben-Avraham, Z., Al-Zoubi, A., Makovsky, Y. E., Akawwi, E., Abueladas, A., & Al-Ruzouq, R. (2014). Quaternary tectonic evolution of the Northern Gulf of Elat/Aqaba along the Dead Sea transform. Solid Earth, 119, 9183–9205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hassan, A. A. (1967). A new Carboniferous occurrence in Abu Durba, Sinai, Egypt. In 6th Arab Petroleum Congress Baghdad (pp. 1–8).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hassan, M. A., & Hashad, A. (1990). Precambrian of Egypt. In R. Said (Ed.), The geology of Egypt (pp. 201–248). Balkema.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heidbach, O., Tingay, M., Barth, A., Reinecker, J., Kurfess, D., & Mueller, B. (2008). The 2008 database release of the world stress map project. Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ. https://doi.org/10.1594/GFZ.WSM.Rel2008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henaish, A. (2015). Neotectonics and structural geology controls of hydrocarbon seepages in the southern part of the Gulf of Suez, Egypt [Ph.D. Thesis] (209pp). Zagazig University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henaish, A. (2018a). Fault-related domes: Insights from sedimentary outcrops at the northern tip of the Gulf of Suez rift Egypt. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 91, 202–210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henaish, A. (2018b). Soft-linkage transfer zones: Insights from the Northern Eastern desert Egypt. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 95, 265–275.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henaish, A., & Kharbish, S. (2020). Linkage style of rift-associated fault arrays: insights from central Cairo-Suez district, Egypt. Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 15(1), 189–196.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hermina, M. H., Ghobrial, M. G., & Issawi, B. (1961). The geology of the Dakhla area. Geological Survey of Egypt, 33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hermina, M. H., Wassef, A., El Tahlawy, A., Kamel, A., (1983). The subsurface Paleozoic section of Wadi Araba, Egypt. Annals of the Geological Survey of Egypt, 13, 257–269.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hildebrand, N., Shirav, M., & Freund, R. (1974). Structure of the western margin of the Gulf of Elat (Aqaba) in the Wadi El Quseib-Wadi Himur area, Sinai. Israel Journal of Earth Sciences, 23, 117–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoang, C., & Taviani, M. (1991). Stratigraphic and tectonic implications of Uranium-series-dated coral reefs from uplifted Red Sea Islands. Quaternary Research, 35, 264–273.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes Clarke, M. W. (1988). Stratigraphy and rock unit nomenclature in the oil producing area of interior, Oman. Journal Petroleum Geology, 11, 5–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Husseini, M. I. (1991). Tectonic and depositional model of the Arabian and adjoining plates during the Silurian-Devonian. Bulletin Amerian Association of Petroleum Geologists, 57(1), 108–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Issawi, B. (1968). The geology of Kurkur Dungul area. Geological Survey of Egypt, Paper, 46, 102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Issawi, B. (1971). Geology of Darb El-Arbain, Western Desert. In R. Said & M. Y. Meneisy (Eds.), Annales of the Geological Survey of Egypt (Vol. 1, pp. 53–92).

    Google Scholar 

  • Issawi, B. (1972). Review of upper cretaceous-lower tertiary stratigraphy in central and Southern Egypt. Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 56, 1448–1463.

    Google Scholar 

  • Issawi, B. (1978). New findings on the geology of uweinat-gilf Kebir. Annals Geological Survey of Egypt, 8, 27–293.

    Google Scholar 

  • Issawi, B. (1981). Geology of the South Western Desert of Egypt. Annals Geological Survey of Egypt, 11, 57–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Issawi, B. (1996). Tectono-sedimentary synthesis of the Paleozoic basins in Egypt. In 13th Petroleum Conference, Egyptian General Petroleum Corporation, Cairo (Vol. 1, pp. 1–24).

    Google Scholar 

  • Issawi, B. (2000). Northern Gondwana Early Paleozoic glaciation. In International Conference Geology of Arab World, Cairo University (Vol. 3, pp. 1243–1250).

    Google Scholar 

  • Issawi, B. (2005). Archean-Phanerozoic birth and development of the Egyptian land. In 1st International Conference Geology of Tethys, Cairo University (Vol. 2, pp. 339–352).

    Google Scholar 

  • Issawi, B., & Jux, U. (1982). Contribution to the stratigraphy of the Paleozoic rocks in Egypt. Geology of Survey Egypt, Paper, 64, 24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Issawi, B., El Hinnawi, M., Francis, M., & Mazhar, A. (1999). The Phanerozoic geology of Egypt: A geodynamic approach. Egypt Geology Survey Paper, 76, 462.

    Google Scholar 

  • Issawi, B., Francis, M., Youssef, E., & Osman, R. (2009). The Phanerozoic geology of Egypt, a geodynamic approach. In Speciat Publication (Vol. 81, 589pp). EMRA, Egypt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Issawi, B., Osman, R., Yehia, M., & El Deftar, T. (1994). The delineation of Sinai water basins by using lithofacies isopach and structural contour maps. In 2nd Conference Geol Arab World, Cairo University, pp. 48–497.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jarrige, J. J., Ott d’Estevou, P., Burollet, P. F., Montenat, C., Prat, P., Richert, J. P., & Thiriet, J. P. (1990). The multistage tectonic evolution of the Gulf of Suez and northern Red Sea continental rift from field observations. Tectonics, 9, 441–465.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keeley, M. L. (1989). The Paleozoic history of the Western Desert of Egypt. Basin Research, 2, 35–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keeley, M. L., Dungworth, G., Floyd, C. S., Forbes, G. A., King, C., McGarva, R. M., & Shaw, D. (1990). The Jurassic System in northern Egypt: I. Regional stratigraphy and implications for hydrocarbon prospectivity. Journal Petroleum Geology, 13, 397–420.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keeley, M. L., & Wallis, R. J. (1991). The Jurassic system in northern Egypt: II. Depositional and tectonic regimes. Journal of Petroleum Geology, 14, 49–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kerdany, M. T., & Cherif, O. H. (1990). Mesozoic, chap. 22, In R. Said & A. A. Balkema (Eds.) The Geology of Egypt, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 407–438.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khalaf, E. A., Abdel Motelib, A., Hammed, M. S., & El Manawi, A. H. (2015). Volcano-sedimentary characteristics in the Abu Treifiya Basin, Cairo-Suez District, Egypt: Example of dynamics and fluidization over sedimentary and volcaniclastic beds by emplacement of syn-volcanic basaltic rocks. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 292, 1–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khalifa, H., Omran, A. M., Higazy, H. A. (1988). Microfossils from Late Proterozoic (Hammamat Group) Eastern Desert, Egypt. Bulletin Faculty Science Assiut University, 12, 1–29

    Google Scholar 

  • Khalil, M. (1992). The structural evolution of the ‘B’ trend and its significance for hydrocarbon exploration in offshore Gulf of Suez, Egypt. In Proceedings 11th Explore Conference EGPC, pp. 64–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khalil, S. M., & McClay, K. R. (2002). Extensional fault-related folding, northwestern Red Sea Egypt. Journal Structural Geology, 24, 743–762.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khalil, S. M., & McClay, K. R. (2009). Structural control on syn-rift sedimentation, northwestern Red Sea margin Egypt. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 26, 1018–1034.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khozyem, H., Adatte, T., Spangenberg, J., Keller, G., Tantawy, A., & Ulianov, A. (2015). New geochemical constraints on the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum: Dababiya GSSP Egypt. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 429, 117–135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khozyem, H., Adatte, T., Spangenberg, J., Tantawy, A., & Keller, G. (2013). Palaeoenvironmental and climatic changes during the Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) at the Wadi Nukhul section, Sinai Egypt. Journal of Geological Society of London, 170, 341–352.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klitzsch, E. (1978). Geologische Bearbeitung Südwest Ägyptens. Geology of Rundschau, 67, 509–520

    Google Scholar 

  • Klitzsch, E. (1979). Zur Geologie des Gilf Kebir Gebietes in der Ostsahara. Clausth Geology Abhandlungen, 30, 113–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klitzsch, E. (1983). Geological research in and around Nubia. Episodes, 3, 15–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klitzsch, E. (1986). Plate tectonics and cratonal geology in northeast Africa (Egypt/Sudan). Geology Rundschau, 75, 755–768.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klitzsch, E., & Lejal-Nicol, A. (1984). Flora and fauna from a strata in southern Egypt and northern Sudan (Nubia and surrounding areas). Berlin Geowiss Abhandlungen, 50(A), 47–79 (1942).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kora, M. (1984). The Paleozoic outcrops of Um Bogma area, Sinai, [Ph.D. Thesis] (253pp). Mansoura University, Mansoura.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kora, M. (1992). Carboniferous macrofauna from Wadi khaboba west central Sinai Egypt. Geology Et Paleontology, 26, 13–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kora, M. (1995). Lower Carboniferous calcareous microfossils from the Gulf of Suez region Egypt. Geology Et Paleontoleum, 29, 217–231.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kora, M., Jux, U. (1986). On the Early carboniferous macrofauna from the Um Bogma Formation, Sinai. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte, 2, 85–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kora, M., & Mansour, Y. (1992). Stratigraphy of some Permo-Carboniferous successions in the Northern Galala, Gulf of Suez region Egypt. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen, 185(3), 377–394.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krenkel, E. (1925). Geologie der Erde, Geologie Afrikas, volume I. Gebrüder Borntraeger, 461 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Lababidi, M. M., & Hamdan, A. N. (1985). Preliminary lithostratigraphic correlation study in OAPEC member countries. Organization Arabian Petroleum Exposure Countries, Energy Resource Department, 171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lambeck, K., & Nakada, M. (1992). Constraints on the age and duration of the last interglacial period and on sea-level variations. Nature, 357, 125–128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lejal-Nicol, A. (1986). Decourverte d’une flora a Callipteris dans la region du Suez (Egypte). C.R. 111eme. Congress Nature Society of Servey, 2, 9–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Letouzey, J., & Tre´molie`res, P. (1980). Paleo-stress fields around the Mediterranean since the Mesozoic derived from microtectonics: comparisons with plate tectonic data. In J. Aubouin, J. Debelmas & M. Latreille (Eds.), Geology of the Alpine chains born of the Tethys (Vol. 115, pp. 261–273), Me´m. B.R.G.M.

    Google Scholar 

  • Longacre, M., Bentham, P., Hanbal, I., Cotton, J., & Edwards, R. (2007). New crustal structure of the Eastern Mediterranean Basin: detailed integration and modeling of gravity, magnetic, seismic refraction, and seismic reflection data. In EGM 2007 International Workshop: Innovation in EM, Grav and Mag Methods: A New Perspective for Exploration, Capri, Italy, 15–18 April 2007, 4 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Maamoun, M., Megahed, A., & Allam, A. (1984). Seismicity of Egypt. HIAG Geophys. Bull., 4, 109–160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahmoud, N. M., Vaslet, D., & Husseini, M. I. (1992). The lower Silurian Qalibah formation of Saudi Arabia. Bulletin American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 63(10), 1491–1506.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maqbool, A.-R., Moustafa, A. R., Dowidar, H., & Yousef, M. (2014). Structural setting of Gebel Ataqa area, Gulf of Suez, Egypt: Implications for rift-related fault array. Egyptian Journal of Geology, 58, 205–221.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maqbool, A.-R., Moustafa, A. R., Dowidar, H., & Yousef, M. (2016). Architecture of fault damage zones of normal faults, Gebel Ataqa area, Gulf of Suez rift, Egypt. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 77, 43–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martinson, D. C., Pisias, N. G., Hays, J. D., Imbrie, J., Moore, T. C., Jr., & Shackleton, N. J. (1987). Age dating and the orbital theory of the ice ages: Development of a high resolution 0 to 300,000-year chronostratigraphy. Quaternary Research, 27, 1–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mayhoub, A. A., Moustafa, A. R., Yousef, M., & Zalat, S. M. (2017). Subsurface structural setting of Al Amir and Geyad fields, southwestern part of the Gulf of Suez rift, Egypt: Bulletin of the Faculty of Science. Zagazig University, 39, 229–243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mayhoub, A. A., Moustafa, A. R., Yousef, M., & Zalat, S. M. (2019). Cyclo-sequence stratigraphy of the Miocene syn-rift succession, Al Amir and Geyad fields, southwestern part of the Gulf of Suez rift. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 157, 103504.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mazzini, A., Lupi, M., Sciarra, A., Hammed, M., Schmidt, S. T., & Suessenberger, A. (2019). Concentric Structures and Hydrothermal Venting in the Western Desert Egypt. Frontiers Earth Science, 7, 266.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McGarva, R. M. (1986). Sedimentology, petrography and diagenesis of the Zeitoun Formation (Devonian) of the Western Desert, Egypt. In 8th Petroleum Conferences Egyptin Petroleum Corporation, Cairo.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGillivary, G., & Husseini, M. I. (1992). The Paleozoic petroleum geology of Central Arabia. Bulletin American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 76(10), 1473–1490.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mclean, D. M. (1978). A terminal Mesozoic “Greenhouse”: Lessons from the past. Science, 201, 401–406.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meneisy, M. Y. (1986). Mesozoic igneous activity in Egypt. Qatar University of Bulletin of V, Science, 6

    Google Scholar 

  • Meneisy, M. Y., & Kreuzer, H. (1974a). Potassium-argon ages of Egyptian basaltic rocks. Geologisches Jahrbuch, D9, 21–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meneisy, M. Y., & Kreuzer, H. (1974b). Potassium-argon ages of nepheline syenite ring complexes in Egypt. Geologisches Jahrbuch, D9, 33–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meneisy, M. Y., & Abdel Aal, A. Y. (1984). Geochronology of phanerozoic volcanic rocks in Egypt. Ain Shams Scientific Bulletin, 25(24B), 163–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meshref, W. (1990). Tectonic framework. In R. Said, (Ed.), The geology of Egypt (734 p). Balkema Pub., Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Metwalli, F. I., & Pigott, J. D. (2005). Analysis of petroleum system criticals of the Matruh-Shushan Basin, Western Desert Egypt. Petroleum Geoscience, 11, 157–178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moussa, S. (1986). Evolution of the sedimentary basins of north Western Desert, Egypt. In 8th Petroleum Conference Egypt General Petroleum Corporation, Cairo, 14 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Moustafa, A. M. (1976). Block faulting in the Gulf of Suez. In Proceedings of 5th Egyptian General Petroleum Corporation Exploration Seminar, Cairo, 35 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moustafa, A. R. (1988). Wrench tectonics in the north Western Desert of Egypt (Abu Roash area, Southwest of Cairo). MERC Ain Shams University Earth Science Service, 2, 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moustafa, A. R. (2002). Controls on the geometry of transfer zones in the Suez rift and northwest Red Sea: Implications for the structural geometry of rift systems. AAPG Bulletin, 86, 979–1002.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moustafa, A. R. (2005). Structural architecture of Late Cretaceous–Early Tertiary inverted structures in northern Sinai (Gebel Maghara area): abstract. In 43rd Annual Meeting of the Egyptian Geological Society, Cairo, December 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moustafa, A. R. (2008). Mesozoic-Cenozoic basin evolution in the northern Western Desert of Egypt. In: M. Salem, A. El-Arnauti & A. Saleh (Eds.), 3rd Symposium on the Sedimentary Basins of Libya (Vol. 3, pp. 29–46). The Geology of East Libya.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moustafa, A. R. (2010). Structural setting and tectonic evolution of north Sinai folds, Egypt. In C. Homberg & M. Bachmann (Eds.), Evolution of the Levant Margin and Western Arabia Platform Since the Mesozoic (Vol. 341, pp. 37–63). Geological Society of London Special Publication.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moustafa, A. R. (2013). Fold-related faults in the Syrian Arc belt of northern Egypt. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 48, 441–454.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moustafa, A. R. (2014). Structural architecture and tectonic evolution of the Maghara inverted basin, Northern Sinai Egypt. Journal of Structural Geology, 60, 80–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moustafa, A. R. (2020). Mesozoic-Cenozoic Deformation History of Egypt. In Z. Hamimi, A. El-Barkooky, J. Martínez Frías, H. Fritz, & Y. Abd El-Rahman (Eds.), The Geology of Egypt (pp. 253–294). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15265-9_7

  • Moustafa, A. R., & Abd-Allah, M. A. (1992). Transfer zones with en echelon faulting at the northern end of the Suez rift. Tectonics, 11, 499–509.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moustafa, A. R., & Fouda, H. G. A. (2014). Structural architecture and tectonic evolution of the Yelleg inverted half graben, northern Sinai Egypt. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 51, 286–297.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moustafa, A. R., & Khalil, M. H. (1995). Superposed deformation in the northern Suez rift, Egypt: Relevance to hydrocarbon exploration. Journal of Petroleum Geology, 18, 245–266.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moustafa, A. R., & Khalil, S. M. (2020). Structural setting and tectonic evolution of the Gulf of Suez, NW Red Sea and Gulf of Aqaba rift systems. In Z. Hamimi, A. El-Barkooky, J. Martínez Frías, H. Fritz & Y. Abd El-Rahman (Eds.), The Geology of Egypt (pp. 375–413, 295–342). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15265-9_10.

  • Moustafa, A. R., El Badrawy, R., & Gibali, H. (1998). Pervasive E-ENE oriented faults in northern Egypt and their effect on the development and inversion of prolific sedimentary basins. In 14th Proceedings of Petroleum Conference Cairo (Vol. 1, pp. 51–67). Egyptian General Petroleum Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moustafa, A. R., Yehia, M. A., & Abdel Tawab, S. (1985). Structural setting of the area east of Cairo, Maadi and Helwan. Middle East Research Center at Ain Shams University Science Research Services, 5, 40–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moustafa, A. R., El-Barkooky, A. N., Mahmoud, A., Badran, A. M., Helal, M. A., Nour El Din, M., & Fathy, H. (2002). Matruh basin: hydrocarbon plays in an inverted Jurassic-Cretaceous rift basin in the northern Western Desert of Egypt. In AAPG International Meeting, Cairo, Oct 2002, Abstract.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moustafa, A. R., Salama, M. E., Khalil, S. M., & Fouda, H. G. (2014). Sinai Hinge Zone: A major crustal boundary in NE Africa. Journal of the Geological Society of London, 171, 239–254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moustafa, A. R., Saoudi, A., Moubasher, A., Ibrahim, I. M., Molokhia, H., & Schwartz, B. (2003). Structural setting and tectonic evolution of the Bahariya Oasis, Western Desert Egypt. Geoarabia, 8, 87–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mostafa, A., Sehim, A., & Yousef, M. (2015). Unlocking subtle hydrocarbon plays through 3D seismic and well control: A case study from West Gebel El Zeit District, Southwest Gulf of Suez, Egypt. In Offshore Mediterranean Conference and Exhibition: Ravenna, Italy, Offshore Mediterranean Conference (p. 14).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nemec, M. C. (1996). Qarun oil field, Western Desert, Egypt. In Proceedings of 13th EGPC Petroleum Conference, Cairo (Vol. 1, pp. 140–164).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nikishin, A. M., Ziegler, P. A., Panov, D. I., Nazarevich, B. P., & Brunet, M. F. (2001). Mesozoic and Cainozoic evolution of the Scythian platform-Black Sea-Caucasus domain. Mémoires Du Muséum National D’histoire Naturelle, 186, 295–346.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norton, P. (1967). Rock-stratigraphic nomenclature of the Western Desert, Egypt (p. 557). International Report of GPC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Obaidalla, N. A., & Kassab, A. S. (2000). Biostratigraphy of the Khoman Formation, Bahariya Oasis, Western Desert, Egypt. An approach to the K/T boundary. Egyptian Journal of Geology, 44(2), 443–453.

    Google Scholar 

  • Officer, C. B., & Lyons, J. B. (1993). A short note on the origin of the yellow glasses at the Haiti Cretaceous/Tertiary sections. Earth and Planetary Science Letter, 118, 349–351.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olsson, R. K., & Liu, C. (1993). Controversies on the placement of Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary and the K/P mass extinction of planktonic foraminifera. Palaios, 8, 127–139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Omara, S. (1965). A micropaleontological approach to the stratigraphy of the Carboniferous exposures of the Gulf of Suez region. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte, 6, 409–419.

    Google Scholar 

  • Omara, S. (1971). Early Carboniferous tabulate corals from Um Bogma area, southwestern Sinai Egypt. Rivista Italiana di Palaeontologiia e Stratigrafia, 77, 141–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Omara, S. (1972). An Early Cambrian outcrop in southwestern Sinai, Egypt. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte, 5, 306–314

    Google Scholar 

  • Omara, S., & Conil, R. (1965). Lower Carboniferous foraminifers from southwestern Sinai Egypt. Annals of the Societe Geologique Belgique, 5, 221–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Omara, S., & Schultz, G. (1965). A Lower Carboniferous microflora from southwestern Sinai. Palaeontographica, 117(A), 47–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osman, R., Ahmed, S. M., & Khater, T. (2002). The stratigraphy and facies of Wadi Gabgaba and its surroundings with an emphasis on the Lower Paleozoic glaciation. In 6th International Conferences on Geology of the Arab World, Cairo University Egypt (Vol. 2, pp. 469–482).

    Google Scholar 

  • Patton, T. L., Moustafa, A. R., Nelson, R. A., & Abdine, A. S. (1994). Tectonic evolution and structural setting of the Suez rift. In S. M. Landon (Ed.), Interior rift basins (Vol. 59, pp. 9–55). AAPG Memoir.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perrin, M., Saleh, A., & Alva-Valdivia, L. (2009). Cenozoic and Mesozoic basalts from Egypt: A preliminary survey with a view to paleointensity. Earth, Planets and Space, 61, 51–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Picard, L. (1942). New Cambrian fossils and Paleozoic problematica from the Dead Sea and Arabia. Bulletin Geology Department Hebrew University, 3

    Google Scholar 

  • Plaziat, J. C., Reyss, J. L., Choukri, A., & Cazala, C. (2008). Diagenetic rejuvenation of raised coral reefs and precision of dating. The contribution of the Red Sea reefs to the question of reliability of the Uranium-series datings of middle to late Pleistocene key reef-terraces of the world. Carnets de Géologie/Notebooks on Geology, Article 2008/04 (CG2008_A04).

    Google Scholar 

  • Poirer, J. P., & Taher, M. A. (1980). Historical seismicity in the Near and Middle East, North Africa and Spain from Arabic documents (VIIth-XVIIth century). Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 70, 2185–2201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Powell, J. H. (1989). Stratigraphy and sedimentation of the Phanerozoic rocks in central and southern Jordan. Part A. Ram and Khreim Groups. Jordan Resource Authentication Geology Division Bulletin, 11, 72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Powell, J. H., Mohamed, B. K., & Masri, A. (1994). Late Ordovician-Early Silurian glaciofluvial deposits preserved in paleovalleys in South Jordan. Sedimentary Geology, 89, 303–314.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reyss, J., Choukri, A., Plaziat, J., & Purser, B. (1993). Datations radiochimiques des récifs coralliens de la rive occidentale du Nord de la Mer Rouge, premières implications stratigraphiques et tectoniques. Comptes Rendus De L’académie Des Sciences, Paris, 317, 487–492.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robson, D. A. (1971). The structure of the Gulf of Suez (clysmic) rift, with special reference to the eastern side. Journal of the Geological Society of London, 127, 242–276.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roeser, H. A. (1975). A detailed magnetic survey of the southern Red Sea. Geologisches Jahrbuch, 13, 131–153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Röhl, U., Bralower, T. J., Norris, R. D., & Wefer, G. (2000). New chronology for the late Paleocene thermal Maximum and its environmental implications. Geology, 28, 927–930.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Said, R. (1962). The Geology of Egypt (p. 377). Elsevier Pub Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Said, W. S., Yousef, M., El-Mowafy, H. Z., & Abdel-Halim, A. (2014). Structural geometry and evolution of BED 17 field, Abu El Gharadig basin, northern Western Desert of Egypt: An example of restraining stepovers in strike-slip fault systems. AAPG Search & Discovery Article # 20266, 22 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Said, M. M., & El Mehdi, B. O. (2000). Explanatory booklet, sheet: Jabal Asbah, NF 35–1, scale 1: 250 000. Geology Survey Egypt and Industrial Research Center Libya, 84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Said, R. (1971). Explanatory notes to accompany the geological map of Egypt. Egyptian Geology Survey Paper, 56, 123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Said, R. (1981). The geological evolution of the River Nile (151pp). Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Said, R. (1990). The geology of Egypt. In A. A. Balkema (Eds.), Rotterdam, 729 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Said, R., & Eissa, R. (1969). Some microfossils from Upper Paleozoic rocks of western coastal plain of Gulf of Suez region, Egypt. In Proceedings of the 3rd African Micropaleontological Colloquium Cairo (pp. 337–384).

    Google Scholar 

  • Said, S. M., & Sakran, S. (2020). Structural analysis and tectonic evolution of the Komombo basin, south Egypt; an example of interior Cretaceous rift. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 162, 103719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2019.103719

  • Sakran, S., & Said, S. M. (2018). Structural setting and kinematics of Nubian fault system, SE Western Desert, Egypt: An example of multi-reactivated intraplate strike-slip faults. Journal of Structural Geology, 107, 93–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sakran, S. M., Nabih, M., Henaish, A., & Ziko, A. O. (2016a). Structural regime and its impact on the mechanism and migration pathways of hydrocarbon seepage in the southern Gulf of Suez rift: An approach for finding new unexplored fault blocks. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 71, 55–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sakran, S. M., Nabih, M., Henaish, A., & Ziko, A. O. (2016b). Fracture reopening by micro-earthquakes, a mechanism for oil seepage in mildly active rifts: A Case study from Gemsa oil field, the southern Gulf of Suez rift Egypt. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 9(5), 1–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salah, W., Yousef, M., Abdel-Halim, A., El-Mowafy, H. Z., & Kamel, D. (2014). Structural setting and hydrocarbon potential of BED-17 field, Abu Gharadig Basin, northern Western Desert Egypt. Egyptian Journal Geology, 58, 121–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salem, E., & Sehim, A. (2017). Structural imaging of the East Beni Sueif basin, north Eastern Desert Egypt. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 136, 109–118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schandelmeir, H., & Reynolds, P. O. (1997). Paleogeographic-Paleotectonic Atlas of North-Eastern Africa. Arabia, and Adjacent Areas (late Neoproterzoic to Holocene). Ritterdam-Balkema, 160

    Google Scholar 

  • Schandelmeir, H., Richter, A., & Franz, G. (1983). Outline of the geology of magmatic and metamorphic units between Gebel Uweinat and Bir Safsaf (SW Egypt/NW Sudan). Journal of African Earth Sciences, 1(3/4), 275–284.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schrank, E. (1984). Paleozoic and Mesozoic palynomorphs from the Foram-1 well (Western Desert, Egypt). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte, 2, 95–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sehim, A. (1993). Cretaceous tectonics in Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Geology, 37, 335–372.

    Google Scholar 

  • Semtner, A. K., & Klitzsch, E. (1994). Early Paleozoic paleogeography of the northern Gondwana margin: New evidence for Ordovician-Silurian glaciation. Geologische Rundschau, 83, 743–751.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sengör, A. M. C. (1979). Mid-Mesozoic closure of Permo-Triassic Tethys and its implications. Nature, 279, 590–593. https://doi.org/10.1038/279590a0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shahin, A., & Kora, M. (1991). Biostratigraphy of some Upper Cretaceous-Early Tertiary succession in the eastern central Sinai. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte, H(11), 671–692.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shata, A. (1959). Structural development of the Sinai Peninsula (Egypt). In Proceedings of the 20th International Geological Congress, Mexico (pp. 225–249).

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, A. G. (1971). Alpine deformation and the oceanic area of the Tethys, Mediterranean and Atlantic. Geological Society of American Bulletin, 82, 2039–2070

    Google Scholar 

  • Soliman, S. M., & El Fotouh, M. A. (1970). Carboniferous of Egypt, isopach and lithofacies maps. Bulletin—American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 54, 1918–1930.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stampfli, G. M., & Borel, G. D. (2002). A plate tectonic model for the Paleozoic and Mesozoic constrained by dynamic plate boundaries and restored synthetic oceanic isochrons. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 196(1), 17–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00588-X

  • Stampfli, G. M., Mosar, J., Favre, P., Pillevuit, A., & Vannay, J. C. (2001). Permo-Mesozoic evolution of the western Tethys realm: the Neo-Tethys East Mediterranean Basin connection. In P. A. Ziegler, W. Cavazza, A. H. F. Robertson & S. Crasquin-Soleau (Eds.), Peri-Tethys Memoir 6: Peri-Tethyan Rift/Wrench Basins and Passive Margins (Vol. 186, pp. 51–108). Mémoires du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • Steen, G. (1982). Radiometric age dating and tectonic significance of some igneous rocks, Gulf of Suez. Gupco Report, Er 82/2 (23 pp.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Stocklin, J. (1972). Iran: Lexique Stratigraphique International, 3, Asie, 283pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strasser, A., Strohmenger, C., Davaud, E., & Bach, A. (1992). Sequential evolution and diagenesis of Pleistocene coral reefs (South Sinai; Egypt). Sedimentary Geology, 79, 59–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tari, G., Hussein, H., Novotny, B., Hannke, K., & Kohazy, R. (2012). Play types of the deep-water Matruh and Herodotus basins, NW Egypt. Petroleum Geoscience, 18, 443–455.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thiriet, J., Burollet, P., Montenat, C., & Ott d’Estevou, P. (1986). Evolution tectonique et sedimentaire Neogene a la transition du Golfe de Suez et de la Mer Rouge: La secteur de Port-Safaga (Egypte). Dot Et Trav IGAL, 10, 93–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tjalsma, R. C., & Lohmann, G. P. (1983). Paleocene-Eocene bathyal and abyssal benthic foraminifera from the Atlantic Ocean. Micropaleontology, Special Publication, 4, 1–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walther, J. K. (1890). Über eine Kohlenkalk Fauna aus der ägyptischen-Arabischen Wüste. Zeitschrift Deutsche Geologische Gesellschaft, 42, 419–449.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wanas, H. A. (2011). The Lower Paleozoic rock units in Egypt: An overview. Geoscience Frontiers, 2(4), 491–507.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weissbrod, T. (1969). The Paleozoic of Israel and adjacent countries: Part 1, The subsurface Paleozoic stratigraphy of S. Israel. Bulletin Geological Survey of Israel, 47, 1–25; Part II, the Paleozoic outcrops in SW Israel and their correlation with those of S Israel. 48, 1–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westerhold, T., Rohl, U., McCarren, H. K., & Zachos, J. C. (2009). Latest on the absolute age of the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM): New insights from exact stratigraphic position of key ash layers +19 and -17. Earth Planetary Science Letters, 287, 412–419.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfart, R. (1981). Lower Paleozoic rocks of the Middle East. In C. H. Holland (Ed.), Lower Paleozoic of the Middle East, Eastern and Southern Africa and Antarctica (pp. 6–130). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu, D., & Bruhn, R. L. (1994). Geometry and kinematics of active normal faults, South Oquirrh Mountains, Utah: implication for fault growth. Journal of Structural Geology, 16(8), 1061–1075. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(94)90052-3

  • Youssef, M. M. (2003). Structural setting of central and south Egypt: An overview. Micro-paleontology, 49(1), 1–13. (text figures 1–6).

    Google Scholar 

  • Youssef, M. (2016). Calcareous nannofossils and paleoenvironments of the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum (PETM) interval in central Egypt. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 114, 203–219.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yousef, M., Moustafa, A. R., & Shann, M. (2006a). The Petroleum Play Systems in the Mango—Tineh area: Offshore North Sinai, Egypt. In The 8th International Conference on the Geology of the Arab World, Cairo, Egypt (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Yousef, M., Moustafa, A. R., & Shann, M. (2006b). Tectonic evolution of Mango-Tineh area: offshore North Sinai, Egypt. In The 44th Annual Meeting of the Geological Society of Egypt, Cairo, Egypt (Abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Yousef, M., Moustafa, A. R., Bosworth, W., & Helgeson, D. (2009). Three-dimensional structural model and fault trap analysis of East Bahariya concession, northern Western Desert, Egypt. In Geological Society of Egypt, Cairo, Egypt (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Yousef, M., Moustafa, A. R., Bosworth, W., & Helgeson, D. (2010a). Structural and tectonic evolution of East Bahariya concession, northern Western Desert, Egypt, Egyptian. The Journal of Geology, 54, 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yousef, M., Moustafa, A. R., & Shann, M. (2010b) Structural setting and tectonic evolution of offshore North Sinai, Egypt. Geological Society Special Publication, 341. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP341.4

  • Yousef, M., Sehim, A., & Yousef, M. (2015). Structural style and evolution of inversion structures. In Horus oil field, Alamein basin, north Western Desert: The 8th International Conference on the Geology of the Middle East, Cairo, Egypt, Abstract.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yousef, M., Yousef, M., & Sehim, A. (2019). Structural style and evolution of inversion structures of Horus field, Alamein Basin, northern Western Desert of Egypt. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 110, 55–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2019.07.009

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt

    Mohamed Yousef

  2. Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, 13518, Egypt

    Zakaria Hamimi & Wael Hagag

  3. Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt

    Ahmed Heneish

  4. Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt

    Tarek Anan

Authors
  1. Mohamed Yousef
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Zakaria Hamimi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ahmed Heneish
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Wael Hagag
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Tarek Anan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mohamed Yousef .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Egypt

    Zakaria Hamimi

  2. Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt

    Hassan Khozyem

  3. Lausanne, Switzerland

    Thierry Adatte

  4. IFP Energies Nouvelles, Rueil-Malmaison, France

    Fadi H. Nader

  5. Department of Geoscience, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Missouri, MO, USA

    Francisca Oboh-Ikuenobe

  6. Department of Geoscience, University of Texas Permian Basin, Odessa, TX, USA

    Mohamed K. Zobaa

  7. University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

    Haytham El Atfy

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Yousef, M., Hamimi, Z., Heneish, A., Hagag, W., Anan, T. (2023). Phanerozoic Structural Setting and Tectonic Evolution of Egypt. In: Hamimi, Z., et al. The Phanerozoic Geology and Natural Resources of Egypt. Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95637-0_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation