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Interorgan Metabolism, Nutritional Impacts, and Safety of Dietary L-Glutamate and L-Glutamine in Poultry

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Amino Acids in Nutrition and Health

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 1332))

Abstract

L-glutamine (Gln) is the most abundant amino acid (AA) in the plasma and skeletal muscle of poultry, and L-glutamate (Glu) is among the most abundant AAs in the whole bodies of all avian tissues. During the first-pass through the small intestine into the portal circulation, dietary Glu is extensively oxidized to CO2, but dietary Gln undergoes limited catabolism in birds. Their extra-intestinal tissues (e.g., skeletal muscle, kidneys, and lymphoid organs) have a high capacity to degrade Gln. To maintain Glu and Gln homeostasis in the body, they are actively synthesized from branched-chain AAs (abundant AAs in both plant and animal proteins) and glucose via interorgan metabolism involving primarily the skeletal muscle, heart, adipose tissue, and brain. In addition, ammonia (produced from the general catabolism of AAs) and α-ketoglutarate (α-KG, derived primarily from glucose) serve as substrates for the synthesis of Glu and Gln in avian tissues, particularly the liver. Over the past 20 years, there has been growing interest in Glu and Gln metabolism in the chicken, which is an agriculturally important species and also a useful model for studying some aspects of human physiology and diseases. Increasing evidence shows that the adequate supply of dietary Glu and Gln is crucial for the optimum growth, anti-oxidative responses, productivity, and health of chickens, ducklings, turkeys, and laying fowl, particularly under stress conditions. Like mammals, poultry have dietary requirements for both Glu and Gln. Based on feed intake, tissue integrity, growth performance, and health status, birds can tolerate up to 12% Glu and 3.5% Gln in diets (on the dry matter basis). Glu and Gln are quantitatively major nutrients for chickens and other avian species to support their maximum growth, production, and feed efficiency, as well as their optimum health and well-being.

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Abbreviations

α-KG:

α-Ketoglutarate

AA:

Amino acid

BCAA:

Branched-chain amino acid

BW:

Body weight

CP:

Crude protein

EDL:

Extensor digitorum longus

GABA:

γ-Aminobutyrate

MSG:

Monosodium glutamate

MTOR:

Mechanistic target of rapamycin

NRC:

National Research Council

PEPCK:

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported, in part, by Texas A&M AgriLife Research (H-8200) and Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Core-to-Core Advanced Research Networks Program, entitled “Establishment of International Agricultural Immunology Research-Core for a Quantum Improvement in Food Safety.”

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departments of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA

    Wenliang He, Kyohei Furukawa & Guoyao Wu

  2. Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan

    Kyohei Furukawa, Masaaki Toyomizu & Tomonori Nochi

  3. Departments of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA

    Christopher A. Bailey

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  3. Masaaki Toyomizu
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  4. Tomonori Nochi
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  5. Christopher A. Bailey
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  6. Guoyao Wu
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Guoyao Wu .

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  1. Texas A&M Univesity, College Station, TX, USA

    Guoyao Wu

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He, W., Furukawa, K., Toyomizu, M., Nochi, T., Bailey, C.A., Wu, G. (2021). Interorgan Metabolism, Nutritional Impacts, and Safety of Dietary L-Glutamate and L-Glutamine in Poultry. In: Wu, G. (eds) Amino Acids in Nutrition and Health. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1332. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74180-8_7

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