Abstract
With the launch of 3GPP fifth-generation (5G) commercial cellular networks around the world, the research community has started focusing on the design of the sixth-generation (6G) system. One of the considerations is the use of Terahertz communications that aims to provide 1 Tbps (terabits per second) and air latency less than 100 μs. Further, 6G networks are expected to provide for more stringent Quality of Service (QoS) and mobility requirements. While addition to innovations at the physical layer and radio technologies can achieve these goals to a great extent, the end-to-end applications would still face challenges to fully utilize the network capacity due to limitations of the current transport layer protocols. In this chapter, we explore the challenges in the design of next-generation transport layer protocols (NGTP) in 6G Terahertz communication-based networks. Some of the challenges are due to user mobility, high-speed and high-bitrate communications, and other issues. The impact of these issues and potential approaches to mitigate these challenges are also discussed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
3GPP Specification Set: 5G (2020). https://www.3gpp.org/dynareport/SpecList.htm?release=Rel-15%26tech=4. Retrieved 6 Dec 2020
J. Postel (Ed.),Transmission control protocol. RFC 793 (1981). Retrieved 6 Dec 2020
P.J. Mateo, C. Fiandrino, J. Widmer, Analysis of TCP performance in 5G mmWave mobile networks, in Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC) (2019), pp. 1–7
Next Generation Protocols (NGP); Scenarios Definition, V 1.1.1 (2016). https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_gs/NGP/001_099/001/01.01.01_60/gs_NGP001v010101p.pdf. Retrieved 6 Dec 2020
A. Ford, C. Raiciu, M.J. Handley, O. Bonaventure, C. Paasch, TCP Extensions for Multipath Operation with Multiple Addresses. RFC 8684 (2020). Retrieved 6 Dec 2020
N. Cardwell, Y. Cheng, C.S. Gunn, S.H. Yeganeh, V. Jacobson, BBR: congestion-based congestion control. ACM Queue 14, 20–53 (2016)
L.S. Brakmo, L.L. Peterson, TCP Vegas: end to end congestion avoidance on a global internet. IEEE J. Selec. Areas Commun. 13, 1465–1480 (2006)
A. Langley, A. Riddoch, A. Wilk, A. Vicente, C. Krasic, D. Zhang, F. Yang, F. Kouranov, I. Swett, J. Iyengar, et al., The QUIC transport protocol: Design and internet-scale deployment, in Proceedings of ACM SIGCOMM (2017), pp. 183–196
V. Jacobson, D.K. Smetters, J.D. Thornton, M.F. Plass, N.H. Briggs, R.L. Braynard, Networking named content, in Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Emerging Networking Experiments and Technologies (2009), pp. 1–12
E.P. Jones, L. Li, J.K. Schmidtke, P.A. Ward, Practical routing in delay-tolerant networks. IEEE Trans. Mobile Comput. 6(8), 943–959 (2007)
Q.D. Coninck, O. Bonaventure, Multipath Extensions for QUIC (MP-QUIC). Internet-Draft draft-deconinck-quic-multipath-05, Internet Engineering Task Force (2020). Retrieved 6 Dec 2020
Usage statistics of QUIC for websites. https://w3techs.com/technologies/details/ce-quic. Retrieved 6 Dec 2020
IRTF Information-Centric Networking Research Group (ICNRG). https://irtf.org/icnrg. Retrieved 6 Dec 2020
P. Karn, C. Partridge, Improving round-trip time estimates in reliable transport protocols, in Proceedings of the ACM Workshop on Frontiers in Computer Communications Technology, SIGCOMM ’87 (Association for Computing Machinery, New York, 1987), p. 2–7
Z. Bazzal, A.M. Ahmad, I. El Bitar, M. Rizk, M. Raad, Proposition of an adaptive retransmission timeout for TCP in 802.11 wireless environments. Int. J. Eng. Res. Appl. 7, 64–71 (2017)
M. Larsson, A. Silfver, Signal-aware adaptive timeout in cellular networks: Analysing predictability of link failure in cellular networks based on network conditions (2017). http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-138128. Retrieved 6 Dec 2020
V. Jacobson, Congestion avoidance and control. SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev. 18, 314–329 (1988)
S. Floyd, T. Henderson, RFC 2582: The NewReno Modification to TCP’s Fast Recovery Algorithm (1999). Retrieved 6 Dec 2020
C.P. Fu, S.C. Liew, TCP Veno: TCP enhancement for transmission over wireless access networks. IEEE J. Sel. Areas. Commun. 21, 216–228 (2006)
S. Ha, I. Rhee, L. Xu, CUBIC: a new TCP-friendly high-speed TCP variant. ACM SIGOPS Operat. Syst. Rev. 42, 64–74 (2008)
D.X. Wei, C. Jin, S.H. Low, S. Hegde, FAST TCP: motivation, architecture, algorithms, performance. IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw. 14, 1246–1259 (2006)
C. Claudio, G. Mario, M. Saverio, M. Sanadidi, W. Ren, TCP westwood: end-to-end congestion control for wired/wireless networks. Wireless Netw. 8, 1572–8196 (2002)
L.A. Grieco, S. Mascolo, Performance evaluation and comparison of westwood+, New Reno, and Vegas TCP congestion control. ACM SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev. 34, 25–38 (2004)
D. Kliazovich, F. Granelli, Cross-layer congestion control in ad hoc wireless networks. Ad Hoc Netw. 4(6), 687–708 (2006)
M.R. Kanagarathinam, S. Singh, I. Sandeep, A. Roy, N. Saxena, D-TCP: dynamic TCP congestion control algorithm for next generation mobile networks, in Proceedings of the IEEE Annual Consumer Communications Networking Conference (CCNC) (2018), pp. 1–6
F. Lu, H. Du, A. Jain, G.M. Voelker, A.C. Snoeren, A. Terzis, CQIC: revisiting cross-layer congestion control for cellular networks, in Proceedings of the 16th International Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications (2015), pp. 45–50
M.R. Kanagarathinam, S. Singh, I. Sandeep, H. Kim, M.K. Maheshwari, J. Hwang, A. Roy, N. Saxena. NexGen D-TCP: next generation dynamic TCP congestion control algorithm. IEEE Access 8, 164482–164496 (2020)
T. Azzino, M. Drago, M. Polese, A. Zanella, M. Zorzi, X-TCP: a cross layer approach for TCP uplink flows in mmWave networks, in Proceedings of the Annual Mediterranean Ad Hoc Networking Workshop (Med-Hoc-Net) (IEEE, Piscataway, 2017), pp. 1–6
T. Zhang, S. Mao, Machine learning for end-to-end congestion control. IEEE Commun. Mag. 58(6), 52–57 (2020)
Achieving > 10 Gbps Network Throughput on Dedicated Host Instances. https://tinyurl.com/y48yrpym. Retrieved 6 Dec 2020
S. Yu, J. Chen, J. Mambretti, F. Yeh, Analysis of CPU pinning and storage configuration in 100 gbps network data transfer, in 2018 IEEE/ACM Innovating the Network for Data-Intensive Science (INDIS) (2018), pp. 64–74
G.K. Choudhary, M.R. Kanagarathinam, H. Natarajan, K. Arunachalam, G. Monty, R.S. Lingappa, J.M. Ppallan, S.R. Jayaseelan, C. Bharti, Method and system for handling data path creation in wireless network system. US Patent App. 16/384,040 (2019)
E. Altman, D. Barman, B. Tuffin, M. Vojnovic, Parallel TCP sockets: Simple model, throughput and validation, in INFOCOM, vol. 2006 (2006), pp. 1–12
G.K. Choudhary, M.R. Kanagarathinam, H. Natarajan, K. Arunachalam, S.R. Jayaseelan, G. Sinha, D. Das, Novel multipipe quic protocols to enhance the wireless network performance, in 2020 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC) (2020), pp. 1–7
D. Borman, R. Braden, V. Jacobson, R. Scheffenegger, TCP extensions for high performance, Request for Comments (Proposed Standard) RFC, vol. 1323 (1992)
G. Appenzeller, I. Keslassy, N. McKeown, Sizing router buffers, in Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM, pp. 281–292 (2004)
J. Gettys, K. Nichols, Bufferbloat: Dark buffers in the internet. Commun. ACM 55, 57–65 (2012)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kanagarathinam, M.R., Sivalingam, K.M. (2021). Challenges in Transport Layer Design for Terahertz Communication-Based 6G Networks. In: Wu, Y., et al. 6G Mobile Wireless Networks. Computer Communications and Networks. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72777-2_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72777-2_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-72776-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-72777-2
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)