Abstract
Social media use in higher education is becoming increasingly common. The tools available to the educator are sophisticated and numerous, and it can be challenging to know which ones to use and how to use them to best effect. We begin by asking what we want to achieve in educating our students and how social media may enable this. We argue that Christensen’s “jobs-to-be-done” theory can help clarify faculty requirements and the needs of students. We then explore connectivism an example of a pedagogy that takes explicit account of our digitally connected world.
We move on to consider the practical issues confronting the use of social media for educational purposes, including the issue of boundaries, which are of importance in setting expectations and standards of behavior. We explore factors that can affect engagement with social online learning and behaviors such as lurking and suggest ways in which this can be understood and mitigated. We discuss the darker side of social media, such as trolling, and how it might be dealt with. Social media has the potential to set faculty-student relations on a more equal footing, and we look at how co-creation can be used to leverage this and drive learning.
Our final section examines practical challenges to implementing a social media platform as part of a module or course. We make recommendations on how to approach this and indicate how further research may help us gain a deeper understanding and develop solutions for some of the problems we highlight.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Azucar, D., Marengo, D., & Settanni, M. (2018). Predicting the big 5 personality traits from digital footprints on social media: A meta-analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 124(December 2017), 150–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.12.018
Batalden, M., et al. (2016). Coproduction of healthcare service. BMJ Quality and Safety, 25(7), 509–517. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjqs-2015-004315
Bate, E., et al. (2014). Problem-based learning (PBL): Getting the most out of your students - their roles and responsibilities: AMEE guide no. 84. Medical Teacher, 36(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3109/0142159x.2014.848269
Bawden, D., & Robinson, L. (2009). The dark side of information: Overload, anxiety and other paradoxes and pathologies. Journal of Information Science, 35(2), 180–191. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165551508095781
Bell, F. (2009). Connectivism: A network theory for teaching and learning in a connected world. Educational Developments, 10(3). Available at: http://usir.salford.ac.uk/2569/. Accessed 15 Feb 2021.
Bennett, S., et al. (2012). Implementing web 2.0 technologies in higher education: A collective case study. Computers and Education, 59(2), 524–534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2011.12.022
Blau, I., & Shamir-Inbal, T. (2018). Digital technologies for promoting “student voice” and co-creating learning experience in an academic course. Instructional Science, 46(2), 315–336. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11251-017-9436-y
BMA. (2021). Ethics of social media use for doctors. Available at: https://www.bma.org.uk/advice-and-support/ethics/personal-ethics/ethics-of-social-media-use. Accessed 25 March 2021.
Bottanelli, F., et al. (2020). Science during lockdown – From virtual seminars to sustainable online communities. Journal of Cell Science. Company of Biologists Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1242/JCS.249607
Bottomley, S., & Denny, P. (2011). A participatory learning approach to biochemistry using student authored and evaluated multiple-choice questions. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education, 39(5), 352–361. https://doi.org/10.1002/bmb.20526
Bovill, C. (2019). A co-creation of learning and teaching typology: What kind of co-creation are you planning or doing? International Journal for Students as Partners, 3(2), 91–98. https://doi.org/10.15173/ijsap.v3i2.3953
Bovill, C. (2020). Co-creation in learning and teaching: The case for a whole-class approach in higher education. Higher Education, 79(6), 1023–1037. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-019-00453-w
Bowden-Green, T., Hinds, J., & Joinson, A. (2021, June). Understanding neuroticism and social media: A systematic review’. Personality and Individual Differences, 168, 110344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110344
Brooman, S., Darwent, S., & Pimor, A. (2015). The student voice in higher education curriculum design: Is there value in listening? Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 52(6), 663–674. https://doi.org/10.1080/14703297.2014.910128
Cabrera, D., Cabrera, L., & Powers, E. (2015). A unifying theory of systems thinking with psychosocial applications. Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 32(5), 534–545. https://doi.org/10.1002/sres.2351
Cheston, C. C., Flickinger, T. E., & Chisolm, M. S. (2013). Social media use in medical education. Academic Medicine, 88(6), 893–901. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0b013e31828ffc23
Christensen, C. M., et al. (2016). Competing against luck: The story of innovation and customer choice. Harper Business.
Cole, D., & Cunningham, A. M. (2014). How to … Curate online resources. Education for Primary Care, 25(3), 176–178.
Cole, D., et al. (2017). Using social media to support small group learning. BMC Medical Education, 17(1), 201. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-017-1060-7
Cole, D. S., & Jones, R. M. (2019a). Best practice in online content curation in higher education. Available at: https://www.cardiff.ac.uk/learning-hub/view/best-practice-in-online-content-curation-in-higher-education. Accessed 15 Feb 2021.
Cole, D. S., & Jones, R. M. (2019b). Online content curation tools: Technology reviews. Available at: https://www.cardiff.ac.uk/learning-hub/view/online-content-curation-tools-technology-reviews. Accessed 25 Jan 2021.
Cook, D. A., Erwin, P. J., & Triola, M. M. (2010, August 13). Computerized virtual patients in health professions education: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Academic Medicine, 85(10), 1589–1602. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181edfe13
Cook, D. A., et al. (2008). Internet-based learning in the health professions - a meta-analysis. Jama-Journal of the American Medical Association, 300(10), 1181–1196. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.300.10.1181
Cook-Sather, A., Bovill, C., & Felten, P. (2014). Engaging students as partners in learning and teaching: A guide for faculty. Jossey-Bass.
Cranefield, J., Yoong, P., & Huff, S. L. (2015). Rethinking lurking: Invisible leading and following in a knowledge transfer ecosystem. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 16(4), 3.
Daigle, A. (2020). Social media and professional boundaries in undergraduate nursing students. Journal of Professional Nursing, 36(2), 20–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.profnurs.2019.08.007
Denny, P., Hamer, J., & Purchase, H. (2008a). PeerWise: Students sharing their multiple choice questions. In Proceeding of the Fourth International Workshop on Computing Education Research (ICER ’08); Sydney, Australia, 2008 Sept 6–7 (pp. 51–58). Association for Computing Machinery.
Denny, P., Luxton-Reilly, A., & Hamer, J. (2008b). The PeerWise system of student contributed assessment questions. Conferences in Research and Practice in Information Technology Series, 78, 69–74.
Dollinger, M., Lodge, J., & Coates, H. (2018). Co-creation in higher education: Towards a conceptual model. Journal of Marketing for Higher Education, 28(2), 210–231. https://doi.org/10.1080/08841241.2018.1466756
Downes, S. (2009). Learning networks and connective knowledge. in Yang, H. H. and Yuen, S. (eds) Collective intelligence and E-learning 2.0: Implications of web-based communities and networking, pp. 1–26. Hershey, PA: IGI Global: https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-729-4.ch001.
Doyle, E., Buckley, P., & McCarthy, B. (2020). The impact of content co-creation on academic achievement. Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/02602938.2020.1782832
Duke, V. J. A., et al. (2017). Social media in nurse education: Utilization and E-professionalism. Nurse Education Today, 57(June), 8–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2017.06.009
Eshet-alkalai, Y. (2004). Digital literacy: A conceptual framework for survival skills in the digital era. Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia; Norfolk, 13(1), 93–106.
Fawns, T., Aitken, G., & Jones, D. (2019). Online learning as embodied, socially meaningful experience. Postdigital Science and Education, 1(2), 293–297. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42438-019-00048-9
Flynn, L., Jalali, A., & Moreau, K. A. (2015). Learning theory and its application to the use of social media in medical education. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 91(1080), 556–560. https://doi.org/10.1136/postgradmedj-2015-133358
Foos, P. W. (2009). Effects of student-written questions on student test performance. Teaching of Psychology, 16(2), 77–78. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15328023top1602_10
General Medical Council. (2013, April). Doctors’ use of social media. General Medical Council, pp. 1–4. Available at: http://www.bmj.com/content/325/7372/1090.1.
Gil De Zuniga, H., et al. (2017). Personality traits and social media use in 20 countries: How personality relates to frequency of social media use, social media news use, and social media use for social interaction. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 20(9), 540–552. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2017.0295
Grainger, R., et al. (2018). Medical students create multiple-choice questions for learning in pathology education: A pilot study. BMC Medical Education, 18(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-018-1312-1
Griffiths, M. D. (2014). Adolescent trolling in online environments: A brief overview. Education and Health, 32(3), 85–87.
Health and Care Professions Council. (2017). Guidance on social media. pp. 1–9. Available at: http://www.hpc-uk.org/assets/documents/10005190Guidanceonsocialmedia-draftforconsultation.pdf.
Hew, K. F., & Cheung, W. S. (2008). Attracting student participation in asynchronous online discussions: A case study of peer facilitation. Computers and Education, 51(3), 1111–1124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2007.11.002
Isis, D., et al. (2019). Social Media for the Physiologist. American Physiological Society. Available at: https://www.physiology.org/careers/mmCareersMentorProfessional-NetworkingIdentifying-Networking-Opportunities/Social-Media-for-the-Physiologist?SSO=Y. Accessed 25 March 2021.
JISC. (2017). Developing digital literacies | Jisc, Jisc. Available at: https://www.jisc.ac.uk/guides/developing-digital-literacies. Accessed 25 Jan 2021.
Jobs, A., et al. (2013). Question-writing as a learning tool for students-outcomes from curricular exams. Available at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6920/13/89.
Johnson, G. M. (2006). Synchronous and asynchronous text-based CMC in educational contexts: A review of recent research. TechTrends, 50(4), 46–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-006-0046-9
Joseph-Williams, N., Edwards, A., & Elwyn, G. (2014). Power imbalance prevents shared decision making. BMJ (Online), 348(May), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g3178
Jumaat, N. F., & Tasir, Z. (2014). Instructional scaffolding in online learning environment: A meta-analysis. In Proceedings - 2014 International Conference on Teaching and Learning in Computing and Engineering, LATICE 2014 (pp. 74–77). IEEE Computer Society. https://doi.org/10.1109/LaTiCE.2014.22.
Kang, H., & Chang, B. (2016) Examining culture’s impact on the learning behaviors of international students from Confucius culture studying in Western online learning context. Journal of International Students, 6(3), 779–797. Available at: http://jistudents.org/. Accessed 25 January 2021.
Kenny, P., & Johnson, I. G. (2016). Social media use, attitudes, behaviours and perceptions of online professionalism amongst dental students. British Dental Journal, 221(10), 651–655. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2016.864
Könings, K. D., et al. (2020). Learner involvement in the co-creation of teaching and learning: AMEE guide no. 138. Medical Teacher, pp. 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2020.1838464.
Koutropoulos, A. et al. (2019, June). Rethinking lurking. Learn Magazine.
Légaré, F., et al. (2010). Interventions for improving the adoption of shared decision making by healthcare professionals. In Cochrane database of systematic reviews. John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd006732.pub2
Lim, D. H. (2004). Cross cultural differences in online learning motivation. Educational Media International, 41(2), 163–175. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523980410001685784
Lubicz-nawrocka, T. (2018). From partnership to self-authorship: The benefits of co-creation of the curriculum. International Journal for Students as Partners, 2(1), 47–63.
Maltby, J., et al. (2016). Implicit theories of online trolling: Evidence that attention-seeking conceptions are associated with increased psychological resilience. British Journal of Psychology (London England: 1953), 107(3), 448–466. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12154
Manian, F. A., & Hsu, F. (2019). Writing to learn on the wards: Scholarly blog posts by medical students and housestaff at a teaching hospital. Medical Education Online, 24(1), 1565044. https://doi.org/10.1080/10872981.2018.1565044
Martens, S. E., et al. (2020). Mind the gap: Teachers’ conceptions of student-staff partnership and its potential to enhance educational quality. Medical Teacher, 42(5), 529–535. https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2019.1708874
Mazuro, C., & Rao, N. (2011). Online discussion forums in higher education: Is “lurking” working? International Journal for Cross-Disciplinary Subjects in Education, 2(2), 364–371. https://doi.org/10.20533/ijcdse.2042.6364.2011.0051
McSporran, M., & Young, S. (2001). Does gender matter in online learning? ALT-J, 9(2), 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/0968776010090202
Ness, G. L., Sheehan, A. H., & Snyder, M. E. (2014). Graduating student pharmacists’ perspectives on e-professionalism and social media: Qualitative findings. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association, 54(2), 138–143. https://doi.org/10.1331/JAPhA.2014.13188
Ng, W. (2012). Can we teach digital natives digital literacy? Computers and Education, 59(3), 1065–1078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2012.04.016
Nielsen, J. (2006). Participation inequality: The 90-9-1 rule for social features. Available at: https://www.nngroup.com/articles/participation-inequality/. Accessed 18 January 2021.
Polizzi, G. (2020). Digital literacy and the national curriculum for England: Learning from how the experts engage with and evaluate online content, 152, 103859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.103859
Prahalad, C. K., & Ramaswamy, V. (2002). The co-creation connection. Strategy and Business, 27, 50–61. Available at: https://www.strategy-business.com/article/18458 Accessed 15 Feb 2021.
Roccas, S., et al. (2002). The big five personality factors and personal values. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(6), 789–801. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167202289008
Ross, J. G., & Myers, S. M. (2017). The current use of social Media in Undergraduate Nursing Education a Review of the literature. Comput Inform Nurs, 35(7), 338–344. https://doi.org/10.1097/CIN.0000000000000342
Rutherford, S. M., Limorenko, G., & Amici-Dargan, S. L. (2017). ‘Shadow module leaders’-student experiences as peer-teachers and facilitators of peer-assisted learning. Presented at: Ireland International Conference on Education, Dublin, Ireland, 24–26 Apr 2017. https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/101345/1/Rutherford%20Short%20Abstract%20IICE%202017%20Revised.pdf. Accessed 28 Feb 2022.
Sadler, T. D., et al. (2010). Learning science through research apprenticeships: A critical review of the literature. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 47(3), 235–256. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.20326
Salmon, G. (2011). E-moderating: The key to teaching and learning online (3rd ed.). Routledge.
Salmon, G. (2013). E-tivities: The key to active online learning (2nd ed.). Routledge.
Sandars, J. (2006). Twelve tips for using blogs and wikis in medical education. Medical Teacher, 28(8), 680–682. https://doi.org/10.1080/01421590601106353
Scott, J. L., Moxham, B. J., & Rutherford, S. M. (2014). Building an open academic environment - a new approach to empowering students in their learning of anatomy through “shadow modules”. Journal of Anatomy, 224(3), 286–295. https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.12112
Siemens, G. (2005). Connectivism: A learning theory for the digital age. International Journal of Instructional Technology and Distance Learning, 2(1), 3–10. Available at: http://www.itdl.org/journal/jan_05/article01.htm
Siemens, G., & Conole, G. (2011). Special issue - connectivism: Design and delivery of social networked learning. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 12(3), I–IV.
Sinclair, W., McLoughlin, M., & Warne, T. (2015). To twitter to woo: Harnessing the power of social media (SoMe) in nurse education to enhance the student’s experience. Nurse Education in Practice, 15(6), 507–511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2015.06.002
Sircar, S. S., & Tandon, O. P. (1999). Involving students in question writing: a unique feedback with fringe benefits. Adv Physiol Educ, 22(1), 84–91.
Soper, T., & Ukot, E. (2016). Social presence and cultural competence in the Online Learning Environment (OLE): A review of literature. American Journal of Health Sciences (AJHS), 7(1), 9–14. https://doi.org/10.19030/ajhs.v7i1.9692
Stiggelbout, A. M., et al. (2012). Shared decision making: Really putting patients at the centre of healthcare. British Medical Journal, 344, e256.
Sullivan, P. (2001). Gender differences and the online classroom: Male and female college students evaluate their experiences. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 25(10), 805–818. https://doi.org/10.1080/106689201753235930
Terry, J., et al. (2019). Improving the digital literacy competence of nursing and midwifery students: A qualitative study of the experiences of NICE student champions. Nurse Education in Practice, 34, 192–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2018.11.016
Thomas, B., et al. (2004). Student perceptions of effective e-moderation: A qualitative investigation of e-college Wales. Paper presented at the Networked Learning Conference, Lancaster University, UK.
Vaid, S. S., & Harari, G. M. (2020). Who uses what and how often? Personality predictors of multiplatform social media use among Young adults. Journal of Research in Personality, 91, 104005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2020.104005
Vallentin-Holbech, L., et al. (2020). Co-creating a virtual alcohol prevention simulation with young people. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(3), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17031097
Walsh, J. L., Denny, P., & Smith, P. E. (2015). Encouraging maximal learning with minimal effort using PeerWise. Medical Education, 49(5), 521–522. https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.12720
White, D. S., & Le Cornu, A. (2011). Vistiors and residents: A new typology for online engagement. First Monday, 16(9), 7. https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v16i9.3171
Williams, R., Karousou, R., & Mackness, J. (2011). Emergent learning and learning ecologies in web 2.0. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 12(3), 39–59. https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v12i3.883
Wittich, C. M., et al. (2017). E-learning in graduate medical education: Survey of residency program directors. BMC Medical Education, 17, 114. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-017-0953-9
Worm, B. S., & Buch, S. V. (2014). Does competition work as a motivating factor in e-learning? A randomized controlled trial. PLoS One, 9(1), e85434. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0085434
Xie, K., Yu, C., & Bradshaw, A. C. (2014). Impacts of role assignment and participation in asynchronous discussions in college-level online classes. Internet and Higher Education, 20, 10–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2013.09.003
Xu, B., Chen, N. S., & Chen, G. (2020). Effects of teacher role on student engagement in WeChat-based online discussion learning. Computers and Education, 157, 103956. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.103956
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Amber Moorcroft for useful discussions regarding the content of the chapter.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rengasamy, E., Cole, D. (2022). Social Online Learning: Leveraging Social Media and Web-Based Co-creation to Drive Learning. In: Witchel, H.J., Lee, M.W. (eds) Technologies in Biomedical and Life Sciences Education. Methods in Physiology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95633-2_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95633-2_14
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-95632-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-95633-2
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)