Abstract
Currently more than half of the world population - between formal and informal urban settlements - has been affected by the health crisis. In cities there are great difficulties in facing the new challenges that are intertwined between urban-environmental and economic aspects. Cities were among the first and most affected areas hit by the epidemic, however they have always been places of maximum creativity and innovation, deriving precisely from the aggregation processes of social and economic networks. These same networks actually favored the spread of the health crisis. In recent months, many scenarios have been advanced for a renewed urban development, to favor the reduction of contacts, including the idea of ‘villages’ and the “city of 15 min”. In this framework, some questions arise: what are the multi-sectoral policies that can make cities more inclusive, sustainable, reducing vulnerability and health risks? What individual commitment can cities make into a model of health promotion? These questions guided the authors in evaluating the role of the Sport-city in the research of the post-pandemic city through qualitative/quantitative indicators in the main Italian provinces and metropolitan cities, between health and well-being and environment, proposing a specific index (UPA - Urban Physical Activity Index) to support Sport-city planning initiatives aimed at the health-well-being of communities through urban design.
The paper is part of the activities of the Interdepartmental Center “Cagliari Accessibility Lab” of the University of Cagliari. This study was supported by the research grant for the project “Investigating the relationships between knowledge-building and design and decision-making in spatial planning with geodesign” funded by Fondazione di Sardegna (2018).
This paper is the result of the joint work of the authors. In particular: Sect. 1 has been written by G. Balletto. Sect. 2 has been written by P. Castiglia, M. Dettori, A. Arghittu; Sect. 3.1 by A. Milesi, M. Ladu; Sect. 3.2 by G. Balletto, Sect. 3.3 by A. Milesi, M. Ladu; Sect. 4 by G. Balletto; Sect. 5 by A. Milesi, M. Ladu; Sect. 6 by Ginevra Balletto and Sect. 7 by G. Borruso.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bedimo-Rung, A.L., Mowen, A.J., Cohen, D.A.: The significance of parks to physical activity and public health. A conceptual model. Am. J. Prev. Med. 28(22), 159–168 (2005)
Ballor, D.L., Keesey, R.E.: A meta-analysis of the factors affecting exercise induced changes in body mass, fat mass, and fat-free mass in males and females. Int. J. Obesity 15, 717–726 (1991)
Hovell, M.F., Sallis, J.F., Hofstetter, C.R., Spry, V.M., Faucher, P., Caspersen, C.J.: Identifying correlates of walking for exercise: an epidemiologic prerequisite for physical activity promotion. Prev. Med. 18, 856–866 (1989)
Phillips, W.T., Pruitt, L.A., King, A.C.: Lifestyle activity. Current recommendations. Sports Med. 22, 1–7 (1996)
Dunn, A.L., Marcus, B.H., Kampert, J.B., Garcia, M.E., Kohl, H.W., Blair, S.N.: Comparison of lifestyle and structured interventions to increase physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness: a randomized trial. JAMA 281, 327–334 (1994)
Hakim, A.A., Petrovitch, H., Burchfiel, C.M., et al.: Effects of walking on mortality among nonsmoking retired men. NE J. Med. 338, 94–99 (1998)
Manson, J.E., Hu, F.B., Rich-Edwards, J.W., et al.: A prospective study of walking as compared with vigorous exercise in the prevention of coronary heart disease in women. NE J. Med. 341, 650–658 (1999)
Siegel, P., Brackbill, R., Heath, G.: The epidemiology of walking for exercise: implications for promoting activity among sedentary groups. Am. J. Public Health 85, 706–710 (1995)
Brownson, R.C., et al.: Promoting physical activity in rural communities. Walking trail access, use, and effects. Am. J. Prev. Med. 18(3), 235–241 (2000)
Pate, R.R.P.M., Blair, S.N., Haskell, W.L., Macera, C.A., Bouchard, C., et al.: Physical activity and public health. A recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine. JAMA 273, 402–407 (1995)
Baerta, V., Gorusa, E., Metsa, T., Geertsa, C., Bautmans, I.: Motivators and barriers for physical activity in the oldest old: a systematic review. Ageing Res. Rev. 10, 464–474 (2011)
Hallal, P.C., Andersen, L.B., Bull, F.C., Guthold, R., Haskell, W., Ekelund, U.: Global physical activity levels: surveillance progress, pitfalls, and prospects. Lancet 380, 247–257 (2012)
Lee, I.M., Shiroma, E.J., Lobelo, F., Puska, P., Blair, S.N., Katzmarzyk, P.T.: Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy. Lancet 380, 219–229 (2012)
Linke, S.E., Ussher, M.: Exercise-based treatments for substance use disorders: evidence, theory, and practicality. Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse 41(1), 7–15 (2015)
World Health Organization: The European Health Report 2009. Health and health systems. http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/82386/E93103.pdf. Accessed 20 May 2021
Epicentro: Il portale dell'epidemiologia per la sanità pubblica a cura del Centro Nazionale di Epidemiologia, Sorveglianza e Promozione della Salute. http://www.epicentro.iss.it/problemi/attivita_fisica/fisica.asp. Accessed 20 May 2021
Istituto Superiore della Sanità (ISS): Centro nazionale di epidemiologia, sorveglianza e promozione della salute (Cnesps): OKkio alla salute: sintesi dei risultati 2019. In: collaborazione con Centro per la prevenzione e il controllo delle malattie (Ccm) del Ministero della Salute e le Regioni
Cavallo, F., et al. (eds.): Studio HBSC-Italia (Health Behaviour in School-aged Children): rapporto sui dati 2010. Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma (Rapporti ISTISAN 13/5) (2013)
Epicentro. Il portale dell'epidemiologia per la sanità pubblica a cura del Centro Nazionale di Epidemiologia, Sorveglianza e Promozione della Salute. La sorveglianza PASSI (Progressi delle Aziende Sanitarie per la Salute in Italia). http://www.epicentro.iss.it/passi/. Accessed 20 May 2021
Sallis, J., et al.: An ecological approach to creating active living communities. Annu. Rev. Public Health 27, 297–322 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.27.021405.102100
Rebecchi, A., et al.: Walkable environments and healthy urban moves: urban context features assessment framework experienced in Milan. Sustainability 11, 2778 (2019)
Congiu, T., et al.: Built environment features and pedestrian accidents: an Italian retrospective study. Sustainability 11, 1064 (2019)
D'Alessandro, D., et al.: Strategies for disease prevention and health promotion in urban areas. In: The Erice 50 Charter. Ann. Ig. 29, 481–493 (2017). https://doi.org/10.7416/ai.2017.2179. ISSN: 1120-9135
Capolongo, S., et al.: Healthy design and urban planning strategies, actions, and policy to achieve salutogenic cities. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 15, 2698 (2018)
Rydin, Y., et al.: Shaping cities for health: complexity and the planning of urban environments in the 21st century. Lancet 379, 2079–2108 (2012)
Addy, C.L., Wilson, D.K., Kirtland, K.A., Ainsworth, B.E., Sharpe, P., Kimsey, D.: Associations of perceived social and physical environmental supports with physical activity and walking behavior. Am. J. Public Health 94(3), 440–443 (2004)
Bauman, A., Smith, B., Stoker, L., Bellew, B., Booth, M.: Geographical influence upon physical activity participation: evidence of a “coastal effect.” ANZJPH 23(3), 322–324 (1999)
Ladu, M., Balletto, G., Borruso, G.: Sport and the city, between urban regeneration and sustainable development. TeMA-J. Land Use Mobility Environ. 12(2), 157–164 (2019)
Capotorti, G., et al.: More nature in the city. Plant Biosyst.-Int. J. Dealing Aspects Plant Biol. 154(6), 1003–1006 (2020)
Ladu, M., Balletto, G., Borruso, G.: Sport and smart communities. Assessing the sporting attractiveness and community perceptions of Cagliari (Sardinia, Italy). In: Misra, S., et al. (eds.) ICCSA 2019. LNCS, vol. 11624, pp. 200–215. Springer, Cham (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24311-1_14
Balletto, G., Milesi, A., Ladu, M., Borruso, G.: A dashboard for supporting slow tourism in green infrastructures. A methodological proposal in Sardinia (Italy). Sustainability 12(9), 3579 (2020)
Macintyre, H.L., Heaviside, C., Cai, X., Phalkey, R.: Comparing temperature-related mortality impacts of cool roofs in winter and summer in a highly urbanized European region for present and future climate. Environ. Int. 154, 106606 (2021)
Lehnert, M., Savić, S., Milošević, D., Dunjić, J., Geletič, J.: Mapping local climate zones and their applications in European urban environments: a systematic literature review and future development trends. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Information 10(4), 260 (2021)
Dettori, M., et al.: Air pollutants and risk of death due to COVID-19 in Italy. Environ. Res. 192, 110459 (2021)
Ulpiani, G.: On the linkage between urban heat island and urban pollution island: three-decade literature review towards a conceptual framework. Sci. Total Environ. 751, 141727 (2020)
Maragno, D., Pozzer, G., Musco, F.: Multi-risk climate mapping for the adaptation of the Venice metropolitan area. Sustainability 13(3), 1334 (2021)
Balletto, G., Ladu, M., Milesi, A., Borruso, G.: A methodological approach on disused public properties in the 15-minute city perspective. Sustainability 13, 593 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020593
Balletto, G., Milesi, A., Fenu, N., Borruso, G., Mundula, L.: Military training areas as semicommons: The territorial valorization of Quirra (Sardinia) from easements to ecosystem services. Sustainability 12(2), 622 (2020)
Balletto, G., Borruso, G., Tajani, F., Torre, C.: Gentrification and sport. Football stadiums and changes in the urban rent. In: Gervasi, O., et al. (eds.) ICCSA 2018. LNCS, vol. 10964, pp. 58–74. Springer, Cham (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95174-4_5
Balletto, G., Borruso, G., Mei, G.: Location theory and circular economy. Demolition, constructions and spatial organization of firms – an applied model to Sardinia Region. The case study of the New Cagliari Stadium. In: Misra, S., et al. (eds.) ICCSA 2019. LNCS, vol. 11621, pp. 535–550. Springer, Cham (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24302-9_38
Carmona, M.: Public Places, Urban Spaces: The Dimensions of Urban Design. Routledge, Milton Park (2021)
Kellison, T.B., McCullough, B.P.: A pragmatic perspective on the future of sustainability in sport. In: Routledge Handbook of Sport and the Environment, pp. 445–455. Routledge (2017)
Camerin, F., Gastaldi, F.: Il ruolo dei fondi di investimento immobiliare nella riconversione del patrimonio immobiliare pubblico in Italia. Urban@ it Background Papers Rapporto sulle città 2018 IL GOVERNO DEBOLE DELLE ECONOMIE URBANE 2/2018, pp. 1–13 (2018)
Pedersen, P.M., Ruihley, B.J., Li, B. (eds.): Sport and the Pandemic: Perspectives on Covid-19’s Impact on the Sport Industry. Routledge, Milton Park (2020)
Di Caro, P., Pagliara, F.: Sportcity. Viaggio nello sport che cambia le città. Malcor D’ (2020)
ISTAT: Rapporto Bes 2019. Il Benessere Equo e sostenibile in Italia (2019)
ISTAT: Rapporto Bes 2020. Il Benessere Equo e sostenibile in Italia (2020)
Ronchetti, P.: Regole e numeri dello sport. Zanichelli (2019)
Scally, G., Black, D., Pilkington, P., Williams, B., Ige-Elegbede, J., Prestwood, E.: The application of ‘elite interviewing’ methodology in transdisciplinary research: a record of process and lessons learned during a 3-year pilot in urban planetary health research. J. Urban Health 98, 404–414 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-021-00542-1
ISTAT. https://www.istat.it/it/benessere-e-sostenibilit%C3%A0/la-misurazione-del-benessere-(bes)/gli-indicatori-del-bes. Accessed 27 May 2021
ISTAT. https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/254761. Accessed 27 May 2021
ASviS. https://asvis.it/public/asvis2/files/Pubblicazioni/RAPPORTO_ASviS_TERRITORI_2020.pdf. Accessed 27 May 2021
Kiuppis, F.: Inclusion in sport: Disability and participation. Taylor & Francis Online (2018)
Balletto, G., Borruso, G.: Sport and city. The case of Cagliari’s new stadium (Sardinia – Italy). In: Proceedings of the 22nd IPSAPA/ISPALEM International Scientific Conference Aversa/Caserta (Italy), 2nd–3rd July 2018, pp. 231–240 (2018)
Moeinaddini, M., Asadi-Shekari, Z., Aghaabbasi, M., Saadi, I., Shah, M.Z., Cools, M.: Applying non-parametric models to explore urban life satisfaction in European cities. Cities 105, 102851 (2020)
Il Sole 24 Ore. https://lab24.ilsole24ore.com/indiceSportivita/index.php. Accessed 27 May 2021
Il Sole 24 Ore. https://lab24.ilsole24ore.com/ecosistema-urbano/index.php. Accessed 27 May 2021
Legambiente. https://www.legambiente.it/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Ecosistema-Urbano-2020.pdf. Accessed 27 May 2021
Romano, B., Zullo, F., Marucci, A., Fiorini, L.: Vintage urban planning in Italy: land management with the tools of the mid-twentieth century. Sustainability 10, 4125 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/su10114125
Fabris, L.M.F., Balzarotti, R.M., Semprebon, G., Camerin, F.: New healthy settlements responding to pandemic outbreaks. Approaches from and for the global city (2020)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Balletto, G. et al. (2021). Sport-City Planning. A Proposal for an Index to Support Decision-Making Practice: Principles and Strategies. In: Gervasi, O., et al. Computational Science and Its Applications – ICCSA 2021. ICCSA 2021. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 12952. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86973-1_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86973-1_18
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-86972-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-86973-1
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)