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Role of the Cerebellum in the Acquisition and Consolidation of Memory of Motor Learning

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Cerebellum as a CNS Hub

Part of the book series: Contemporary Clinical Neuroscience ((CCNE))

Abstract

The Marr–Albus–Ito cerebellar learning hypothesis proposed around 1970 has been tested by analyzing how the cerebellar flocculus (FL) induces adaptations in the horizontal vestibulo-ocular (HVOR) and optokinetic reflex (HOKR) eye movements through the synapse plasticity of Purkinje cells (PCs). In 1982, Ito’s group discovered the long-term depression (LTD) at parallel fiber (PF)–PC synapses by conjunctive electrical stimulation of PFs with climbing fibers (CFs). Many lines of experimental evidence using various methods and materials have supported the hypothesis. Today, the hypothesis is considered as a fundamental mechanism of cerebellar learning. Furthermore, it was found that after repetition of adaptations, the memory of adaptation is transferred from FL to the vestibular nuclei (VN) targeted by FL for consolidation through the plasticity of VN neurons. After overviewing the hypothesis, I discuss roles of multiple cerebellar plasticity in ocular reflex adaptations and the application of the hypothesis to integrative brain functions.

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Abbreviations

AMPAR:

α-amino-3-hydrooxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolone propionate receptor

CF:

Climbing fiber

CN:

Cerebellar nuclei

CS:

Conditioned stimuli

EM:

Electron microscopy

EMN:

Extraocular muscle motor nuclei

FL:

Flocculus

HOKR:

Horizontal optokinetic response

HVOR:

Horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex

IO:

Inferior olive

KI:

Knockin

KO:

Knockout

LTD:

Long-term depression

LTP:

Long-term potentiation

MF:

Mossy fiber

NO:

Nitric monoxide

PC:

Purkinje cell

PF:

Parallel fiber

US:

Unconditioned stimuli

VN:

Vestibular nucleus

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Acknowledgments

I thank to late Dr. Masao Ito for his mentorship to my study of the cerebellum and ocular reflexes. I also thank to Dr. Shogo Endo (Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Gerontology) for his helpful comments on my manuscript and Dr. Fumihiro Shutoh (Maebashi Institute of Technology, Gunma) for his help in the revision of figure.

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  1. Laboratory for Integrative Brain Function, Nozomi Hospital, Ina, Saitama, Japan

    Soichi Nagao

  2. Laboratory for Memory Neuroscience, Tokyo Metropolotan Institute for Gerontology, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan

    Soichi Nagao

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Correspondence to Soichi Nagao .

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  1. Neurology, NCNP Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan

    Hidehiro Mizusawa

  2. Department of Anatomy and Physiology Faculty of Life Sciences, Jissen Women’s University, Tokyo, Japan

    Shinji Kakei

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Nagao, S. (2021). Role of the Cerebellum in the Acquisition and Consolidation of Memory of Motor Learning. In: Mizusawa, H., Kakei, S. (eds) Cerebellum as a CNS Hub. Contemporary Clinical Neuroscience. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75817-2_14

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