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Advances in protein–amino acid nutrition of poultry

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Abstract

The ideal protein concept has allowed progress in defining requirements as well as the limiting order of amino acids in corn, soybean meal, and a corn–soybean meal mixture for growth of young chicks. Recent evidence suggests that glycine (or serine) is a key limiting amino acid in reduced protein [23% crude protein (CP) reduced to 16% CP] corn–soybean meal diets for broiler chicks. Research with sulfur amino acids has revealed that small excesses of cysteine are growth depressing in chicks fed methionine-deficient diets. Moreover, high ratios of cysteine:methionine impair utilization of the hydroxy analog of methionine, but not of methionine itself. A high level of dietary l-cysteine (2.5% or higher) is lethal for young chicks, but a similar level of dl-methionine, l-cystine or N-acetyl-l-cysteine causes no mortality. A supplemental dietary level of 3.0% l-cysteine (7× requirement) causes acute metabolic acidosis that is characterized by a striking increase in plasma sulfate and decrease in plasma bicarbonate. S-Methylmethionine, an analog of S-adenosylmethionine, has been shown to have choline-sparing activity, but it only spares methionine when diets are deficient in choline and(or) betaine. Creatine, or its precursor guanidinoacetic acid, can spare dietary arginine in chicks.

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Abbreviations

Cys:

Cysteine

CP:

Crude protein

DDGS:

Distillers dried grain with solubles

GAA:

Guanidinoacetic acid

Met:

Methionine

OH-M:

dl-2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio) butyric acid

SAA:

Sulfur amino acid

SMM:

S-Methylmethionine

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  1. 290 ASL, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, 1207 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA

    David H. Baker

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Baker, D.H. Advances in protein–amino acid nutrition of poultry. Amino Acids 37, 29–41 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-008-0198-3

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