Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A Bottomless Well and Other Solutions

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The End of an Antibiotic Era

  • 353 Accesses

Abstract

During the last decade, international concern with the problem of antibiotic resistance has strongly increased. Different international initiatives have been taken to put antimicrobial resistance on the health political agenda and to address the global challenges in this domain. Pharmaceutical companies signed several declarations and formed alliances to find solutions to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance. Doctors and scientists from all over the world joined newly formed organisations to discuss and tackle the issue.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 29.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 37.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    The Global Antibiotic Resistance Partnership (GARP) is an initiative of the CDDEP. GARP is attempting to establish realistic guidelines for countries with low and low-middle incomes. In 2020, the income in low-income countries amounted to 1036 dollars or less per head of population, and in low middle-income countries between 1036 and 4045 dollars (World Bank 2020).

  2. 2.

    Carbapenamases are enzymes that neutralise the effect of carbapenem antibiotics. NDM-1, or New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase, is one of these.

  3. 3.

    There are four different carbapenems: meropenem, imipenem, ertapenem and, newest and most expensive, doripenem.

  4. 4.

    Social Democrat Frank Vandenbroucke (1955–) was Minister of Social Affairs and Pensions, Foreign Minister, and Minister of Employment, Teaching and Education. Before and after this he was for many years a senator, member of parliament and councillor. After his political career he became a Minister of State and Professor at the universities of Leuven and Amsterdam. On 1 October 2020, he made an unexpected return in politics. Vandenbroucke was appointed Minster of Health and Social Affairs and also became vice-prime minister. Vandenbroucke is responsible for managing the coronacrisis in Belgium.

  5. 5.

    Bernard Kouchner was Health Minister in 2001 and 2002. He also held this post in 1988 (State Secretary) and 1992. Kouchner is one of the founders of Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF). From 2007 to 2010, he was Foreign Minister. Since 2015, he is helping Ukraïne to build up a healthcare system.

  6. 6.

    This is the plan mentioned above that was presented on 17 November 2011.

  7. 7.

    Paul Miller is since 2019 Chief Scientific Officer at Artizan Biosciences after working in similar positions at AstraZeneca and Synlogic.

  8. 8.

    Extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) are enzymes produced by bacteria that make them resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics.

  9. 9.

    By the end of 2016, John Rex joined the biotech firm F2G as Chief Medical Officer. He is one of the two Industry-based cofounders of the Innovative Medicines Initiative’s New Drugs for Bad Bugs (ND4BB) and member of the US Presidential Advisory Council on Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria.

  10. 10.

    Orphan drugs are medicines for rare diseases. Special conditions apply to clinical trials using these drugs, because there are only very few patients worldwide. Randomised and double-blind studies are almost always excluded because potentially effective medicines cannot be withheld from patients.

  11. 11.

    It emerged from an ECDC study from 2009 that at least 25,000 people die every year from antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The annual costs caused by antibiotic resistances in the EU are estimated to be at least 1.5 billion euros (ECDC/EMEA 2009). In November 2018, a study published in The Lancet provided a new estimate of 33,000 deaths due to infections by antibiotic-resistant bacteria (Cassini et al. 2019).

  12. 12.

    Linezolid is a synthetic antibiotic from the group of oxazolidinones. It is a reserve medicine for infections caused by vancomycin-resistant bacteria. Linezolid inhibits the protein synthesis of bacteria, which stops them from growing.

  13. 13.

    Karsten Becker currently works at the Friedrich Loeffler-Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medicine Greifswald.

  14. 14.

    In Millennium Goal no. 6, it was agreed that the spread of malaria and HIV would be stopped by 2015. One of the outcomes was that two new medicines against malaria could be launched on the market. Thanks to the Stop TB Partnership and the international campaign against tuberculosis, more the 20 million people were cured of tuberculosis worldwide (WHO 2011).

  15. 15.

    Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership.

  16. 16.

    Professor Johan Mouton (1956) died on 7 July 2019. He played a major role not only in the Dutch microbiology world, but also internationally.

  17. 17.

    According to Rodriguez Baño, these had already been reduced by a quarter.

  18. 18.

    See Chap. 7 The end in sight.

  19. 19.

    Laxminarayan is a health economist and an outstanding specialist in this field. He is intensively involved in interdisciplinary research into improper and excessive use of antibiotics.

  20. 20.

    In a phase 2 study, tests are carried out to see whether a medicine is effective and what dose is required. In a phase 3 study the effectiveness of a new medicine on patients is compared with an existing standard treatment or placebo. Phase 4 studies are not carried out until after a medicine is approved, in order to investigate the safety and effectiveness of a medicine in large patient groups.

  21. 21.

    Andrew Witty retired from his post as CEO of GSK on 1 March 2017. His successor is Emma Walmsley, until then head of Glaxo’s consumer health division.

  22. 22.

    Since 2016 known as Association Innovative Medicines. Mr. Dutrée left the organisation on 1 August 2015.

  23. 23.

    This has been going on for many years in Georgia, for example.

  24. 24.

    Mitochondria function as power stations in the cells.

  25. 25.

    See Chap. 9 The role of microbiology.

  26. 26.

    As such he leads the Outbreak Management Team, the main scientific advisory board of the government, during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

  27. 27.

    At the end of January 2014 AstraZeneca signed an agreement with FOB Synthesis of Atlanta in the US. The company is developing two new carbapenem antibiotics FSI-1671 and FSI 1686. AstraZeneca want to combine these with their own medicines. In an e-mail to the author sent in January 2018, a spokesperson from AstraZeneca said that the company had sold their antibiotics franchise portfolio to Pfizer. In January 2019 FSI-1671 combined with sulbactam was still in the preclinical development (Isler et al. 2019). FSI-1686 is also still in preclinical development. Both potentially new carbapenems are now being developed by Achillion, since January 2020 part of Alexion Pharmaceuticals, and FOB Synthesis (Adis Insight 2020).

  28. 28.

    Founded in 1936, the Wellcome Trust administers the estate of the pharmaceutical magnate Sir Henry Wellcome. Born in America, Wellcome founded his pharmaceutical business in England in 1880. The Wellcome Trust supports medical research and is the second largest foundation of its kind after the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, with available assets of ca. 14 billion pounds sterling.

  29. 29.

    GSK 299423 is intended to block the functioning of the topoisomerase enzyme and with it the reproduction of the bacteria.

  30. 30.

    The new compound gepotidacin (GSK2140944) blocks the enzyme topoisomerase, thus blocking reproduction of the bacteria:

  31. 31.

    Professor Inge Gyssens mentions vancomycin, teicoplanin, linezolid, daptomycin and telavancin. Some antibiotics, such as cotrimoxazol, clindamycin and doxycyclin, also help fight livestock-associated MRSA.

  32. 32.

    AstraZeneca was formed in 1999 from a merger between the Swedish firm Astra AB and the Zeneca Group PLC of the UK.

  33. 33.

    Beta-lactamases are enzymes that make bacteria resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics. A beta-lactamase inhibitor restricts these enzymes and thus prevents resistant bacteria from forming. These inhibitors have their own antibacterial effect, although as a rule it is only very weak.

  34. 34.

    Soft tissue infections are infections of the tissue directly under the skin.

  35. 35.

    Fusidic acid is a bactericidal antibiotic that is mainly used to combat superficial infections of the skin, for example those caused by Staphylococcus aureus.

  36. 36.

    In June 2012, scientists from the UK, Switzerland and the USA published a study in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences concerning apramycin, an antibiotic used in the veterinary sector that can possibly be used against bacteria that are resistant to aminoglycoside antibiotics (broad-spectrum antibiotics) (Matt et al. 2012). Before this, however, studies must first be carried out on humans.

  37. 37.

    As a whole Lithuania uses relatively few antibiotics, but it has the highest use of carbapenems amongst the 18 countries that sent data to the ECDC for the report on the antibiotic consumption data over 2010. Three times as many carbapenems are prescribed in Lithuania as in the Netherlands.

  38. 38.

    On 2 October 2014, the birthday of Mahatma Gandhi and Indian Independence Day, the new Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched the Swachh Bharat (‘Clean India’) campaign. Through this initiative, he hopes to have 120 million toilets built in 5 years’ time for the 600 million Indians who at present do not have one. According to an Indian factchecker-site, in 3 years 50 million household toilets have been constructed (FactChecker 2017).

References

  • 3M Science. (2020). Testing of Salmonella bacteriophage preparation for presence of free Salmonella DNA. Accessed January 1, 2021, from https://bit.ly/3o19DhI

  • Abdallah, M., Olafisoye, O., Cortes, C., et al. (2015). Activity of Eravacycline against enterobacteriaceae and Acinetobacter baumannii, including multidrug-resistant isolates, from New York City. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 59(3), 1802–1805. Accessed from https://bit.ly/3rNFq88

  • Access to Medicine. (2017). Access to Vaccines Index 2017. Accessed December 30, 2020, from https://bit.ly/3oaM0n0

  • Access to Medicine. (2018). Shortages, stockouts and scarcity: The issues facing the security of antibiotic supply and the role for pharmaceutical companies. Accessed December 30, 2020, from https://bit.ly/34SMWVh

  • Access to Medicine. (2020a). Biannual reports on access to medicine. Accessed December 30, 2020, from https://bit.ly/2X5arq1

  • Access to Medicine. (2020b). Biannual AMR Benchmark. Accessed December 30, 2020, from https://bit.ly/3b35MwR

  • Adis Insight. (2020). Research programme: Antibacterials - Achillion/FOB Synthesis. Alternative Names: FSI-1297; FSI-1671; FSI-1686. Accessed January 1, 2020, from https://bit.ly/39w7Z1N

  • Alexander, J., Hembach, N., & Schwartz, T. (2020). Evaluation of antibiotic resistance dissemination by wastewater treatment plant effluents with different catchment areas in Germany. Scientific Reports, 10, 8952. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-65635-4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Alosaimy, S., Abdul-Mutakabbir, J. C., Kebriaei, R., et al. (2020). Evaluation of eravacycline: a novel fluorocycline. Pharmacotherapy, 40(3), 221–238. https://doi.org/10.1002/phar.2366.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Amos, G. C. A., Hawkey, P. M., Gaze, W. H., et al. (2014). Waste water effluent contributes to the dissemination of CTX-M-15 in the natural environment. The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 69(7), 1785–1791. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dku079.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • AMR Action Fund. (2020). Bridging the gap between science and patients. 2 to 4 novel antibiotics by 2030. Accessed January 10, 2020, from https://amractionfund.com/

  • AMR Industry Alliance. (2018). Tracking progress to address AMR. Accessed December 30, 2020, from https://bit.ly/34VQYw9

  • AstraZeneca. (2012). European Commission approves ZINFORO™ (ceftaroline fosamil) for adult patients with serious skin infections or community acquired pneumonia. Accessed January 2, 2021, from https://bit.ly/3od0faU

  • Barber, S. L., Borowitz, M., Bekedam, H., et al. (2014). The hospital of the future in China: China’s reform of public hospitals and trends from industrialized countries. Health Policy and Planning, 29(3), 367–378. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czt023.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bax, B. D., Chan, P. F., Eggleston, D. R., et al. (2010). Type IIA topoisomerase inhibition by a new class of antibacterial agents. Nature, 466, 935–940. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09197.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bergström, R. (2011). EFPIA Director Genral’s lectur: Is society ready for the new science? Accessed January 1, 2021, from https://bit.ly/351cNdV

  • Blaak, H., van Hoek, A. H., Hamidjaja, R. A., et al. (2015). Distribution, numbers, and diversity of ESBL-producing E. coli in the poultry farm environment. PLoS One, 10(8), e0135402. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135402.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Blasi, F., Garau, J., Medina, J., et al. (2013). Current management of patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia across Europe: Outcomes from REACH. Respiratory Research, 14(1), 44. https://doi.org/10.1186/1465-9921-14-44.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bréchet, C., Plantin, J., Sauget, M., et al. (2014). Wastewater treatment plants release large amounts of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli into the environment. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 58(12), 1658–1665. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciu190.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlet, J. (2014). World alliance against antibiotic resistance: The WAAAR declaration against antibiotic resistance. Accessed from https://www.efort.org/waaar/

  • Carlet, J., Rambaud, C., & Pulcini, C. (2012). WAAR (World Alliance against Antibiotic Resistance): Safeguarding antibiotics. Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control 1, 25. Accessed from https://bit.ly/38r7lmL

  • Cars, O., Hedin, A., & Heddini, A. (2011). The global need for effective antibiotics—Moving towards concerted action. Drug Resistance Updates, 14(68–69). All conference materials are accessible through this link. Accessed December 27, 2020, from https://bit.ly/3mT5riO

  • Cassini, A., Högberg, L. D., Plachouras, D., et al. (2019). Attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life-years caused by infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the EU and the European Economic Area in 2015: A population-level modelling analysis. Lancet Infectious Disease, 19(1), 56–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30605-4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • CDDEP. (2012). The Global Antibiotic Resistance Partnership. Joint Statement on Antibiotic Resistance with the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and 25 National Health Organizations. Accessed December 27, 2020, from https://bit.ly/3pvAlzx

  • CDDEP. (2020). The Global Antibiotic Resistance Partnership. GARP Network. Accessed December 19, 2020, from https://bit.ly/39gcahY

  • CenterWatch. (2014). Antibacterial drugs market to top $45B globally in 2019. Accessed December 27, 2020, from https://bit.ly/2MFOqMq

  • Chan, M. (2012). Antimicrobial resistance in the European Union and the world. Accessed December 27, 2020, from https://bit.ly/3nNDQRg

  • CORDIS. (2017). Preserving old antibiotics for the future: Assessment of clinical efficacy by a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic approach to optimize effectiveness and reduce resistance for off-patent antibiotics. Accessed January 2, 2021, from https://bit.ly/3s73YZX

  • Corey, R., Naderer, O. J., O’Riordan, W. D., et al. (2014). Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of GSK1322322 in the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 58(11), 6518–6527. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.03360-14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Council of Europe. (2017). Two Danish Journalists prosecuted for exposing a public health hazard. Accessed December 26, 2020, from https://bit.ly/38r7xlZ

  • Davos Declaration. (2016). Declaration by the pharmaceutical, biotechnology and diagnostics industries on combating antimicrobial resistance January 2016. Accessed December 30, 2020, from https://bit.ly/3aP9QAW

  • De Kraker, M. E. A., Stewardson, A. J., & Harbarth, S. (2016). Will 10 million people die a year due to antimicrobial resistance by 2050? PLoS Medicine, 13(11), e1002184. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002184.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Deckers, D. (2014). Speech on the conference joining forces for future health in The Hague, 25 and 26 June 2014. Accessed December 27, 2020, from https://bit.ly/35srV46

  • Dijksma S (2014). Speech by Minister for Agriculture Sharon Dijksma at the Ministerial Conference on Antibiotic Resistance. Accessed December 27, 2020, from https://bit.ly/3nSuiEH

  • DISARM Act. (2019). Developing an innovative strategy for antimicrobial resistant microorganisms Act of 2019 or the DISARM Act of 2019. Accessed January 10, 2021, from https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/1712

  • DNDi. (2016). Drugs for neglected diseases initiative. Accessed December 30, 2020, from https://bit.ly/3mXXI2R

  • EC (European Commission). (2011). Directorate-general for Health & Consumers. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council. Action plan against the rising threats from Antimicrobial Resistance. Accessed December 26, 2020, from https://bit.ly/37O7Fvj

  • EC (European Commission). (2017a). New EU Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance – Questions and answers. Accessed January 1, 2021, from https://bit.ly/3i0689i

  • EC (European Commission). (2017b). A European One Health Action Plan against Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR). Accessed January 1, 2021, from https://bit.ly/351rBt4

  • ECDC (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control). (2013). Surveillance of antimicrobial consumption in Europe, 2010. Accessed January 2, 2021, from https://bit.ly/3b1qz41

  • ECDC (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control). (2017). Summary of the latest data on antibiotic consumption in the European Union ESAC-Net surveillance data November 2017. Accessed January 2, 2021, from https://bit.ly/3rNhO3z

  • ECDC (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control). (2020a). Antimicrobial consumption in the EU/EEA Annual Epidemiological Report for 2019. Accessed January 2, 2021, from https://bit.ly/3pIQf9L

  • ECDC (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control). (2020b). Antimicrobial resistance in the EU/EEA (EARS-Net) Annual Epidemiological Report for 2019. Accessed January 2, 2021, from https://bit.ly/3o9ZLlM

  • ECDC/EMEA. (2009). ECDC/EMEA JOINT TECHNICAL REPORT: The bacterial challenge: Time to react A call to narrow the gap between multidrug-resistant bacteria in the EU and the development of new antibacterial agents. Accessed December 27, 2020, from https://bit.ly/37NQhqK

  • EMA (European Medicines Agency). (2012). Assessment Report Zinforo (ceftaroline fosamil). Accessed January 2, 2021, from https://bit.ly/2JCelUa

  • EMA (European Medicines Agency). (2014). European Medicines Agency completes review of polymyxin-based medicines recommendations issued for safe use in patients with serious infections resistant to standard antibiotics. Accessed January 2, 2021, from https://bit.ly/3pADtdo

  • EMA (European Medicines Agency). (2016). Zavicefta (ceftazidime/avibactam). Accessed January 2, 2021, from https://bit.ly/2LBTaCc

  • ENABLE. (2020). European Gram Negative Antibacterial Engine. What have we achieved? Accessed January 1, 2021, from https://bit.ly/3pGWxXy See also the press releases form January and November 2020 https://bit.ly/3pMfpo5

  • Encyclopeadia Brittanica. (2020). Soviet invasion of Afghanistan 1979. Last updated 11 May 2020. Accessed January 1, 2021, fromhttps://bit.ly/38uZ4y9

  • Erasmus, V. (2012). Compliance to hand hygiene guidelines in hospital care. A stepwise behavioural approach. Doctorate thesis. Accessed January 3, 2021, from https://repub.eur.nl/pub/32161/

  • ESBLAT. (2018). Summary ESBL-Attribution-analysis (ESBLAT). Searching for the sources of antimicrobial resistance in humans. Accessed January 3, 2021, from https://bit.ly/3rQ9hwz

  • ESCMID. (2014). Conference outlines a global plan to use old antibiotics to tackle multi-drug resistant ‘Superbugs’ and confront the imminent threat of a ‘post-antibiotic age’ which could see millions die from once commonplace, treatable infections. Accessed January 2, 2021, from https://bit.ly/3o96xbA

  • FactChecker. (2017). 3 Years of Swachh Bharat: 50 Million more toilets; unclear how many are used. Accessed January 2, 2021, from https://bit.ly/3pGAmk7

  • Flamm, R. K., Farrell, D. J., Rhomberg, P. R., et al. (2017). Gepotidacin (GSK2140944) in vitro activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 61(7), e00468–e00417. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00468-17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fruciano, D. E., & Bourne, S. (2007). Phage as an antimicrobial agent: d'Herelle’s heretical theories and their role in the decline of phage prophylaxis in the West. Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology, 18(1), 19–26. https://doi.org/10.1155/2007/976850.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • G7 Health Ministers. (2015). Declaration of the G7 Health Ministers 8-9 October 2015 in Berlin. Think ahead, act together. Accessed December 26, 2020, from https://bit.ly/2WLBgiN

  • Garau, J., Blasi, F., Medina, J., et al. (2015). Early response to antibiotic treatment in European patients hospitalized with complicated skin and soft tissue infections: Analysis of the REACH study. BMC Infectious Diseases, 15, 78. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-015-0822-2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ghafur, A., Mathai, D., Muruganathan, A. et al. (2013). The Chennai declaration: A roadmap to tackle the challenge of antimicrobial resistance. The Indian Journal of Cancer, 50(1): 71–73. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-509X.104065. Accessed from https://bit.ly/3gZuOy4

  • Goossens, H. (2013). The Chennai declaration on antimicrobial resistance in India. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 13(2): 105–106. Accessed from https://bit.ly/3s6Z4vX

  • Government of the Netherlands. (2012). The responsible use of medicines, setting policies for better and cost-effective healthcare. Accessed December 26, 2020, links to speech of the Dutch Health Minister and to the conference report https://bit.ly/37NcXra

  • Grand View. (2016). Antibiotics market size to reach $57.0 billion by 2024. Grand View Research, Inc. Accessed December 27, 2020, from https://bit.ly/3mTlVYf

  • Grossmann, T. H., Starosta, A. L., Fyfe, C., et al. (2012). Target- and resistance-based mechanistic studies with TP-434, a novel fluorocycline antibiotic. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 56(5), 2559–2564. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.06187-11.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gyssens, I. C. (2008). All EU hands to the EU pumps: The Science Academies of Europe (EASAC) recommend strong support of research to tackle antibacterial resistance. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 14(10), 889–891. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02067.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hellamand, M., & Rafiqi, F. (2020). Evidence shows the antibiotics market is failing, but here is how it can be revived. The Pharmaceutical Journal, 305(7940). https://doi.org/10.1211/PJ.2020.20208270. Accessed from https://bit.ly/3500qi5

  • Herpers, B. L, Badoux, P., Totté, J. E. E., et al. (2014). Specific lysis of Staphylococcus aureus by the bacteriophage endolysin Staphefekt SA. 100: In vitro studies and human case series. Oral presentation on 5 Nov 2014 during the EuroSciCon conference Antibiotic alternatives for the new millennium 5th–7th Nov 2014, London, UK. Accessed January 1, 2021, from https://bit.ly/3n4tFqp

  • IDSA - Infectious Diseases Society of America. (2008). Position paper: Recommended design features of future clinical trials of antibacterial agents for community-acquired pneumonia. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 47(3), 249–265. https://doi.org/10.1086/591411.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • IFPMA (International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers & Associations). (2016). Industry roadmap for progress on combating antimicrobial resistance – September 2016. Accessed December 30, 2020, from https://bit.ly/38LBfBc

  • Imi. (2020). Innovative medicines initiative. COMBACTE-NET. Combatting bacterial resistance in Europe. Accessed January 1, 2021, from https://bit.ly/2LywAuj

  • Investigative Report Denmark. (2014). Danish journalists sentenced to fine for releasing names of infected farms – They will try to appeal the case. Accessed December 26, 2020, from https://bit.ly/3poqqLV

  • Investigative Reporting Denmark. (2010). Results of coverage of swine-MRSA in Denmark. Accessed January 9, 2021, from https://bit.ly/2LEQmnR

  • Isler, B., Doi, Y., Bonomo, R. A., et al. (2019). New treatment options against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 63(1), e01110–e01118. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01110-18.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joining Forces for Future Health. (2014, 25–26 June). Outcome statement. The Hague ministerial meeting “Joining Forces for Future Health”. Accessed December 27, 2020, from https://bit.ly/38T2JF9

  • Jones, R. N., Fedler, K. A., Scangarella-Oman, N. E., et al. (2016). Multicenter investigation of Gepotidacin (GSK2140944) Agar Dilution quality control determinations for Neisseria gonorrhoeae ATCC 49226. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 60(7), 4404–4406. https://bit.ly/38tdb6W.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klein, E. Y., Van Boeckel, T. P., Martinez, E. M., et al. (2018). Global increase and geographic convergence in antibiotic consumption between 2000 and 2015. PNAS, 115(15), E3463–E3470. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1717295115.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klein, E. Y., Milkowska-Shibata, M., Tseng, K. K., et al. (2021). Assessment of WHO antibiotic consumption and access targets in 76 countries, 2000-15: An analysis of pharmaceutical sales data. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 21(1), 107–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30332-7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klevens, R. M., Morrsisson, M. A., Nadle, J., et al. (2007). Invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in the United States. JAMA, 298(15), 1763–1771. https://bit.ly/2JCldAW.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koenders, B. (2016). Nederlands EU-voorzitterschap 2016. Accessed December 27, 2020, from https://bit.ly/37Ti2hq

  • Kourtis, A. P., Hatfield, K., Baggs, J., et al. (2019). Vital signs: Epidemiology and recent trends in methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections – United States. MMWR (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly), 68(9), 214–219. Accessed from https://bit.ly/2KV67XV

  • Lemkes, B. A., Richel, O., Bonten, M. J., et al. (2019). New antibiotics: An overview. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde, 163, D3107. Accessed from https://bit.ly/39gJipN

  • Lepore, C., & Kim, W. (2021). Opportunities in 2021 to fix the broken antibiotics market. The Pew Charitable Trusts. Accessed January 10, 2021, from https://bit.ly/2XrgAwV

  • Li, Y., Lv, Y., Xue, F., et al. (2015). Antimicrobial resistance surveillance of doripenem in China. The Journal of Antibiotics, 68, 496–500. https://doi.org/10.1038/ja.2015.25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Manning, M. L., Davis, J., Sparnon, E., et al. (2013). iPads, droids, and bugs: Infection prevention for mobile handheld devices at the point of care. American Journal of Infection Control, 41(11), 1073–1076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2013.03.304.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matt, T., Ng, C. L., Lang, K., et al. (2012). Dissociation of antibacterial activity and aminoglycoside ototoxicity in the 4-monosubstituted 2-deoxystreptamine apramycin. PNAS, 109(27), 10984–10989. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1204073109.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morubagal, R. R., Shivappa, S. G., Mahale, R. P., et al. (2017). Study of bacterial flora associated with mobile phones of healthcare workers and non-healthcare workers. Iranian Journal of Microbiology, 9(3), 143–151. Accessed from https://bit.ly/38rsrBu.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mossialos, E., Morel, C. M., Edwards, S., et al. (2010). Policies and incentives for promoting innovation in antibiotic research. Accessed December 27, 2020, from https://bit.ly/3mSvxm7

  • Mouton, J. W. (2012). Optimising use of old antibiotics: The PK/PD perspective. Oral presentation at the ECCMID 2012 in London, 31 March–April, ExCel Centre, London UK. Accessed January 2, 2021, from https://bit.ly/2JDOxqR

  • Naderer, O. J., Jones, L. S., Zhu, J., et al. (2013). Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of oral and intravenous administration of GSK1322322, a peptide deformylase inhibitor. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 53(11), 1168–1176. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcph.150.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Neill, J. (2014). The review on antimicrobial resistance. antimicrobial resistance: Tackling a crisis for the health and wealth of nations. Accessed December 27, 2020, from https://bit.ly/3aPs0Cv

  • O’Neill, J. (2016). The review on antimicrobial resistance. Tackling drug resistant-infections globally: Final report and recommendations. Accessed December 27, 2020, from https://bit.ly/38AXI3P

  • O’Riordan, W., Tiffany, C., Scangarella-Oman, N., et al. (2017). Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of Gepotidacin (GSK2140944) in the treatment of patients with suspected or confirmed gram-positive acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 61(6), e02095–e02016. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.02095-16.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • OECD. (2018). Stemming the superbug tide. Just a few dollars more. Policy brief. Accessed January 3, 2020, from https://bit.ly/3n9V4qW

  • Piccirilli, A., Pompilio, A., Rossi, L., et al. (2019). Identification of CTX-M-15 and CTX-M-27 in antibiotic-resistant gram-negative bacteria isolated from three rivers running in Central Italy. Microbial Drug Resistance, 25(7), 1041–1049. https://doi.org/10.1089/mdr.2019.0016.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • PSCI. (2020). Pharmaceutical supply chain initiative. Accessed December 30, 2020, from https://pscinitiative.org/about

  • Pulcini, C., Bush, K., Craig, W. A., et al. (2012). Forgotten antibiotics: An inventory in Europe, the United States, Canada, and Australia. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 54(2), 268–274. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir838.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reinhard, R. G., Kalinowski, R. M., Bodnaruk, P. W., et al. (2020). Fate of Listeria on various food contact and noncontact surfaces when treated with bacteriophage. Journal of Food Safety, 40(3), e12775. Accessed from https://bit.ly/3rSpOAv.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rex, J. H., (2020). Tetraphase sold for 14m… and 600m goes up in smoke! Antimicrobial Resistance Solutions. Accessed April 9, 2021, from https://bit.ly/3ta5Mle

  • RIVM. (2018). Bacteriophages: Insufficient understanding of phage treatment of human infections. Accessed from https://bit.ly/3aYnv8J

  • Rosdahl, V. T., & Pedersen, K. B. (eds.) (1998). The Copenhagen recommendations report from the invitational EU conference on the microbial threat. Copenhagen, Denmark 9–10 September 1998. Accessed December 26, 2020, from https://bit.ly/38zw4nD

  • Rosenberg Goldstein, R. E., Micallef, S. A., Gibbs, S. G., et al. (2012). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) detected at four U.S. Wastewater Treatment Plants. Environmental Health Perspectives, 120(11). https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1205436

  • Sadowy, E., & Luczkiewicz, A. (2014). Drug-resistant and hospital-associated Enterococcus faecium from wastewater, riverine estuary and anthropogenically impacted marine catchment basin. BMC Microbiology, 14(66). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-14-66

  • Schippers, E. I. (2012). Letter to Parliament and report on the trip to China of the Minsiter of Health. In Dutch. Accessed December 19, 2020, from https://bit.ly/3q2R25n

  • Schippers, E. I. (2013a). Letter to parliament on the life sciences and health mission to Russia from 5-9 November 2013. In Dutch. Accessed December 19, 2020, from https://bit.ly/39iMFwm

  • Schippers, E. I. (2013b). Report on the life sciences and health mission to China from 8-13 September. In Dutch. Accessed December 19, 2020, from https://bit.ly/2LA81x4

  • Schippers, E. I. (2014a). Brief regering; Verslag een werkbezoek aan India van 29 tot en met 31 januari 2014. Letter to Parliament on the trip of the Health Minister to India from 29-31 January 2014. In Dutch. Accessed December 26, 2020, from https://bit.ly/3hWBcXa

  • Schippers, E. I. (2014b). Minister Schippers opens conference on antibiotic resistance. Accessed December 27, 2020, from https://bit.ly/38tK8jJ

  • Schippers, E. I. (2016). Statement by Dutch Minister of Health, Welfare and Sport, at the meeting of the committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety, in Brussels 14 January 2016. Accessed December 27, 2020, from https://bit.ly/3hns11D

  • Shebs, E. L., Lukov, M. J., Giotto, F. M., et al. (2020). Efficacy of bacteriophage and organic acids in decreasing STEC O157:H7 populations in beef kept under vacuum and aerobic conditions: A simulated high event period scenario. Meat Science, 162(108023). Accessed from https://bit.ly/3rLXe3l

  • Skipr. (2013). Wereldwijde aanpak antibioticaresistentie. In Dutch. Accessed December 20, 2020, from https://bit.ly/3oyAbag

  • Spellberg, B., Fleming, T. R., & Gilbert, D. N. (2008). Executive summary: Workshop on issues in the design and conduct of clinical trials of antibacterial drugs in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 47(3), 105–107. https://doi.org/10.1086/591389.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Statens Serum Institut. (2016). Danmap 2015. Accessed December 26, 2020, from https://www.danmap.org/reports/2015

  • Statens Serum Institut. (2020). Danmap 2019. Accessed December 26, 2020, from https://www.danmap.org/reports/2019

  • StopTB. (2020). StopTB Partnership. Accessed December 30, 2020, from https://bit.ly/3n1IdHk

  • Sulakvelidze, A., Alavidze, Z., & Morris, J. G., Jr. (2001). Bacteriophage therapy. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 45(3), 649–659. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.45.3.649-659.2001.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • SumOfUs. (2015). Bad Medicine. How the pharmaceutical industry is contributing to the global rise of antibiotic-resistant superbugs. Accessed December 19, 2020, from https://bit.ly/37wTgDF

  • Swedish EU-Presidency. (2009). Innovative incentives for effective antibacterials. Accessed December 26, 2020, from https://bit.ly/2Jkj5xy

  • TATFAR. (2011). Transatlantic Taskforce on Antimicrobial Resistance. Recommendations for future collaboration between the U.S. and EU. Accessed January 1, 2021, from https://bit.ly/3hAkRaD

  • Taucer-Kapteijn, M., Hoogenboezem, W., Heiliegers, L., et al. (2016). Screening municipal wastewater effluent and surface water used for drinking water production for the presence of ampicillin and vancomycin resistant enterococci. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 219(4-5), 437–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.04.007.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, S. N., Morris, D. H., Avery, A. K., et al. (2018). Gepotidacin for the treatment of uncomplicated urogenital gonorrhea: A phase 2, randomized, dose-ranging, single-oral dose evaluation. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 67(4), 504–512. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy145.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • The Danish Council of Ethics. (2014). The Danish Council of Ethics’ statement on the use of antibiotics. Accessed December 26, 2020, from https://bit.ly/3aN4ztx

  • The Federal Government. (2016). Final Report on the G7 Summit. See page 26 of the full report. Accessed December 26, 2020, from https://bit.ly/399C1rC

  • The Guardian. (2016). GSK’s Andrew Witty: The man who sold the world cheaper medicines. Accessed January 1, 2021, from https://bit.ly/3aZAZBd

  • The Times of India. (2011). Plan to ban OTC sale of antibiotics put off. Accessed December 19, 2020, from https://bit.ly/2WIl2XX

  • The Times of India. (2012). Curb on over-the-counter sale of 92 antibiotics soon. Accessed December 19, 2020, from https://bit.ly/2WrXoid

  • The Times of India. (2014). Over-the-counter sale of 46 drugs to be restricted from March 1. Accessed December 19, 2020, from https://bit.ly/37w4NmT

  • The Wall Street Journal. (2014). Drug makers Tiptoe back into antibiotic R&D. As superbugs spread, regulators begin to remove roadblocks for new treatments. Accessed January 1, 2021, from https://on.wsj.com/2X1RFA0

  • The Washington Post. (2014). Beyond antibiotics: A new weapon against superbugs shows promise share on Facebook share on Twitter share on Google Plus share via email more options. Accessed January 1, 2021, from https://bit.ly/350sP82

  • Theuretzbacher, U. (2017). AIDA. Preserving old antibiotics for the future. Accessed January 2, 2021, from https://theuretzbacher.wordpress.com/aida/

  • UN. (2016). Draft political declaration of the high-level meeting of the General Assembly on antimicrobial resistance. Accessed December 30, 2020, from https://bit.ly/34XxLKB

  • UN News. (2016). At UN, global leaders commit to act on antimicrobial resistance. Accessed December 30, 2020, from https://bit.ly/38Rwkyz

  • Uppsala Universitet. (2014). €85 million European programme targets novel antibiotics. Accessed January 1, 2021, from https://bit.ly/3oceqNg

  • USCC. (2014). Annual Report to Congress of the US-China Economic and Security Commission (USCC). See section 3 pp 127–182. Accessed December 19, 2020, from https://bit.ly/389kZLb

  • Van den Hoogen, A. (2009). Infections in neonatal intensive care prevalence, prevention and antibiotic use. Doctorate thesis. Accessed January 3, 2021, from https://bit.ly/352l4yo

  • Vlieghe, E. (2012). The first global forum on bacterial infections calls for urgent action to contain antibiotic resistance. Expert Review of Anti Infective Therapy, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.1586/eri.11.162.

  • Wellcome Trust. (2010). Image of new antibiotic in action opens up new opportunities to combat antibacterial resistance. Accessed January 2, 2021, from https://bit.ly/355n8FA

  • WHO. (2011). Millennium Development Goal 6. Accessed December 27, 2020, from https://bit.ly/357ias9

  • WHO. (2013). The use of Bedaquiline in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis Interim policy guidance. Accessed December 30, 2020, from https://bit.ly/2WUizJZ

  • WHO. (2015). Global action plan on antimicrobial resistance. Accessed December 27, 2020, from https://bit.ly/38aRLLG

  • WHO. (2018a). Cancer. Key facts. Accessed December 27, 2020, from https://bit.ly/389R4mc

  • WHO. (2018b). WHO report on surveillance of antibiotic consumption 2016 - 2018 early implementation. Accessed January 2, 2021, from https://bit.ly/3ogzxhO

  • WHO. (2020). WHO model lists of essential medicines. Accessed December 30, 2020, from https://bit.ly/34ZsrXk

  • WHO Europe. (2014). The role of pharmacist in encouraging prudent use of antibiotic medicines and averting antimicrobial resistance – A review of current policies and experiences in Europe (2014). Accessed December 19, 2020, from https://bit.ly/2J551rL

  • Willemsen, I. E. (2010). Improving antimicrobial use and control of resistant micro-organisms in the hospital. Dissertation. Accessed January 1, 2021, from https://bit.ly/34WTaDB

  • World Bank. (2020). New World Bank country classifications by income level: 2020-2021. Accessed December 19, 2020, from https://bit.ly/38o9pdS

  • Zhanel, G. G., Cheung, D., Adam, H., et al. (2016). Review of Eravacycline, a novel fluorocycline antibacterial agent. Drugs, 76(5), 567–588. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-016-0545-8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dutch Broadcasting Foundation (NOS), Hilversum, The Netherlands

    Rinke van den Brink

Authors
  1. Rinke van den Brink
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

van den Brink, R. (2021). A Bottomless Well and Other Solutions. In: The End of an Antibiotic Era. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70723-1_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70723-1_11

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-70722-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-70723-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation