Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A Philosophical Justification for Normative Ethics in Clinical Ethics and Medicine

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Clinical Ethics for Consultation Practice

Abstract

Chapter one investigates the moral obligations of ethicists. To contribute to clinical ethics’ pursuit for growth and recognition, we must identify the discipline’s ontological origins. In doing so, we uncover the foundational aspects of clinical ethics and investigate why medical practice inherently uses foundational ethical principles. The discussion begins by exploring the principle of autonomy. As a foundational principle that bolsters self-improvement, patient autonomy requires advocacy, protection, and clinical ethicists’ representation.

The discussion applies autonomy to practical applications like the function and scope of informed consent in medical practice. The informed consent discussion serves as a venue where fundamental aspects of bioethics manifest in practical clinical instances. The discussion presents a suitable defense for contemporary medicine’s key elements, expanding upon informed consent, paternalism, and coercion. The historical analysis in this introductory chapter presents justification standards through the history of moral philosophy that deserve consideration within current ethics consultation accreditation. The historical facts articulated in this chapter furthers the discussion of informed consent by examining the technological developments in human genetics and research. These topics’ historical facets aid the discussion task of justifying trained clinical ethicists’ existence to bolster their professional understanding of virtue and virtue identification in practical instances.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Emergent conditions in this context refer to those individuals who experience a trauma or need immediate medical attention for a chronic condition. Emergent situations in this context do not refer to end-of-life cases.

  2. 2.

    Enframed, as enterpreted from the german conception of ‘Gestell’.

  3. 3.

    Energia (ἐνέργεια), from the Aristotelian conception of ‘actuality’ or ‘ultima.’

References

  1. Pellegrino, Edmund D., and David C. Thomasma. “A Philosophical Method,” In A Philosophical Basis of Medical Practice: Toward a Philosophy and Ethic of the Healing Professions, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981), 39.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Pellegrino, Edmund D., and David C. Thomasma. “A Philosophical Method,” In A Philosophical Basis of Medical Practice: Toward a Philosophy and Ethic of the Healing Professions, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981), 39; cf. Pellegrino, E. D. “Philosophy of Medicine: Problematic and Potential.” Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 1, no. 1 (1976): 5–31.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Pellegrino, Edmund D., and David C. Thomasma. “A Philosophical Method,” In A Philosophical Basis of Medical Practice: Toward a Philosophy and Ethic of the Healing Professions, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981), 39–43.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Pellegrino, Edmund D., and David C. Thomasma. “A Philosophical Method,” In A Philosophical Basis of Medical Practice: Toward a Philosophy and Ethic of the Healing Professions, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981), 39–43; See Marcum, James A. An introductory philosophy of medicine: humanizing modern medicine. (Dordrecht: Springer, 2010), 1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Pellegrino, Edmund D., and David C. Thomasma. “A Philosophical Method,” In A Philosophical Basis of Medical Practice: Toward a Philosophy and Ethic of the Healing Professions, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981), 40–45.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Pellegrino, Edmund D., and David C. Thomasma. “A Philosophical Method,” In A Philosophical Basis of Medical Practice: Toward a Philosophy and Ethic of the Healing Professions, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981), 48–56.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Sugarman, Jeremy “Philosophy: Ethical Principles and Common Morality,” In Methods in Medical Ethics, (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 2010), 37–40.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Sugarman, Jeremy “Philosophy: Ethical Principles and Common Morality,” In Methods in Medical Ethics, (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 2010), 39.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Sugarman, Jeremy “Philosophy: Ethical Principles and Common Morality,” In Methods in Medical Ethics, (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 2010), 39.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Sugarman, Jeremy “Philosophy: Ethical Principles and Common Morality,” In Methods in Medical Ethics, (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 2010), 40; See Gert, Bernard. Common morality: deciding what to do, (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 27.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Sugarman, Jeremy “Philosophy: Ethical Principles and Common Morality,” In Methods in Medical Ethics, (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 2010), 40.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Sugarman, Jeremy “Philosophy: Ethical Principles and Common Morality,” In Methods in Medical Ethics, (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 2010), 40–41.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Sugarman, Jeremy “Philosophy: Ethical Principles and Common Morality,” In Methods in Medical Ethics, (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 2010), 40–41.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Sugarman, Jeremy “Philosophy: Ethical Principles and Common Morality,” In Methods in Medical Ethics, (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 2010), 39.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Sugarman, Jeremy “Philosophy: Ethical Principles and Common Morality,” In Methods in Medical Ethics, (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 2010), 40–41.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Sugarman, Jeremy “Philosophy: Ethical Principles and Common Morality,” In Methods in Medical Ethics, (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 2010), 42–43.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Ursin, Lars Øystein. “Personal Autonomy and Informed Consent.” Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy Med Health Care and Philos, (2008): 17.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Ursin, Lars Øystein. “Personal Autonomy and Informed Consent.” Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy Med Health Care and Philos, (2008): 18.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Ursin, Lars Øystein. “Personal Autonomy and Informed Consent.” Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy Med Health Care and Philos, (2008): 18; See Brody, Baruch A., Moral theory and moral judgments in medical ethics, (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Pubs, 1988), 4–18. See Herman, Barbara, Moral literacy, (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008), 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Ursin, Lars Øystein. “Personal Autonomy and Informed Consent.” Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy Med Health Care and Philos, (2008): 18.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Ursin, Lars Øystein. “Personal Autonomy and Informed Consent.” Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy Med Health Care and Philos, (2008): 18.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Ursin, Lars Øystein. “Personal Autonomy and Informed Consent.” Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy Med Health Care and Philos, (2008): 18–20; See Schmidt, Volker. “Patient Autonomy and the Ethics of Responsibility.” Asian Journal of Social Science36, no. 1 (2008): 148–49.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Beauchamp, Tom L., and James F. Childress. Principles of Biomedical Ethics. 5th ed. (New York, N.Y: Oxford University Press, 2013), 105–106.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Beauchamp, Tom L., and James F. Childress. Principles of Biomedical Ethics. 5th ed. (New York, N.Y: Oxford University Press, 2013), 105–106.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Martin, Rex. “Socrates on Disobedience to Law.” The Review of Metaphysics 24, no. 1 (1970): 21–38.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Beauchamp, Tom L., and James F. Childress. Principles of Biomedical Ethics. 5th ed. (New York, N.Y: Oxford University Press, 2013), 105–106.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Beauchamp, Tom L., and James F. Childress. Principles of Biomedical Ethics. 5th ed. (New York, N.Y: Oxford University Press, 2013), 106–107.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Beauchamp, Tom L., and James F. Childress. Principles of Biomedical Ethics. 5th ed. (New York, N.Y: Oxford University Press, 2013), 106–107.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Beauchamp, Tom L., and James F. Childress. Principles of Biomedical Ethics. 5th ed. (New York, N.Y: Oxford University Press, 2013), 105–106.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Beauchamp, Tom L., and James F. Childress. Principles of Biomedical Ethics. 5th ed. (New York, N.Y: Oxford University Press, 2013), 107.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Pellegrino, Edmund D., and David C. Thomasma. A Philosophical Basis of Medical Practice: Toward a Philosophy and Ethic of the Healing Professions. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981), 100–101.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Pellegrino, Edmund D., and David C. Thomasma. A Philosophical Basis of Medical Practice: Toward a Philosophy and Ethic of the Healing Professions. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981), 22-11; cf. Longrigg, James. Greek Rational Medicine: Philosophy and Medicine from Alcmaeon to the Alexandrians, (Hoboken: Taylor and Francis, 2013), 4–25.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Pellegrino, Edmund D., and David C. Thomasma. “Ontology of the Body.” In A Philosophical Basis of Medical Practice: Toward a Philosophy and Ethic of the Healing Professions. New York: Oxford University Press, (1981): 101.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Pellegrino, Edmund D., and David C. Thomasma. “Ontology of the Body.” In A Philosophical Basis of Medical Practice: Toward a Philosophy and Ethic of the Healing Professions. New York: Oxford University Press, (1981): 101.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Pellegrino, Edmund D., and David C. Thomasma. “Ontology of the Body.” In A Philosophical Basis of Medical Practice: Toward a Philosophy and Ethic of the Healing Professions. New York: Oxford University Press, (1981): 104; cf. Pellegrino, Edmund D. “The Internal Morality of Clinical Medicine: A Paradigm for the Ethics of the Helping and Healing Professions.” The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy26, no. 6 (2001): 559–79.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Pellegrino, Edmund D., and David C. Thomasma. “Ontology of the Body.” In A Philosophical Basis of Medical Practice: Toward a Philosophy and Ethic of the Healing Professions. New York: Oxford University Press, (1981): 117.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Pellegrino, Edmund D., and David C. Thomasma. “Ontology of the Body.” In A Philosophical Basis of Medical Practice: Toward a Philosophy and Ethic of the Healing Professions. New York: Oxford University Press, (1981): 117.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Pellegrino, Edmund D., and David C. Thomasma. “Ontology of the Body.” In A Philosophical Basis of Medical Practice: Toward a Philosophy and Ethic of the Healing Professions. New York: Oxford University Press, (1981): 117–18.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Beauchamp, Tom L. “Informed Consent: Its History, Meaning, and Present Challenges.” Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics Cambridge Healthcare Ethics Quarterly, 20 no. 4, (2011): 515.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Beauchamp, Tom L. “Informed Consent: Its History, Meaning, and Present Challenges.” Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics Cambridge Healthcare Ethics Quarterly, 20 no. 4, (2011): 515.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Beauchamp, Tom L. “Informed Consent: Its History, Meaning, and Present Challenges.” Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics Cambridge Healthcare Ethics Quarterly, 20 no. 4, (2011): 515; cf. Berg, Jessica W., Informed consent: legal theory and clinical practice. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007): 4–14.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Beauchamp, Tom L. “Informed Consent: Its History, Meaning, and Present Challenges.” Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics Cambridge Healthcare Ethics Quarterly, 20 no. 4, (2011): 515–16.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Beauchamp, Tom L. “Informed Consent: Its History, Meaning, and Present Challenges.” Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics Cambridge Healthcare Ethics Quarterly, 20 no. 4, (2011): 515–16.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Beauchamp, Tom L. “Informed Consent: Its History, Meaning, and Present Challenges.” Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics Cambridge Healthcare Ethics Quarterly, 20 no. 4, (2011): 515–23.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Beauchamp, Tom L. “Informed Consent: Its History, Meaning, and Present Challenges.” Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics Cambridge Healthcare Ethics Quarterly, 20 no. 4, (2011): 516.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Beauchamp, Tom L. “Informed Consent: Its History, Meaning, and Present Challenges.” Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics Cambridge Healthcare Ethics Quarterly, 20 no. 4, (2011): 516.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Beauchamp, Tom L. “Informed Consent: Its History, Meaning, and Present Challenges.” Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics Cambridge Healthcare Ethics Quarterly, 20 no. 4, (2011): 516–17.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Beauchamp, Tom L. “Informed Consent: Its History, Meaning, and Present Challenges.” Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics Cambridge Healthcare Ethics Quarterly, 20 no. 4, (2011): 517–18; See Manson, Neil C., and Onora ONeill, Rethinking informed consent in bioethics, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008): 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Beauchamp, Tom L. “Informed Consent: Its History, Meaning, and Present Challenges.” Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics Cambridge Healthcare Ethics Quarterly, 20 no. 4, (2011): 517–18.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Beauchamp, Tom L. “Informed Consent: Its History, Meaning, and Present Challenges.” Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics Cambridge Healthcare Ethics Quarterly, 20 no. 4, (2011): 517–18.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Beauchamp, Tom L. “Informed Consent: Its History, Meaning, and Present Challenges.” Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics Cambridge Healthcare Ethics Quarterly, 20 no. 4, (2011): 517–18.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Beauchamp, Tom L. “Informed Consent: Its History, Meaning, and Present Challenges.” Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics Cambridge Healthcare Ethics Quarterly, 20 no. 4, (2011): 518.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Beauchamp, Tom L. “Informed Consent: Its History, Meaning, and Present Challenges.” Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics Cambridge Healthcare Ethics Quarterly, 20 no. 4, (2011): 518.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Alderson, Priscilla, and Virginia Morrow, The Ethics of Research with Children and Young People: A Practical Handbook, 2nd ed., (London: SAGE, 2011), 100.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  55. Alderson, Priscilla, and Virginia Morrow, The Ethics of Research with Children and Young People: A Practical Handbook, 2nd ed., (London: SAGE, 2011), 100.See Greenhalgh, Trisha. Narrative based medicine: dialogue and discourse in clinical practice. (London: BMJ, 2004), 4–45.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Alderson, Priscilla, and Virginia Morrow, The Ethics of Research with Children and Young People: A Practical Handbook, 2nd ed., (London: SAGE, 2011), 85. See Greenhalgh, Trisha. Narrative based medicine: dialogue and discourse in clinical practice. (London: BMJ, 2004), 4–45.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Alderson, Priscilla, and Virginia Morrow, The Ethics of Research with Children and Young People: A Practical Handbook, 2nd ed., (London: SAGE, 2011), 85. See Greenhalgh, Trisha. Narrative based medicine: dialogue and discourse in clinical practice. (London: BMJ, 2004), 4–45.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Alderson, Priscilla, and Virginia Morrow, The Ethics of Research with Children and Young People: A Practical Handbook, 2nd ed., (London: SAGE, 2011), 85; See Greenhalgh, Trisha. Narrative based medicine: dialogue and discourse in clinical practice. (London: BMJ, 2004), 4–45.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Alderson, Priscilla, and Virginia Morrow, The Ethics of Research with Children and Young People: A Practical Handbook, 2nd ed., (London: SAGE, 2011), 85.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  60. Alderson, Priscilla, and Virginia Morrow, The Ethics of Research with Children and Young People: A Practical Handbook, 2nd ed., (London: SAGE, 2011), 85.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  61. Alderson, Priscilla, and Virginia Morrow, The Ethics of Research with Children and Young People: A Practical Handbook, 2nd ed., (London: SAGE, 2011), 86.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  62. Alderson, Priscilla, and Virginia Morrow, The Ethics of Research with Children and Young People: A Practical Handbook, 2nd ed., (London: SAGE, 2011), 85.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  63. Alderson, Priscilla, and Virginia Morrow, The Ethics of Research with Children and Young People: A Practical Handbook, 2nd ed., (London: SAGE, 2011), 85; cf. Charles, Cathy, Amiram Gafni, and Tim Whelan, “Decision-making in the physician–patient encounter: revisiting the shared treatment decision-making model,” Social Science & Medicine 49, no. 5 (1999): 651–61.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Gambetta, Diego, Trust: Making and Breaking Cooperative Relations, (New York: Blackwell, 2000), 49–72.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Chadwick, Ruth F., Henk Ten Have, and Eric M. Meslin. “Informed Consent.” In The SAGE Handbook of Health Care Ethics, (Los Angeles, California: SAGE, 2011), 107.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Chadwick, Ruth F., Henk Ten Have, and Eric M. Meslin. “Informed Consent.” In The SAGE Handbook of Health Care Ethics, (Los Angeles, California: SAGE, 2011), 107; See Kuhse, Helga, and Peter Singer. A companion to bioethics, (Chichester, U.K.: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012), 32–34.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Chadwick, Ruth F., Henk Ten Have, and Eric M. Meslin. “Informed Consent.” In The SAGE Handbook of Health Care Ethics, (Los Angeles, California: SAGE, 2011), 108.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Chadwick, Ruth F., Henk Ten Have, and Eric M. Meslin. “Informed Consent.” In The SAGE Handbook of Health Care Ethics, (Los Angeles, California: SAGE, 2011), 108.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Chadwick, Ruth F., Henk Ten Have, and Eric M. Meslin. “Informed Consent.” In The SAGE Handbook of Health Care Ethics, (Los Angeles, California: SAGE, 2011), 108.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Chadwick, Ruth F., Henk Ten Have, and Eric M. Meslin. “Informed Consent.” In The SAGE Handbook of Health Care Ethics, (Los Angeles, California: SAGE, 2011), 108.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Emanuel, Ezekiel J., Christine C. Grady, Robert A. Crouch, Reidar K. Lie, Franklin G. Miller, and DavidD. Wendler, eds, “Philosophical Justifications of Informed Consent in Research” In The Oxford textbook of clinical research ethics, (Oxford University Press, 2008), 607.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Emanuel, Ezekiel J., Christine C. Grady, Robert A. Crouch, Reidar K. Lie, Franklin G. Miller, and DavidD. Wendler, eds, “Philosophical Justifications of Informed Consent in Research” In The Oxford textbook of clinical research ethics, (Oxford University Press, 2008), 607; See Roberts, Laura Weiss, “Informed Consent and the Capacity for Voluntarism,” 1, no. 4, (2003): 407–414.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Oliver, Paul. “Research and the Respondent: Ethical Issues Before the Research Commences.” In The Student’s Guide to Research Ethics. 2nd ed. Maidenhead, Berkshire, England: McGraw-Hill/Open University Press, (2010): 26–28.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Oliver, Paul. “Research and the Respondent: Ethical Issues Before the Research Commences.” In The Student’s Guide to Research Ethics. 2nd ed. Maidenhead, Berkshire, England: McGraw-Hill/Open University Press, (2010): 26–28.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Emanuel, Ezekiel J., Christine C. Grady, Robert A. Crouch, Reidar K. Lie, Franklin G. Miller, and DavidD. Wendler, eds, “Exploitation in Clinical Research,” In The Oxford textbook of clinical research ethics, (Oxford University Press, 2008), 201; cf, Krupp, Brandon H. “Professional Boundaries: Safeguarding the Physician–Patient Relationship.” (Dermatoethics, 2011), 61–66.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Emanuel, Ezekiel J., Christine C. Grady, Robert A. Crouch, Reidar K. Lie, Franklin G. Miller, and DavidD. Wendler, eds, “Exploitation in Clinical Research,” In The Oxford textbook of clinical research ethics, (Oxford University Press, 2008), 201.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Emanuel, Ezekiel J., Christine C. Grady, Robert A. Crouch, Reidar K. Lie, Franklin G. Miller, and DavidD. Wendler, eds, “Exploitation in Clinical Research,” In The Oxford textbook of clinical research ethics, (Oxford University Press, 2008), 202.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Emanuel, Ezekiel J., Christine C. Grady, Robert A. Crouch, Reidar K. Lie, Franklin G. Miller, and DavidD. Wendler, eds, “Exploitation in Clinical Research,” In The Oxford textbook of clinical research ethics, (Oxford University Press, 2008), 203; See Cameron, Lois, and Joan Murphy, “Obtaining consent to participate in research: the issues involved in including people with a range of learning and communication disabilities,” British Journal of Learning Disabilities 35, no. 2 (2007): 113–20.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Emanuel, Ezekiel J., Christine C. Grady, Robert A. Crouch, Reidar K. Lie, Franklin G. Miller, and David D. Wendler, eds, “Exploitation in Clinical Research,” In The Oxford textbook of clinical research ethics, (Oxford University Press, 2008), 203–204.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Beauchamp, Tom L., and James F. Childress. Principles of Biomedical Ethics. 5th ed. (New York, N.Y: Oxford University Press, 2013), 267.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Beauchamp, Tom L., and James F. Childress. Principles of Biomedical Ethics. 5th ed. (New York, N.Y: Oxford University Press, 2013), 267.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Beauchamp, Tom L., and James F. Childress. Principles of Biomedical Ethics. 5th ed. (New York, N.Y: Oxford University Press, 2013), 267–68.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Gert, Bernard, and Charles M. Culver, “Adequate Information, Competence, and Coercion,” In Bioethics a Systematic Approach, 2nd ed., (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 232–234; See Dugdale, David C., Ronald Epstein, and Steven Z. Pantilat, “Time and the patient-physician relationship,” Journal of General Internal Medicine 14, no. S1 (1999): 2–19.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Beauchamp, Tom L., and James F. Childress. Principles of Biomedical Ethics. 5th ed. (New York, N.Y: Oxford University Press, 2013), 267–68.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Gert, Bernard, and Charles M. Culver, “Adequate Information, Competence, and Coercion,” In Bioethics a Systematic Approach, 2nd ed., (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 232.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Gert, Bernard, and Charles M. Culver, “Adequate Information, Competence, and Coercion,” In Bioethics a Systematic Approach, 2nd ed., (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 232.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Gert, Bernard, and Charles M. Culver, “Adequate Information, Competence, and Coercion,” In Bioethics a Systematic Approach, 2nd ed., (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 232.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Gert, Bernard, and Charles M. Culver, “Adequate Information, Competence, and Coercion,” In Bioethics a Systematic Approach, 2nd ed., (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 232; See Trotter, Griffin, The Ethics of Coercion in Mass Casualty Medicine, (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009), 24–85.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Gert, Bernard, and Charles M. Culver, “Adequate Information, Competence, and Coercion,” In Bioethics a Systematic Approach, 2nd ed., (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 232.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Gert, Bernard, and Charles M. Culver, “Adequate Information, Competence, and Coercion,” In Bioethics a Systematic Approach, 2nd ed., (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 232–34.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Gert, Bernard, and Charles M. Culver, “Adequate Information, Competence, and Coercion,” In Bioethics a Systematic Approach, 2nd ed., (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 232; See Pellegrino, Edmund D. “Autonomy and coercion in disease prevention and health promotion,” Theoretical Medicine 5, no. 1 (1984): 83–91.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Gert, Bernard, and Charles M. Culver, “Adequate Information, Competence, and Coercion,” In Bioethics a Systematic Approach, 2nd ed., (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 237.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Gert, Bernard, and Charles M. Culver, “Adequate Information, Competence, and Coercion,” In Bioethics a Systematic Approach, 2nd ed., (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 237; cf. Binder, Martin, and Leonhard K. Lades, “Autonomy-Enhancing Paternalism,” Levy Economics Institute, Working Papers Series, no. 800, (2014): 1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Derr, Susan Dawson. “Hospital Ethics Committees: Historical Development, Current Issues, and Recommendations.” Ph.D. diss., (Drew University, 2009), 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Gert, Bernard, and Charles M. Culver, “Adequate Information, Competence, and Coercion,” In Bioethics a Systematic Approach, 2nd ed., (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 237.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Gert, Bernard, and Charles M. Culver, “Adequate Information, Competence, and Coercion,” In Bioethics a Systematic Approach, 2nd ed., (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 237. See Vandeveer, Donald. Paternalistic Intervention: The Moral Bounds on Benevolence. (Princeton University Press, 2014), 45–50.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Gert, Bernard, and Charles M. Culver, “Adequate Information, Competence, and Coercion,” In Bioethics a Systematic Approach, 2nd ed., (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 237; See Hauser, Marc, Fiery Cushman, Liane Young, R. Kang-Xing Jin, and John Mikhail. “A Dissociation Between Moral Judgments and Justifications,” Mind & Language 22, no. 1 (2007): 1–21.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Gert, Bernard, and Charles M. Culver, “Adequate Information, Competence, and Coercion,” In Bioethics a Systematic Approach, 2nd ed., (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 237–238.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Gert, Bernard, and Charles M. Culver, “Adequate Information, Competence, and Coercion,” In Bioethics a Systematic Approach, 2nd ed., (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 238.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Gert, Bernard, and Charles M. Culver, “Adequate Information, Competence, and Coercion,” In Bioethics a Systematic Approach, 2nd ed., (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 238; See Hauser, Marc, Fiery Cushman, Liane Young, R. Kang-Xing Jin, and John Mikhail. “A Dissociation Between Moral Judgments and Justifications.” Mind & Language 22, no. 1 (2007): 1–21.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Gert, Bernard, and Charles M. Culver, “Adequate Information, Competence, and Coercion,” In Bioethics a Systematic Approach, 2nd ed., (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 236–240.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Gert, Bernard, and Charles M. Culver, “Adequate Information, Competence, and Coercion,” In Bioethics a Systematic Approach, 2nd ed., (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 240–245.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Gert, Bernard, and Charles M. Culver, “Adequate Information, Competence, and Coercion,” In Bioethics a Systematic Approach, 2nd ed., (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 246–248.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Gert, Bernard, and Charles M. Culver, “Adequate Information, Competence, and Coercion,” In Bioethics a Systematic Approach, 2nd ed., (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 248–252; See Tomlinson, T., and H. Brody. “Ethics and communication in do-not-resuscitate orders,” Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing 7, no. 4 (1988): 226.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Beauchamp, Tom L., and James F. Childress. “Justice.” In Principles of Biomedical Ethics. 5th ed. (New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 2001): 214–15.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Beauchamp, Tom L., and James F. Childress. “Justice.” In Principles of Biomedical Ethics. 5th ed. (New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 2001): 214–15.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Beauchamp, Tom L., and James F. Childress. “Justice.” In Principles of Biomedical Ethics. 5th ed. (New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 2001): 215.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Beauchamp, Tom L., and James F. Childress. “Justice.” In Principles of Biomedical Ethics. 5th ed. (New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, (2001): 214–15.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Beauchamp, Tom L., and James F. Childress. “Justice.” In Principles of Biomedical Ethics. 5th ed. (New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 2001): 216.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Beauchamp, Tom L., and James F. Childress. “Justice.” In Principles of Biomedical Ethics. 5th ed. (New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 2001): 216–17.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Beauchamp, Tom L., and James F. Childress. “Justice.” In Principles of Biomedical Ethics. 5th ed. (New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 2001). 217.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Bernstein, Mark, and Kerry Bowman, “Should a Medical/Surgical Specialist with Formal Training in Bioethics Provide Health Care Ethics Consultation in his/her Own Area of Specialty?.” In HEC Forum, vol. 15, no. 3, Kluwer Academic Publishers, (2003): 274.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Finder, Stuart G. “Is Consent Necessary for Ethics Consultation?” Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics Camb Q Healthc Ethics, (2009): 384.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Finder, Stuart G. “Is Consent Necessary for Ethics Consultation?” Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics Camb Quarterly Healthcare Ethics, (2009): 384; cf, Savulescu, J., I. Chalmers, and J. Blunt. “Are research ethics committees behaving unethically? Some suggestions for improving performance and accountability.” Bmj 313, no. 7069 (1996): 1390–393.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Finder, Stuart G. “Is Consent Necessary for Ethics Consultation?” Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics Camb Q Healthc Ethics, (2009): 384.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Finder, Stuart G. “Is Consent Necessary for Ethics Consultation?” Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics Camb Q Healthc Ethics, (2009): 384. See Stevens, M. L. Tina. “The Quinlan Case Revisited: A History of the Cultural Politics of Medicine and the Law.” Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 21, no. 2 (1996): 347–66.f advocates that would advse and aid them during the course of their treatment. es aided patients by granting them a pannel ees

    Google Scholar 

  117. Bernstein, Mark, and Kerry Bowman, “Should a Medical/Surgical Specialist with Formal Training in Bioethics Provide Health Care Ethics Consultation in his/her Own Area of Specialty?.” In HEC Forum, vol. 15, no. 3, Kluwer Academic Publishers, (2003): 274.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Bernstein, Mark, and Kerry Bowman, “Should a Medical/Surgical Specialist with Formal Training in Bioethics Provide Health Care Ethics Consultation in his/her Own Area of Specialty?.” In HEC Forum, vol. 15, no. 3, Kluwer Academic Publishers, (2003): 274.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Bernstein, Mark, and Kerry Bowman, “Should a Medical/Surgical Specialist with Formal Training in Bioethics Provide Health Care Ethics Consultation in his/her Own Area of Specialty?.” In HEC Forum, vol. 15, no. 3, Kluwer Academic Publishers, (2003): 274.

    Google Scholar 

  120. Bernstein, Mark, and Kerry Bowman, “Should a Medical/Surgical Specialist with Formal Training in Bioethics Provide Health Care Ethics Consultation in his/her Own Area of Specialty?.” In HEC Forum, vol. 15, no. 3, Kluwer Academic Publishers, (2003): 281.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Bernstein, Mark, and Kerry Bowman, “Should a Medical/Surgical Specialist with Formal Training in Bioethics Provide Health Care Ethics Consultation in his/her Own Area of Specialty?.” In HEC Forum, vol. 15, no. 3, Kluwer Academic Publishers, (2003): 281–282; cf. Stempsey, William E. “Philosophy of Medicine Is What Philosophers of Medicine Do.” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 51, no. 3 (2008): 379–91.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Bernstein, Mark, and Kerry Bowman, “Should a Medical/Surgical Specialist with Formal Training in Bioethics Provide Health Care Ethics Consultation in his/her Own Area of Specialty?.” In HEC Forum, vol. 15, no. 3, Kluwer Academic Publishers, (2003): 281–282.

    Google Scholar 

  123. Oliver, Paul. “Conclusion: The Role of The Researcher.” In The Student’s Guide to Research Ethics. 2nd ed. Maidenhead, (Berkshire, England: McGraw-Hill/Open University Press, 2010), 171–175.

    Google Scholar 

  124. Fiscella, Kevin, Jonathan N. Tobin, Jennifer K. Carroll, Hua He, and Gbenga Ogedegbe. “Ethical oversight in quality improvement and quality improvement research: new approaches to promote a learning health care system,” BMC Ethics 16, no. 63 (2015): 1–3.

    Google Scholar 

  125. Fiscella, Kevin, Jonathan N. Tobin, Jennifer K. Carroll, Hua He, and Gbenga Ogedegbe. “Ethical oversight in quality improvement and quality improvement research: new approaches to promote a learning health care system,” BMC Ethics 16, no. 63 (2015): 3–6. See Asher, Shellie, “Stewardship of Health Care Resources,” In Ethical Dilemmas in Emergency Medicine, (Ohio: Cambridge University Press 2015), 266–77.

    Google Scholar 

  126. Oliver, Paul. “Conclusion: The Role of The Researcher.” In The Student’s Guide to Research Ethics. 2nd ed. Maidenhead, (Berkshire, England: McGraw-Hill/Open University Press, 2010), 171.

    Google Scholar 

  127. Oliver, Paul. “Conclusion: The Role of The Researcher.” In The Student’s Guide to Research Ethics. 2nd ed. Maidenhead, (Berkshire, England: McGraw-Hill/Open University Press, 2010), 171.

    Google Scholar 

  128. Oliver, Paul. “Conclusion: The Role of The Researcher.” In The Student’s Guide to Research Ethics. 2nd ed. Maidenhead, (Berkshire, England: McGraw-Hill/Open University Press, 2010), See Bowie, Norman E. Business ethics: a Kantian perspective, (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2017), 11–24.

    Google Scholar 

  129. Oliver, Paul. “Conclusion: The Role of The Researcher.” In The Student’s Guide to Research Ethics. 2nd ed. Maidenhead, (Berkshire, England: McGraw-Hill/Open University Press, 2010), 172. See Sherman, Nancy. Making a necessity of virtue: Aristotle and Kant on virtue. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 3–13.

    Google Scholar 

  130. Oliver, Paul. “Conclusion: The Role of The Researcher.” In The Student’s Guide to Research Ethics. 2nd ed. Maidenhead, (Berkshire, England: McGraw-Hill/Open University Press, 2010), 172.

    Google Scholar 

  131. Oliver, Paul. “Conclusion: The Role of The Researcher.” In The Student’s Guide to Research Ethics. 2nd ed. Maidenhead, (Berkshire, England: McGraw-Hill/Open University Press, 2010), 172.

    Google Scholar 

  132. Bernstein, Mark, and Kerry Bowman, “Should a Medical/Surgical Specialist with Formal Training in Bioethics Provide Health Care Ethics Consultation in his/her Own Area of Specialty?.” In HEC Forum, vol. 15, no. 3, Kluwer Academic Publishers, (2003): 282.

    Google Scholar 

  133. Chadwick, Ruth F., Henk Ten Have, and Eric M. Meslin. “Research Ethics,” In The SAGE Handbook of Health Care Ethics. (Los Angeles, California: SAGE, 2011), 323.

    Google Scholar 

  134. Bernstein, Mark, and Kerry Bowman, “Should a Medical/Surgical Specialist with Formal Training in Bioethics Provide Health Care Ethics Consultation in his/her Own Area of Specialty?.” In HEC Forum, vol. 15, no. 3, Kluwer Academic Publishers, (2003): 282.

    Google Scholar 

  135. Bernstein, Mark, and Kerry Bowman, “Should a Medical/Surgical Specialist with Formal Training in Bioethics Provide Health Care Ethics Consultation in his/her Own Area of Specialty?.” In HEC Forum, vol. 15, no. 3, Kluwer Academic Publishers, (2003): 282.

    Google Scholar 

  136. Schaefer, Bradley G., and James N. Thompson, Jr. Medical Genetics: An Integrated Approach. (McGraw-Hill Education, 2014), 9.

    Google Scholar 

  137. Schaefer, Bradley G., and James N. Thompson, Jr. Medical Genetics: An Integrated Approach. (McGraw-Hill Education, 2014), 9–10.

    Google Scholar 

  138. Schaefer, Bradley G., and James N. Thompson, Jr. Medical Genetics: An Integrated Approach. (McGraw-Hill Education, 2014), 9–10. See McElheny, Victor K. Drawing the map of life: inside the Human Genome Project, (New York, NY: Basic Books, a member of the Perseus Books Group, 2012) 12–45.

    Google Scholar 

  139. Schaefer, Bradley G., and James N. Thompson, Jr. Medical Genetics: An Integrated Approach. (McGraw-Hill Education, 2014), 11.

    Google Scholar 

  140. Schaefer, Bradley G., and James N. Thompson, Jr. Medical Genetics: An Integrated Approach. (McGraw-Hill Education, 2014), 11.

    Google Scholar 

  141. Schaefer, Bradley G., and James N. Thompson, Jr. Medical Genetics: An Integrated Approach. (McGraw-Hill Education, 2014), 15.

    Google Scholar 

  142. Schaefer, Bradley G., and James N. Thompson, Jr. Medical Genetics: An Integrated Approach. (McGraw-Hill Education, 2014), 15.

    Google Scholar 

  143. Buchanan, Allen. Beyond Humanity? (New York, New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), 209–230.

    Google Scholar 

  144. Schaefer, Bradley G., and James N. Thompson, Jr. Medical Genetics: An Integrated Approach. (McGraw-Hill Education, 2014), 229–31.

    Google Scholar 

  145. Schaefer, Bradley G., and James N. Thompson, Jr. Medical Genetics: An Integrated Approach. (McGraw-Hill Education, 2014), 230.

    Google Scholar 

  146. Schaefer, Bradley G., and James N. Thompson, Jr. Medical Genetics: An Integrated Approach. (McGraw-Hill Education, 2014), 236. SeeHave, Henk AMJ. “Medical technology assessment and ethics.” Hastings Center Report 25, no. 5 (1995): 13–19.

    Google Scholar 

  147. Fitzsimons, Peter John, “Biotechnology, Ethics and Education,” Studies in Philosophy and Education Studies in Philosophical Education, 26, no. 1, (2006): 1–5.

    Google Scholar 

  148. Buchanan, Allen. Beyond Humanity? (New York, New York: Oxford University Press, 2011). 209–40.

    Google Scholar 

  149. Schaefer, Bradley G., and James N. Thompson, Jr. Medical Genetics: An Integrated Approach. (McGraw-Hill Education, 2014), 236.

    Google Scholar 

  150. Schaefer, Bradley G., and James N. Thompson, Jr. Medical Genetics: An Integrated Approach. (McGraw-Hill Education, 2014), 236–37.

    Google Scholar 

  151. Schaefer, Bradley G., and James N. Thompson, Jr. Medical Genetics: An Integrated Approach. (McGraw-Hill Education, 2014). 236.

    Google Scholar 

  152. Schaefer, Bradley G., and James N. Thompson, Jr. Medical Genetics: An Integrated Approach. (McGraw-Hill Education, 2014), 236–37.

    Google Scholar 

  153. Schaefer, Bradley G., and James N. Thompson, Jr. Medical Genetics: An Integrated Approach. (McGraw-Hill Education, 2014), 236–37. See Rothenberg, Karen H., and Elizabeth Jean. Thomson. Women and prenatal testing: facing the challenges of genetic technology, (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1994).

    Google Scholar 

  154. Schaefer, Bradley G., and James N. Thompson, Jr. Medical Genetics: An Integrated Approach. (McGraw-Hill Education, 2014), 236–37. See Eng, Charis, and Jan Vijg, “Genetic testing: The problems and the promise,” Nature Biotechnology 15, no. 5 (1997): 422–26.

    Google Scholar 

  155. Schaefer, Bradley G., and James N. Thompson, Jr. Medical Genetics: An Integrated Approach. (McGraw-Hill Education, 2014). 244–45.

    Google Scholar 

  156. Schaefer, Bradley G., and James N. Thompson, Jr. Medical Genetics: An Integrated Approach. (McGraw-Hill Education, 2014), 246.

    Google Scholar 

  157. Pols, Jeannette. “Towards an Empirical Ethics in Care: Relations with Technologies in Health Care.” Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy Med Health Care and Philos, (2014): 81–90.

    Google Scholar 

  158. Heidegger, Martin, and David Farrell Krell. “The Question Concerning Technology,” In Basic Writings: Martin Heindegger, (London: Routledge, 2010), 341. See Verbeek, Peter-Paul, “Materializing Morality,” Science, Technology, & Human Values 31, no. 3 (2006): 361–80.

    Google Scholar 

  159. Buchanan, Allen. Beyond Humanity? (New York, New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), 35–40.

    Google Scholar 

  160. Heidegger, Martin, and David Farrell Krell. “The Question Concerning Technology.” In Basic Writings: Martin Heindegger, 307–341. (London: Routledge, 2010), 307 – 315.

    Google Scholar 

  161. Schalow, Frank. “The Gods and Technology: A Reading of Heidegger.” Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, (2008): 71. See Bailey, Jesse I. “Enframing The Flesh: Heidegger, Transhumanism, And The Body As “Standing Reserve,”” Journal of Evolution & Technology No. 24.2 (2014): 44–62.

    Google Scholar 

  162. Schalow, Frank. “The Gods and Technology: A Reading of Heidegger.” Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, (2008): 67–70.

    Google Scholar 

  163. Schalow, Frank, “The Gods and Technology: A Reading of Heidegger,” Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, (2008): 71.

    Google Scholar 

  164. Heidegger, Martin, and David Farrell Krell, “The Question Concerning Technology,” In Basic Writings: Martin Heindegger, (London: Routledge, 2010), 307–41.

    Google Scholar 

  165. Schalow, Frank. “The Gods and Technology: A Reading of Heidegger.” Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, (2008) 71.

    Google Scholar 

  166. Heidegger, Martin, and David Farrell Krell. “The Question Concerning Technology.” In Basic Writings: Martin Heindegger, (London: Routledge, 2010), 320–30.

    Google Scholar 

  167. Schwab, Abraham Paul. The Human Microbiome: Ethical, Legal and Social Concerns. Edited by Rosamond Rhodes and Nada Gligorov, (New York, New York: Oxford University Press, 2013), 66–69.

    Google Scholar 

  168. Schalow, Frank. “The Gods and Technology: A Reading of Heidegger.” Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, (2008): 71.

    Google Scholar 

  169. Schalow, Frank. “The Gods and Technology: A Reading of Heidegger.” Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, (200): 71–75. See Babich, Babette, “O, Superman! Or being Towards Transhumanism: Martin Heidegger, Günther Anders, and Media Aesthetics,” Maison des Sciences de l’Homme et de la Société (Sofia), no. 36, (2013): 112–46.

    Google Scholar 

  170. Schalow, Frank. “The Gods and Technology: A Reading of Heidegger.” Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, (2008): 75–76.

    Google Scholar 

  171. Schalow, Frank. “The Gods and Technology: A Reading of Heidegger.” Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, (2008): 77.

    Google Scholar 

  172. Pols, Jeannette. “Towards an Empirical Ethics in Care: Relations with Technologies in Health Care.” Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy Med Health Care and Philos, (2014) 81–90.

    Google Scholar 

  173. Schalow, Frank. “The Gods and Technology: A Reading of Heidegger.” Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, (2008): 77–78.

    Google Scholar 

  174. Schalow, Frank. “The Gods and Technology: A Reading of Heidegger.” Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, (2008): 142–50.

    Google Scholar 

  175. Schalow, Frank. “The Gods and Technology: A Reading of Heidegger.” Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, (2008): 150–63.

    Google Scholar 

  176. Schalow, Frank. “The Gods and Technology: A Reading of Heidegger.” Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, (2008): 160–68.

    Google Scholar 

  177. More, Max, and Natasha Vita-More. The transhumanist reader: classical and contemporary essays on the science, technology, and philosophy of the human future, (Malden: Wiley-Blackwell, J. Wiley & Sons, 2013), 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  178. More, Max, and Natasha Vita-More. The transhumanist reader: classical and contemporary essays on the science, technology, and philosophy of the human future, (Malden: Wiley-Blackwell, J. Wiley & Sons, 2013), 8–12.

    Google Scholar 

  179. Schwab, Abraham Paul. The Human Microbiome: Ethical, Legal and Social Concerns. Edited by Rosamond Rhodes and Nada Gligorov. New York, New York: (Oxford University Press, 2013), 52–58.

    Google Scholar 

  180. More, Max, and Natasha Vita-More. The transhumanist reader: classical and contemporary essays on the science, technology, and philosophy of the human future, (Malden: Wiley-Blackwell, J. Wiley & Sons, 2013), 12–15.

    Google Scholar 

  181. More, Max, and Natasha Vita-More. The transhumanist reader: classical and contemporary essays on the science, technology, and philosophy of the human future, (Malden: Wiley-Blackwell, J. Wiley & Sons, 2013), 14–15.

    Google Scholar 

  182. Schalow, Frank. “The Gods and Technology: A Reading of Heidegger.” Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, (2008): 175 - 200.

    Google Scholar 

  183. Schalow, Frank. “The Gods and Technology: A Reading of Heidegger.” Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, (2008): 205–230.

    Google Scholar 

  184. Lo, Bernard. Resolving Ethical Dilemmas: A Guide for Clinicians. 4th ed. (Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2009). 3 11.

    Google Scholar 

  185. Baily, Mary Ann, and Thomas H. Murray. “Ethics, Evidence, and Cost in Newborn Screening.” The Hastings Center Report, May/June, 38, no. 3 (2008): 23–25.

    Google Scholar 

  186. Lo, Bernard. Resolving Ethical Dilemmas: A Guide for Clinicians. 4th ed. (Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2009), 311–20.

    Google Scholar 

  187. Baily, Mary Ann, and Thomas H. Murray. “Ethics, Evidence, and Cost in Newborn Screening.” The Hastings Center Report, May/June, 38, no. 3 (2008): 24–25.

    Google Scholar 

  188. Kennedy, Shelley, Beth K. Potter, Kumanan Wilson, Lawrence Fisher, Michael Geraghty, Jennifer Milburn, and Pranesh Chakraborty. “The First Three Years of Screening for Medium Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency (MCADD) by Newborn Screening Ontario.” BMC Pediatrics BMC Pediatr 10, no. 1 (2010): 82–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  189. Baily, Mary Ann, and Thomas H. Murray. “Ethics, Evidence, and Cost in Newborn Screening.” The Hastings Center Report, May/June, 38, no. 3 (2008): 24–25. See Ruhl, Catherine, and Barbara Moran. “The clinical content of preconception care: preconception care for special populations.” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 199, no. 6 (2008): 345–48.

    Google Scholar 

  190. Pols, Jeannette. “Towards an Empirical Ethics in Care: Relations with Technologies in Health Care.” Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy Med Health Care and Philos, (2014), 81–90.

    Google Scholar 

  191. Schwab, Abraham Paul. The Human Microbiome: Ethical, Legal and Social Concerns. Edited by Rosamond Rhodes and Nada Gligorov. (New York, New York: Oxford University Press, 2013), 38–42.

    Google Scholar 

  192. Baily, Mary Ann, and Thomas H. Murray. “Ethics, Evidence, and Cost in Newborn Screening.” The Hastings Center Report, May/June, 38, no. 3 (2008): 25–26.

    Google Scholar 

  193. Hofmann, Bjørn. “The Myth of Technology in Health Care,” Science and Engineering Ethics 8, no. 1, (2000): 17–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  194. Baily, Mary Ann, and Thomas H. Murray. “Ethics, Evidence, and Cost in Newborn Screening.” The Hastings Center Report, May/June, 38, no. 3 (2008): 25–27.

    Google Scholar 

  195. Schwab, Abraham Paul. The Human Microbiome: Ethical, Legal and Social Concerns. Edited by Rosamond Rhodes and Nada Gligorov. (New York, New York: Oxford University Press, 2013), 23 – 28.

    Google Scholar 

  196. Baily, Mary Ann, and Thomas H. Murray. “Ethics, Evidence, and Cost in Newborn Screening.” The Hastings Center Report, May/June, 38, no. 3 (2008): 27–31.

    Google Scholar 

  197. Williams, Janet K., Heather Skirton, and Agnes Masny. “Ethics, Policy, and Educational Issues in Genetic Testing,” Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 38, no. 2. (2006): 119–20.

    Google Scholar 

  198. Williams, Janet K., Heather Skirton, and Agnes Masny. “Ethics, Policy, and Educational Issues in Genetic Testing,” Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 38, no. 2. (2006): 120–21.

    Google Scholar 

  199. Williams, Janet K., Heather Skirton, and Agnes Masny. “Ethics, Policy, and Educational Issues in Genetic Testing,” Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 38, no. 2. (2006): 121–22.

    Google Scholar 

  200. Rothman, David J. Strangers at the Bedside a History of How Law and Bioethics Transformed Medical Decision-making, (New York, NY: Basic Books, 1991), 35–49.

    Google Scholar 

  201. Williams, Janet K., Heather Skirton, and Agnes Masny. “Ethics, Policy, and Educational Issues in Genetic Testing,” Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 38, no. 2. (2006): 122–24.

    Google Scholar 

  202. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2001; ASHG/ACMG Report, 1995; Report of a Working Party of the Clinical Genetics Society [UK], 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  203. Williams, Janet K., Heather Skirton, and Agnes Masny. “Ethics, Policy, and Educational Issues in Genetic Testing,” Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 38, no. 2. (2006): 122–124.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    Joseph T. Bertino

Authors
  1. Joseph T. Bertino
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Joseph T. Bertino .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Bertino, J.T. (2022). A Philosophical Justification for Normative Ethics in Clinical Ethics and Medicine. In: Clinical Ethics for Consultation Practice. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90182-0_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90182-0_1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-90181-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-90182-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation