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Neurodegenerative Diseases and the Gut Microbiota

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Evolution, Biodiversity and a Reassessment of the Hygiene Hypothesis

Part of the book series: Progress in Inflammation Research ((PIR,volume 89))

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Abstract

Neurodegenerative diseases are characterised by a progressive loss of neurons that leads to a range of cognitive and/or motor dysfunctions. During recent decades, some common pathways leading to neurodegeneration have been identified, such as protein misfolding, neuroinflammation, and the dysfunction of mitochondria and protein clearance systems. More recently, an altered gut microbiota has been identified as another potential feature seen in neurodegenerative disorders, which has been shown to play a central role in health and disease. The gut microbiota communicates with the central nervous system along the microbiota-gut-brain axis modulating host health and disease. Although the specific role of gut microbiota on the pathogenesis of these diseases is still under investigation, therapeutic approaches focusing on the modification of gut microbiota could bring novel therapeutics for neurodegenerative diseases.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Autosomal dominant inheritance pattern refers to how a mutation is inherited. In autosomal dominant inheritance, the mutation gene is located in a non-sex chromosome, and only one copy of the mutated gene is needed to be affected.

  2. 2.

    In taxonomy, living organisms are classified into eight ranks ranging from more general to more specific characteristics (domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species).

  3. 3.

    Dysbiosis is an ambiguous term frequently used to describe disruptions of the gut microbial populations, and it is commonly associated to disease [34].

  4. 4.

    The core microbiota refers to the taxa that are present in the vast majority of the subjects [41].

  5. 5.

    Regulatory processes that involve synthesis or degradation of proteins to maintain cell health.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland

    Sílvia Cabré, Kenneth J. O’Riordan & John F. Cryan

  2. Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland

    Sílvia Cabré, Kenneth J. O’Riordan & John F. Cryan

Authors
  1. Sílvia Cabré
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  2. Kenneth J. O’Riordan
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  3. John F. Cryan
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Correspondence to John F. Cryan .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Clinical Microbiology, UCL (University College London), London, UK

    Graham A. W. Rook

  2. Dept. of Integrative Physiology UCB 603, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA

    Christopher A. Lowry

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Funding

All authors are funded by Science Foundation Ireland SFI/12/RC/2273_P2; J. F. Cryan is also funded by the Saks Kavanaugh Foundation, EU H2020 project DLV-848228 DIS-COvERIE, and Swiss National Science Foundation project CRSII5_186346/NMS2068.

Conflict of Interest

J. F. Cryan has received research funding from 4D Pharma, Cremo, Dupont, Mead Johnson, Nutricia, and Pharmavite and has been an invited speaker at meetings organised by Alimentary Health, Alkermes, Ordesa, and Yakult and has served as a consultant for Alkermes and Nestle.

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This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

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Cabré, S., O’Riordan, K.J., Cryan, J.F. (2022). Neurodegenerative Diseases and the Gut Microbiota. In: Rook, G.A.W., Lowry, C.A. (eds) Evolution, Biodiversity and a Reassessment of the Hygiene Hypothesis. Progress in Inflammation Research, vol 89. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91051-8_11

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