Skip to main content

Sport-City Planning. A Proposal for an Index to Support Decision-Making Practice: Principles and Strategies

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Computational Science and Its Applications – ICCSA 2021 (ICCSA 2021)

Abstract

Currently more than half of the world population - between formal and informal urban settlements - has been affected by the health crisis. In cities there are great difficulties in facing the new challenges that are intertwined between urban-environmental and economic aspects. Cities were among the first and most affected areas hit by the epidemic, however they have always been places of maximum creativity and innovation, deriving precisely from the aggregation processes of social and economic networks. These same networks actually favored the spread of the health crisis. In recent months, many scenarios have been advanced for a renewed urban development, to favor the reduction of contacts, including the idea of ‘villages’ and the “city of 15 min”. In this framework, some questions arise: what are the multi-sectoral policies that can make cities more inclusive, sustainable, reducing vulnerability and health risks? What individual commitment can cities make into a model of health promotion? These questions guided the authors in evaluating the role of the Sport-city in the research of the post-pandemic city through qualitative/quantitative indicators in the main Italian provinces and metropolitan cities, between health and well-being and environment, proposing a specific index (UPA - Urban Physical Activity Index) to support Sport-city planning initiatives aimed at the health-well-being of communities through urban design.

The paper is part of the activities of the Interdepartmental Center “Cagliari Accessibility Lab” of the University of Cagliari. This study was supported by the research grant for the project “Investigating the relationships between knowledge-building and design and decision-making in spatial planning with geodesign” funded by Fondazione di Sardegna (2018).

This paper is the result of the joint work of the authors. In particular: Sect. 1 has been written by G. Balletto. Sect. 2 has been written by P. Castiglia, M. Dettori, A. Arghittu; Sect. 3.1 by A. Milesi, M. Ladu; Sect. 3.2 by G. Balletto, Sect. 3.3 by A. Milesi, M. Ladu; Sect. 4 by G. Balletto; Sect. 5 by A. Milesi, M. Ladu; Sect. 6 by Ginevra Balletto and Sect. 7 by G. Borruso.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Bedimo-Rung, A.L., Mowen, A.J., Cohen, D.A.: The significance of parks to physical activity and public health. A conceptual model. Am. J. Prev. Med. 28(22), 159–168 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Ballor, D.L., Keesey, R.E.: A meta-analysis of the factors affecting exercise induced changes in body mass, fat mass, and fat-free mass in males and females. Int. J. Obesity 15, 717–726 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Hovell, M.F., Sallis, J.F., Hofstetter, C.R., Spry, V.M., Faucher, P., Caspersen, C.J.: Identifying correlates of walking for exercise: an epidemiologic prerequisite for physical activity promotion. Prev. Med. 18, 856–866 (1989)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Phillips, W.T., Pruitt, L.A., King, A.C.: Lifestyle activity. Current recommendations. Sports Med. 22, 1–7 (1996)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Dunn, A.L., Marcus, B.H., Kampert, J.B., Garcia, M.E., Kohl, H.W., Blair, S.N.: Comparison of lifestyle and structured interventions to increase physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness: a randomized trial. JAMA 281, 327–334 (1994)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Hakim, A.A., Petrovitch, H., Burchfiel, C.M., et al.: Effects of walking on mortality among nonsmoking retired men. NE J. Med. 338, 94–99 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Manson, J.E., Hu, F.B., Rich-Edwards, J.W., et al.: A prospective study of walking as compared with vigorous exercise in the prevention of coronary heart disease in women. NE J. Med. 341, 650–658 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Siegel, P., Brackbill, R., Heath, G.: The epidemiology of walking for exercise: implications for promoting activity among sedentary groups. Am. J. Public Health 85, 706–710 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Brownson, R.C., et al.: Promoting physical activity in rural communities. Walking trail access, use, and effects. Am. J. Prev. Med. 18(3), 235–241 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Pate, R.R.P.M., Blair, S.N., Haskell, W.L., Macera, C.A., Bouchard, C., et al.: Physical activity and public health. A recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine. JAMA 273, 402–407 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Baerta, V., Gorusa, E., Metsa, T., Geertsa, C., Bautmans, I.: Motivators and barriers for physical activity in the oldest old: a systematic review. Ageing Res. Rev. 10, 464–474 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Hallal, P.C., Andersen, L.B., Bull, F.C., Guthold, R., Haskell, W., Ekelund, U.: Global physical activity levels: surveillance progress, pitfalls, and prospects. Lancet 380, 247–257 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Lee, I.M., Shiroma, E.J., Lobelo, F., Puska, P., Blair, S.N., Katzmarzyk, P.T.: Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy. Lancet 380, 219–229 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Linke, S.E., Ussher, M.: Exercise-based treatments for substance use disorders: evidence, theory, and practicality. Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse 41(1), 7–15 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. World Health Organization: The European Health Report 2009. Health and health systems. http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/82386/E93103.pdf. Accessed 20 May 2021

  16. Epicentro: Il portale dell'epidemiologia per la sanità pubblica a cura del Centro Nazionale di Epidemiologia, Sorveglianza e Promozione della Salute. http://www.epicentro.iss.it/problemi/attivita_fisica/fisica.asp. Accessed 20 May 2021

  17. Istituto Superiore della Sanità (ISS): Centro nazionale di epidemiologia, sorveglianza e promozione della salute (Cnesps): OKkio alla salute: sintesi dei risultati 2019. In: collaborazione con Centro per la prevenzione e il controllo delle malattie (Ccm) del Ministero della Salute e le Regioni

    Google Scholar 

  18. Cavallo, F., et al. (eds.): Studio HBSC-Italia (Health Behaviour in School-aged Children): rapporto sui dati 2010. Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma (Rapporti ISTISAN 13/5) (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Epicentro. Il portale dell'epidemiologia per la sanità pubblica a cura del Centro Nazionale di Epidemiologia, Sorveglianza e Promozione della Salute. La sorveglianza PASSI (Progressi delle Aziende Sanitarie per la Salute in Italia). http://www.epicentro.iss.it/passi/. Accessed 20 May 2021

  20. Sallis, J., et al.: An ecological approach to creating active living communities. Annu. Rev. Public Health 27, 297–322 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.27.021405.102100

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Rebecchi, A., et al.: Walkable environments and healthy urban moves: urban context features assessment framework experienced in Milan. Sustainability 11, 2778 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Congiu, T., et al.: Built environment features and pedestrian accidents: an Italian retrospective study. Sustainability 11, 1064 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. D'Alessandro, D., et al.: Strategies for disease prevention and health promotion in urban areas. In: The Erice 50 Charter. Ann. Ig. 29, 481–493 (2017). https://doi.org/10.7416/ai.2017.2179. ISSN: 1120-9135

  24. Capolongo, S., et al.: Healthy design and urban planning strategies, actions, and policy to achieve salutogenic cities. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 15, 2698 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Rydin, Y., et al.: Shaping cities for health: complexity and the planning of urban environments in the 21st century. Lancet 379, 2079–2108 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Addy, C.L., Wilson, D.K., Kirtland, K.A., Ainsworth, B.E., Sharpe, P., Kimsey, D.: Associations of perceived social and physical environmental supports with physical activity and walking behavior. Am. J. Public Health 94(3), 440–443 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Bauman, A., Smith, B., Stoker, L., Bellew, B., Booth, M.: Geographical influence upon physical activity participation: evidence of a “coastal effect.” ANZJPH 23(3), 322–324 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  28. Ladu, M., Balletto, G., Borruso, G.: Sport and the city, between urban regeneration and sustainable development. TeMA-J. Land Use Mobility Environ. 12(2), 157–164 (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  29. Capotorti, G., et al.: More nature in the city. Plant Biosyst.-Int. J. Dealing Aspects Plant Biol. 154(6), 1003–1006 (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  30. Ladu, M., Balletto, G., Borruso, G.: Sport and smart communities. Assessing the sporting attractiveness and community perceptions of Cagliari (Sardinia, Italy). In: Misra, S., et al. (eds.) ICCSA 2019. LNCS, vol. 11624, pp. 200–215. Springer, Cham (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24311-1_14

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  31. Balletto, G., Milesi, A., Ladu, M., Borruso, G.: A dashboard for supporting slow tourism in green infrastructures. A methodological proposal in Sardinia (Italy). Sustainability 12(9), 3579 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Macintyre, H.L., Heaviside, C., Cai, X., Phalkey, R.: Comparing temperature-related mortality impacts of cool roofs in winter and summer in a highly urbanized European region for present and future climate. Environ. Int. 154, 106606 (2021)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Lehnert, M., Savić, S., Milošević, D., Dunjić, J., Geletič, J.: Mapping local climate zones and their applications in European urban environments: a systematic literature review and future development trends. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Information 10(4), 260 (2021)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Dettori, M., et al.: Air pollutants and risk of death due to COVID-19 in Italy. Environ. Res. 192, 110459 (2021)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Ulpiani, G.: On the linkage between urban heat island and urban pollution island: three-decade literature review towards a conceptual framework. Sci. Total Environ. 751, 141727 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Maragno, D., Pozzer, G., Musco, F.: Multi-risk climate mapping for the adaptation of the Venice metropolitan area. Sustainability 13(3), 1334 (2021)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Balletto, G., Ladu, M., Milesi, A., Borruso, G.: A methodological approach on disused public properties in the 15-minute city perspective. Sustainability 13, 593 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020593

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Balletto, G., Milesi, A., Fenu, N., Borruso, G., Mundula, L.: Military training areas as semicommons: The territorial valorization of Quirra (Sardinia) from easements to ecosystem services. Sustainability 12(2), 622 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Balletto, G., Borruso, G., Tajani, F., Torre, C.: Gentrification and sport. Football stadiums and changes in the urban rent. In: Gervasi, O., et al. (eds.) ICCSA 2018. LNCS, vol. 10964, pp. 58–74. Springer, Cham (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95174-4_5

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  40. Balletto, G., Borruso, G., Mei, G.: Location theory and circular economy. Demolition, constructions and spatial organization of firms – an applied model to Sardinia Region. The case study of the New Cagliari Stadium. In: Misra, S., et al. (eds.) ICCSA 2019. LNCS, vol. 11621, pp. 535–550. Springer, Cham (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24302-9_38

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  41. Carmona, M.: Public Places, Urban Spaces: The Dimensions of Urban Design. Routledge, Milton Park (2021)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  42. Kellison, T.B., McCullough, B.P.: A pragmatic perspective on the future of sustainability in sport. In: Routledge Handbook of Sport and the Environment, pp. 445–455. Routledge (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  43. Camerin, F., Gastaldi, F.: Il ruolo dei fondi di investimento immobiliare nella riconversione del patrimonio immobiliare pubblico in Italia. Urban@ it Background Papers Rapporto sulle città 2018 IL GOVERNO DEBOLE DELLE ECONOMIE URBANE 2/2018, pp. 1–13 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  44. Pedersen, P.M., Ruihley, B.J., Li, B. (eds.): Sport and the Pandemic: Perspectives on Covid-19’s Impact on the Sport Industry. Routledge, Milton Park (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  45. Di Caro, P., Pagliara, F.: Sportcity. Viaggio nello sport che cambia le città. Malcor D’ (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  46. ISTAT: Rapporto Bes 2019. Il Benessere Equo e sostenibile in Italia (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  47. ISTAT: Rapporto Bes 2020. Il Benessere Equo e sostenibile in Italia (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  48. Ronchetti, P.: Regole e numeri dello sport. Zanichelli (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  49. Scally, G., Black, D., Pilkington, P., Williams, B., Ige-Elegbede, J., Prestwood, E.: The application of ‘elite interviewing’ methodology in transdisciplinary research: a record of process and lessons learned during a 3-year pilot in urban planetary health research. J. Urban Health 98, 404–414 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-021-00542-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. ISTAT. https://www.istat.it/it/benessere-e-sostenibilit%C3%A0/la-misurazione-del-benessere-(bes)/gli-indicatori-del-bes. Accessed 27 May 2021

  51. ISTAT. https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/254761. Accessed 27 May 2021

  52. ASviS. https://asvis.it/public/asvis2/files/Pubblicazioni/RAPPORTO_ASviS_TERRITORI_2020.pdf. Accessed 27 May 2021

  53. Kiuppis, F.: Inclusion in sport: Disability and participation. Taylor & Francis Online (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  54. Balletto, G., Borruso, G.: Sport and city. The case of Cagliari’s new stadium (Sardinia – Italy). In: Proceedings of the 22nd IPSAPA/ISPALEM International Scientific Conference Aversa/Caserta (Italy), 2nd–3rd July 2018, pp. 231–240 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  55. Moeinaddini, M., Asadi-Shekari, Z., Aghaabbasi, M., Saadi, I., Shah, M.Z., Cools, M.: Applying non-parametric models to explore urban life satisfaction in European cities. Cities 105, 102851 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Il Sole 24 Ore. https://lab24.ilsole24ore.com/indiceSportivita/index.php. Accessed 27 May 2021

  57. Il Sole 24 Ore. https://lab24.ilsole24ore.com/ecosistema-urbano/index.php. Accessed 27 May 2021

  58. Legambiente. https://www.legambiente.it/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Ecosistema-Urbano-2020.pdf. Accessed 27 May 2021

  59. Romano, B., Zullo, F., Marucci, A., Fiorini, L.: Vintage urban planning in Italy: land management with the tools of the mid-twentieth century. Sustainability 10, 4125 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/su10114125

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Fabris, L.M.F., Balzarotti, R.M., Semprebon, G., Camerin, F.: New healthy settlements responding to pandemic outbreaks. Approaches from and for the global city (2020)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ginevra Balletto .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Balletto, G. et al. (2021). Sport-City Planning. A Proposal for an Index to Support Decision-Making Practice: Principles and Strategies. In: Gervasi, O., et al. Computational Science and Its Applications – ICCSA 2021. ICCSA 2021. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 12952. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86973-1_18

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86973-1_18

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-86972-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-86973-1

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics