Abstract
Besides chemical composition, the water temperature at the emergence site is, as a rule, a requisite for traditional crenotherapy/balneotherapy practice officially recognized in many European countries as a clinically effective complementary approach in the treatment of low-grade inflammation and stress-related pathologies, the absorption of biologically active inorganic and organic substances through the skin playing an effective role, although the mechanisms of action still remain matter of scientific discussion. The history of balneotherapy and of thermalism, i.e. the economic activity addressed to the prevention, therapy, rehabilitation and wellness provided by the use of hot or warm natural mineral water in thermal resorts or health resort medicine spas. This chapter reports the natural requisites of natural mineral water and spring water to be used in health resort medicine, employing the traditional methods and practices of hydrotherapy, crenotherapy and climatotherapy at the balnearies or bathhouses of the so-called health resort spas.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abe K, Kimura H (1996) The possible role of hydrogen sulfide as an endogenous neuromodulator. J Neurosci 16:1066–1071
Abu-Shakra M, Mayer A, Friger M, Harari M (2014) Dead Sea mud packs for chronic low back pain. Isr Med Assoc J 16:574–577
Acciauiuoli LMC (1952) Le Portugal Hydromineral, vol 1. Direcção Geral de Minas e dos Serviços Geológicos, Lisboa
Albertini MC, Dachá M, Teodori L, Conti ME (2007) Drinking mineral waters: biochemical effects and health implications – the state-of-the-art[CG1]. Int. J. Environmental Health, Vol. 1, No. 1
Altan L, Bingol U, Aslan M, Yurtkuran M (2006) The effect of balneotherapy on patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Scand J Rheumatol 35:283–289
Altman N (2000) Healing springs: the ultimate guide to taking the waters. Simon & Schuster, 336 pp.
Altman N (2002) Sacred water. Paulist Press, 295 pp.
Agishi Y, Miyaji M, Shimizu T (2010) Impact of salt in balneo- and thalassotherapy in Japan. In: proceedings of the international conference; international congress. Spa therapy with saline waters in health resorts. Österr Z Phys Med Rehabil 20:60–61
Annegret F, Thomas F (2013) Long-term benefits of radon spa therapy in rheumatic diseases: results of the randomized, multi-centre IMuRa trial. Rheumatol Int 33:2839–2850
Antonnelli A, Donelli D (2018) Effects of balneotherapy and spa therapy on levels of cortisol as a stress biomarker: a systematic review. Int J Biometeorol 62(6):913–924
Araújo A, Coutinho P (2012) Thermal therapy in health: categorization of therapeutic indications for natural mineral waters in the region of Beira interior of Portugal. Balnea-Anales de Hidrologia Médica 6:455–456
ATP (Associação das Termas de Portugal) (2009) Manual de Boas Práticas nos Estabelecimentos Termais, 84 pp. Contributions of: Cardoso Oliveira L, Frederico T, Martins de Carvalho JM, Monteiro C, Cantista P, Santos Silva AJ, Coutinho C, Antunes da Silva M, Pinto Barbosa J
Azevedo C, Vasconcelos L (1995) Termas Portuguesas. Edições INAPA, Lisboa, 160 pp.
Bálint GP, Buchanan WW, Adám A, Ratkó I, Poór L, Bálint PV, Somos E, Tefner I, Bender T (2007) The effect of the thermal mineral water of Nagybaracska on patients with knee joint osteoarthritis-a double blind study. Clin Rheumatol 26:890–894. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-006-0420-1
Balogh Z, Ordögh J, Gász A, Német L, Bender T (2005) Effectiveness of balneotherapy in chronic low back pain: a randomized single-blind controlled follow-up study. Forsch Komplementarmed Klass Naturheilkd 12:196–201
Barbosa JP (2017) Situación en Portugal de las termas y su experencia en Peloterapia. Libro de Resúmenes del V Congreso Iberoamericano de Peloides, B alneario El raposo, Badajoz, España, 77
Bazzichi L, DaValle Y, Rossi A, Giacomelli C, Sernissi F, Giannaccini G, Betti L, Ciregia F, Giusti L, Scarpellini P, Dell'Osso L, Marazziti D, Bombardieri S, Lucacchini A (2013) A multidisciplinary approach to study the effects of balneotherapy and mud-bath therapy treatments on fibromyalgia. Clin Exp Rheumatol 31:S111–S120
Beer AM, Junginger H, Lukanov J, Sagorchev P (2003) Evaluation of the permeation of peat substances through human skin in vitro. Int J Pharm 253:169–175
Bellometti S, Fabbri B (2010) Effect of mud pack in fibromyalgia. Focus Altern Complement Ther 5. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7166.2000.tb02339.x
Bellometti S, Galzigna L (1999) Function of the hypothalamic adrenal axis in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome undergoing mud-pack treatment. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res 19:27–33
Bellometti S, Giannini S, Sartori L, Crepaldi G (1997a) Cytokine levels in osteoarthrosis patients undergoing mud bath therapy. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res 17:149–153
Bellometti S, Cecchettin M, Galzigna L (1997b) Mud pack therapy in osteoarthrosis: changes in serum levels of chondrocyte markers. Clin Chim Acta 268:101–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-8981(97)00171-X
Bellometti S, Poletto M, Gregotti C et al. (2000) Mud bath therapy influences nitric oxide, myeloperoxidase and glutathione peroxidase serum levels in arthritic patients. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res 20:69–80
Bellometti M, Poletto C, Gregotti P, Richelmi F, Berté (2002) Mud bath therapy influences nitric oxide. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol,16(3)
Bellometti S, Gallotti C, Pacileo G et al (2007) Evaluation of outcomes in SPA-treated osteoarthrosic patients. J Prev Med Hyg 48(1):1–4
Bellometti S, Gallotti C, Pacileo G, Rota A, Tenconi MT (2007) Evaluation of outcomes in SPA-treated osteoarthrosic patients. J Prev Med Hyg 48(1):1–4. https://doi.org/10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2007.48.1.81
Bełtowski J (2015) Hydrogen sulfide in pharmacology and medicine: an update. Pharmacol Rep 67:647–658
Benczúr G (1939) Gyakorlati Balneologia és Klimatologia
Bender T, Bálint PV, Bálint GP (2002) A brief history of spa therapy. Ann Rheum Dis 61:949–950
Bender T, G. Bálint, Z. Prohászka, P. Géher, Tefner IK (2014) Evidence-based hydro- and balneotherapy in Hungary - A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Biometeorol 58:311–323
Benedetti S, Pagliari S, Benvenuti F, Marini D, Galli T, Oliva F, Lazzari P, Canestrari F (2007) Antioxidative effects of sulphurous water from Macerata Feltria thermal resort in patients with osteoarthritis. Prog Nutr 9:46–52
Benedetti S, Benvenuti F, Nappi G, Fortunati NA, Marino L, Aureli T, De Luca S, Pagliarani S, Canestrari F (2009) Antioxidative effects of sulfurous mineral water: protection against lipid and protein oxidation. Eur J Clin Nutr 63:106–112
Bhatia M (2015) H2S and inflammation: an overview. Handb Exp Pharmacol 230:165–180
Boisseuil D (2015) La cure thermale dans l’Italie de la fin du Moyen Âge et du debut du XVIe siècle. In: Scheid J, Nicoud M, Boisseuil D, Coste J (dirs) Le thermalisme. Approches historiques et archéologiques d’un phenomène culturel et médical, Paris, pp 105–122
Bos EM, Van Goor H, Joles JA, Whiteman M, Leuvenink HG (2015) Hydrogen sulfide: Physiological properties and therapeutic potential in ischaemia. Br J Pharmacol 172(6):1479–1493. https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.12869
Bothe G, Coh A, Auinger A (2017) Efficacy and safety of a natural mineral water rich in magnesium and sulphate for bowel function: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Eur J Nutr 56:491–499
Branco M, Rego NN, Silva PH, Archanjo IE, Ribeiro MC, Trevisani VF (2016) Bath thermal waters in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Eur J Phys Rehab Med 52(4):422–430
Brockow T, Schiener R, Franke A, Resch KL, Peter RU (2007a) A pragmatic randomized controlled trial on the effectiveness of low concentrated saline spa water baths followed by ultraviolet B (UVB compared to UVB only in moderate to severe psoriasis). J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 21:1027–1037. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2007.02152.x
Brockow T, Schiener R, Franke A, Resch KL, Peter RU (2007b) A pragmatic randomized controlled trial on the effectiveness of highly concentrated saline spa water-baths followed by UVB compared to UVB only in moderate to severe psoriasis. J Altern Complement Med 13:725–732. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2007.7099
Burguera EF, Vela-Arnero A, Magalhães J, Meijide-Failde R, Blanco FJ (2014) Effect of hydrogen sulfide sources on inflammation and catabolic markers on interleukin 1β–stimulated human articular chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 22:1026–1035
Calado CMA (1988) O quimismo das águas sulfúreas portuguesas. Estudos, Notas e Trabalhos. Serviço de Fomento Mineiro 30:37–49
Calado CMA (2001) A ocorrência de água sulfúrea alcalina no Maciço Hespérico: Quadro Hidrogeológico e Quimiogénese. Universidade de Lisboa. Phd thesis
Cantarini L, Leo G, Giannitti C, Cevenini G, Barberini P, Fioravanti A (2007) Therapeutic effect of spa therapy and short-wave therapy in knee osteoarthritis: a randomized, single blind, controlled trial. Rheumatol Int 27:523–529
Cantista P (2011) O termalismo em Portugal. Anales de Hidrologia Médica 2008–2010(3):79–107
Cantista APP (2016) Medicina termal: a realidade Portuguesa e a Actualidade Internacional. Factores de Risco, Revista da Sociedade Portuguesa de Cardiologia n°41, 66–78.
Carbajo JM, Fernández-Torán MA, Corvillo I, Aguilera L, Meijide R, Carretero MI, Maraver F (2014) Biophysical skin effects of extemporaneous peloids from “Hervideros de Cofrentes Spa” natural mineral water according to their maturity time. J Jpn Soc Balneol Climatol Phys Med 77:507–508. https://doi.org/10.11390/onki.77.507
Carbajo JM, Maraver F (2017) Sulphurous mineral waters: new applications for health. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med
Carbajo JM, Maraver F (2018) Salt water and skin interactions: new lines of evidence. Int J Biometeorol 62:1345–136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-018-1545-z
Carbajo JM, Ubogui J, Vela L, Maraver F (2018a) Sulphurous minerals waters and psoriasis. Med Nat 12:58–602
Carbajo JM, Ubogui J, Vela L, Maraver F (2018b) Aguas sulfuradas y psoriasis. Med Naturista 12:58–60
Carvalho AH (1955) Estudo analítico de águas termais da ilha de São Miguel (Furnas e Ribeira Grande). Direcção-Geral de Minas e Serviços Geológicos, Lisboa, 112 pp
Carubbi C, Masselli E, Calabrò E et al (2019) Sulphurous thermal water inhalation impacts respiratory metabolic parameters in heavy smokers. Int J Biometeorol 63:1209
Chary-Valckenaere I, Damien Loeuille D, Nicolas Jay N, François Kohler F, Tamisier J-N, Roques C-F, Michel Boulange M, Gay G (2018) Spa therapy together with supervised self-mobilisation improves pain, function and quality of life in patients with chronic shoulder pain: a single-blind randomised controlled trial. Int J Biometeorol 62(6):1003–1014. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-018-1502-x
Cheleschi S, Gallo I, Tenti S (2020) A comprehensive analysis to understand the mechanism of action of balneotherapy: why, how, and where they can be used? Evidence from in vitro studies performed on human and animal samples. Int J Biometeorol. c
Ciprian L, Lo Nigro A, Rizzo M, Gava A, Ramonda R, Punzi L, Cozzi F (2013) The effects of spa therapy and rehabilitation on patients with ankylosing spondylitis being treated with TNF inhibitors. Rheumatol Int 33:241–245
Ciani O, Pascarelli NA, Giannitti C, Galeazzi M, Meregaglia M, Fattore G, Fioravanti A (2017) Mud-bath therapy in addition to usual care in bilateral knee osteoarthritis: an economic evaluation alongside a randomized controlled trial. Arthrit Care Res 69:966–972
Codish S, Abu-Shakra M, Flusser D, Friger M, Sukenik S (2005) Mud compress therapy for the hands of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int 25:49–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00296-003-0402-4
Constant F, Collin JF, Guillemin F, Boulangé M (1995) Effectiveness of spa therapy in chronic low back pain: a randomized clinical trial. J Rheumatol 22:1315–1320
Contoli M, Gnesini G, Forini G, Marku B, Pauletti A, Padovani A, Casolari P, Taurino L, Ferraro A, Chicca M, Ciaccia A, Papi A, Pinamonti S (2013) Reducing agents decrease the oxidative burst and improve clinical outcomes in COPD patients: a randomized controlled trial on the effects of sulphurous thermal water inhalation. Sci World J 2013:927835
Corvillo L, Varela E, Armijo F et al (2017) Efficacy of aquatic therapy for multiple sclerosis: a systemic review. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 53(6):944–952
Corvillo L, Armijo F, Álvarez-Badillo A et al (2019) Efficacy of aquatic therapy for neck pain: a systematic review. Int J Biometeorol 64:915. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-019-01738-6
Costantino M, Nappi G, Contaldi E, Lampa E (2005) Effectiveness of Sulphur spa therapy in psoriasis: clinical-experimental study. Med Clin Term 18:127–137
Costantino M, Filippelli A, Giampaolo C, Tiano L, Carlucci DM, Coiro V, Rastrelli L (2012) Hypoglycemic and antioxidant activities of sulphureous mineral water. Pharmacologyonline 1:220–226
Coutinho P, Ribeiro MP, Araújo ARTS (2015) Dermatological potential of thermo-mineral waters from Beira Interior region, Portugal. Libro de Actas del Congreso Internacional del Agua -Termalismo y Calidad de Vida / I Symposium Internacional de Termalismo y Calidad de Vida, Ourense (Spain), 23–24 Septiembre de 2015, Campus da Auga, Universidade de Vigo (editor), pp 495–498
Cozzi F, Podswiadek M, Cardinale G, Oliviero F, Dani LBellometti S, Poletto M, Gregotti C et al (2000) Mud bath therapy influences nitric oxide, myeloperoxidase and glutathione peroxidase serum levels in arthritic patients. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res 20:69–80
Cozzi F, Podswiadek M, Cardinale G, Oliviero F, Dani L, Sfriso P, Punzi L (2007) Mud bath treatment in spondylitis associated with inflammatory bowel disease e a pilot randomized clinical trial. Joint Bone Spine 74:436–439
Dawe RS, Yule S, Cameron H et al (2005) A randomised controlled caomparison of the efficacy of Dead Sea salt balneophototherapy versus narrowband ultravioleta BH monotherapy for the treatment of chronic plaque psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 153:613–619
DGS-MS (2011) Normas e Critérios para a Investigação Termal. Parte I -–Novas Vocações Terapêuticas/Comprovação do Efeito Terapêutico, 11 pp. Parte II-Investigação nos Estabelecimentos Termais (Exemplificação de Estudos Clínicos com Águas Minerais Naturais), 9 pp
Di Marco AM, De Novellis AM, Carluccio V, Lanuti P et al. (2019) Short-and long-term beneficial effects of beneficial medicinal mineral water administration. Environ Geochem Health. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-019-00290-x
Diegues P, Martins V (2010) Águas Termais: Riscos e Benefícios. Direcção-Geral da Saúde.
DiGioia ML, Leggio A, LePera A, Liguori A, Perri A (2006) Occurrence of organic compounds in the thermal sulphurous waters of Calabria, Italy. Chromatographia 63:585–590
Dönmez A, Karagülle MZ, Tercan N, Dinler M, Issever H, Karagülle M, Turan M (2005) SPA therapy in fibromyalgia: a randomized controlled study. Rheumatol Int 26:168–172
EC (1980) Council Directive relating the quality of water intended for human consumption (80/778/EEC). Off J Eur Community L229:11–29
EC (1998) Council Directive relating to the quality of water intended for human consumption (98/83/EEC). Off J Eur Community L330:32–54
Ekmekcioglu C, Strauss-Blasche G, Holzer F, Marktl W (2002) Effect of sulfur baths on antioxidative defense systems, peroxide concentrations and lipid levels in patients with degenerative osteoarthritis. Forsch Komplementarmed Klass Naturheilkd 9:216–220
Elkayam O, Wigler I, Tishler M, Rosenblum I, Caspi D, Segal R, Fishel B, Yaron M (1991) Effect of spa therapy in Tiberias on patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. J Rheumatol 18:1799–1803
Emmanuel T, Lypaek D, Johansen C, Iversen L (2020) Effect of Dead Sea Climatotherapy on psoriasis: a prospective cohort study. Front Med 18. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed2020.00083
Erickson HP (2007) Evaluation of the cytoskeletal. Bio Essays. https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.20601
ESPA (2006) European Spas Association. Quality criteria of ESPA
Espejo-Antúnez L, Cardero-Durán MA, Garrido-Ardila EM, Torres-Piles S, Caro-Puértolas B (2013) Clinical effectiveness of mud pack therapy in knee osteoarthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 52:659–668
Evcik D, Kavuncu V, Yeter A, Yigit I (2007) The efficacy of balneotherapy and mud-pack therapy in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Joint Bone Spine 74:60–65
Failde RM (2008) El água: Hidratación y Salud. Tribunatermal 12:20–27
Falagas ME, Zarkadoulia E, Rafailidis PI (2009) The therapeutic effect of balneotherapy: evaluation of the evidence from randomised controlled trials. Int J Clin Pract 63:1068–1084
Falkenbach A, Kovacs J, Franke A, Jӧrgens K, Ammer K (2005) Radon therapy for the treatment of rheumatic diseases: review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Rheumatol Int 25:205–210
Fazaa A, Souabni L, Ben Abdelghani K, Kassab S, Chekili S, Zouari B, Hajri R, Laatar A, Zakraoui L (2014) Comparison of the clinical effectiveness of thermal cure and rehabilitation in knee osteoarthritis. A randomized therapeutic trial. Ann Phys Rehabil Med 57(9–10):561–569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rehab.2014.09.007
Feinendegen LE (2005) Evidence for beneficial low level radiation effects and radiation hormesis. Br J Radiol 78(925):3–7. https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr/63353075
Fioravanti A, Perpignano G, Tirri G, Cardinale G, Gianniti C, Lanza CE, Loi A, Tirri E, Sfriso P, Cozzi F (2007) Effects of mud-bath treatment on fibromialgia patients: a randomized clinical trial. Rheumatol Int 27:1157–1161. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00296-007-0358-x
Fioravanti A, Iacoponi F, Bellisai B, Cantarini L, Galeazzi M (2010) Short and long-term effect of spa therapy in knee osteoarthritis. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 89:125–132
Fioravanti A, Cantarini L, Guidelli GM, Galeazzi M (2011) Mechanisms of action of spa therapies in rheumatic diseases: what scientific evidence is there? Rheumatol Int 31:1–8
Fioravanti A, Tenti S, Giannitti C, Fortunati NA, Galeazzi M (2014) Short- and long-term effect of mud bath treatment on hand osteoarthritis: a randomized clinical trial. Int J Biometeorol 58:79–86
Fioravanti A, Karagülle M, Bender T, Karagülle MZ (2017) Balneotherapy in osteoarthritis: facts, fiction, and gaps in knowledge. Eur J Integr Med 9:148–150
Flusser D, Abu-Shakra M, Friger M, Codish S, Sukenik S (2002) Therapy with mud compresses for knee osteoarthritis: comparison of natural mud preparations with mineral-depleted mud. J Clin Rheumatol 8:197–203
Forestier R, Forestier FB, Francon A (2016) Spa therapy and knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review. Ann Phys Rehabil Med 59:216–226
Fraioli A, Menunni G, Petraccia L, Fontana M, Nocchi S, Grassi M (2010) Sulphate-bicarbonate mineral waters in the treatment of biliary and digestive tract diseases. Clin Ter 161:163–168
Fraioli A, Serio A, Mennuni G, Ceccarelli F, Petraccia L, Fontana M, Grassi M, Valesini G (2011) A study on the efficacy of treatment with mud packs and baths with Sillene mineral water (Chianciano Spa Italy) in patients suffering from knee osteoarthritis. Rheumatol Int 31:1333–1340
Fraioli A, Mennuni G, Fontana M, Nocchi S, Ceccarelli F, Perricone C, Serio A (2018) Efficacy of spa therapy, balneotherapy and mud-bath therapy in the management of knee osteoarthritis. a systemic review. BioMed Res Intern 2018:1. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1042576
Franke A, Reiner L, Pratzel HG, Franke T, Resch KL (2000) Long-term efficacy of radon spa therapy in rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized sham-controlled study and follow-up. Rheumatology 39:894–902
Franke A, Reiner L, Resch KL (2007a) Long-term benefit of radon spa therapy in the rehabilitation of rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized, multi-Centre IMuRa trial. Rheumatol Int 27:703–713
Franke A, Reiner L, Resch KL (2007b) Long-term benefit of radon spa therapy in the rehabilitation of rheumatoid arthritis: a randomised, double-blinded trial. Rheumatol Int 27:703–713
Gálvez Galve JJ, Peiró PS, Lucas MO, Torres AH, Gil ES, Pérez MB (2012) Quality of life and assessment after local application of sulphurous water in the home environment in patients with psoriasis vulgaris: a randomized placebo-controlled pilot study. Eur J Integr Med 4:e213–e218
Gálvez I, Torres-Piles S, Ortega-Ricón E (2018) Balneotherapy, immune system, and stress response: a hormetic strategy? Int J Mol Sci 19(6):1687
Gálvez I, Torres-Piles S, Ortega-Ricón E (2019) Effect of mud-bath therapy on the innate/inflammatory responses in elderly patients with osteoarthritis: a discussion of recent results and a pilot study on the role of the innate function of monocytes. Int J Biometeorol 64:927. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-019-01748-4
Gáti F, Tefner IK, Kovács L, Hodosi K, Bender T (2018) The effects of calcium-magnesium bicarbonate content in thermal mineral water on chronic low back pain: a randomized, controlled follow-up study. Int J Biometeorol 62(5):897–905
Gerba CP (2000) Risk assessment. In: Gerba CP, Maier RM, Pepper IL (eds) Environmental microbiology. Academic Press, London, 557-571 pp.
Ghersetich I, Brazzini B, Hercogova J, Lotti T (2001) Mineral waters: instead of cosmetics or better than cosmetics? Clin Dermatol 19(4):478–482
Giannitti C, de Palma A, Pascarelli NA, Cheleshi S (2017) Can balneotherapy modify microRNA expression levels in osteoarthritis? A comparative study in patients with knee osteoarthritis ugust Int J Biometeorol 61(12):1–6, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-017-1420-3
Gomes CSF (2014) Naturotherapies Based on Minerals. Geomaterials 3:1–14
Gomes CSF (2017) Notas sobre Água, Terra, Vida e Saúde. In: Cap. VIII do livro Águas Minerais Naturais e de Nascente da Região Norte (coordenação de J.A. Simões Cortez), (edição de Mare Liberum – Editora para a FEDRAVE), pp 285–352
Gomes CSF (2018) Healing and edible clays: a review of basic concepts, benefits and risks. Environ Geochem Health 40:1739–1765. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-016-9903-4
Gomes CSF, Silva JBP (2012). Minerais e Peloides no Termalismo. Cap. XIV do livro Águas Minerais Naturais e de Nascente da Região Centro (coordenação de J.A. Simões Cortez), (edição de Mare Liberum – Editora para a FEDRAVE), pp 301–379
Gómez JAG, López LAR (2015) Contaminación de las águas termales por Escherichia Coli y la aplicación del ozono en su tratamento. Libro de Actas del Congreso Internacional del Agua -Termalismo y Calidad de Vida / I Symposium Internacional de Termalismo y Calidad de Vida, Ourense (Spain), 23–24 Septiembre de 2015, Campus da Auga, Universidade de Vigo (editor), pp 163–167
Gómez CP, Soutelo GS, Mourelle ML, Legido JL (2019) Spa techniques and technologies: from the past to the present. Sustain Water Resour Manag 5:71–81
Gonzales-Barreiro C, Cancho-Grande B, Araujo-Nespereira P, Cid-Fernández JA, Simal-Gándara J (2009) Occurrence of soluble organic compounds in thermal waters by ion trap mass detection. Chemosphere 75:34–47
González Soutelo S (2007a) En los orígenes de los balnearios, spas y centros de talasoterapia. Los establecimientos termales en el mundo antiguo. Parte I. Tribuna Termal 5:55–61
González Soutelo S (2007b) En los orígenes de los balnearios, spas y centros de talasoterapia. Los establecimientos termales en el mundo antiguo. Parte II. Tribuna Termal 6:34–39
Grether-Beck S, Mühlberg K, Brenden H et al (2008) Bioactive molecules from the Blue Lagoon: in vitro and in vivo assessment of silica mud and microalgae extracts for their effects on the skin barrier function and the prevention of skin ageing. Exp Dermatol 17(9):771–779. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0625.2007.00693
Guérin-Beauvois M, Martin JM (eds) (2007) Bains curatifs et bains hygiéniques en Italie de l’Antiquité au Moyen âge (actes du colloque tenu à Rome les 22 et 23 mars 2004). École française de Rome, Paris
Guidelli GM, Tenti S, De Nobili E, Fioravanti A (2012) Fibromyalgia syndrome and spa therapy: myth or reality? Clin Med Insights Arthritis Musculoskelet Disord 5:19–26. https://doi.org/10.4137/CMAMD.S8797
Guimarães F, Guimarães JL (1954) Hidrologia Médica. Águas Minerais de Portugal, Coimbra
Güngen G, Ardic F, Findikoglu G, Rota S (2012) The effect of mud pack therapy on serum YKL-40 and hsCRP levels in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Rheumatol Int 32:1235–1244
Gutenbrunner C, Bender T, Cantista P, Karagulle MZ (2010) A proposal for a worldwide definition of health resort medicine, balneology, medical hydrology and climatology. Int J Biometeorol 54(5):495–507
Gyarmati N, Kulisch A, Németh A, Bergmann A, Horváth J, Mándó Z, Matán A, Szakál E, Péter TS, Szántó D, Bender T (2017) Evaluation of the effect of Hévíz mud in patients with hand osteoarthritis: a randomized, controlled, single-blind follow-up study. Isr Med Assoc J 19:177–182
Halevy S, Sukenik S (1998) Different modalities of spa therapy for skin diseases at the Dead Sea area. Arch Dermatol 134:1416–1420. https://doi.org/10.1001/archderm.134.11.1416
Halevy S, Giryes H, Friger M, Grossman N, Karpas Z, Sarov B, Sukenik S (2001) The role of trace elements in psoriatic patients undergoing balneotherapy with Dead Sea bath salt. Isr Med Assoc J 3:828–832
Hanzel A, Horvát K, Molics B, Berényi K, Németh B, Szendi K, Varga C (2018) Clinical improvement of patients with osteoarthritis using thermal mineral water at Szigetvár spa-results of a randomized double-blind controlled study. Int J Biometeorol 62:253–259. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-017-1446-6
Hipólito-Reis C (2016) Estâncias Termais em Portugal: Prespectiva Histórica. Revista Factores de Risco da sociedade Portuguesa de Cardiologia 41:14–24
Hristakieva E (2005) Climatotherapy in dermatology. Trakia J Sci 3(4):27–31
Huang A, Seité S, Adar T (2018) The use of balneotherapy in dermatology. Clin Dermatol 36:363–368
INRJ (Instituto Nacional Ricardo Jorge) / MS (Ministério da Saúde) (2014) Amostragem e Análise de Legionella em Sistemas de Água, 40 pp.
INRJ/MS (Instituto Nacional Ricardo Jorge) / (Ministério da Saúde) (2014) Amostragem e Análise de Legionella em Sistemas de Água, 40 pp.
Jackson R (1990) Waters and spas in the classical world. Med Hist Suppl 10:1–13
Karagülle Z, Dönmez A (2002) Balneotherapy for fibromyalgia at the Dead Sea. Rheumatol Int 21:210–211
Karagülle M, Karagülle MZ (2015) Effectiveness of balneotherapy and spa therapy for the treatment of chronic low back pain: a review on latest evidence. Clin Rheumatol 34:207–214. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-014-2845-2
Karagülle MZ, Karagülle M (2019) Effects of drinking natural hydrogen sulfide (H2S) waters: a systematic review of in vivo animal studies. Int J Biometeorol 64:1011. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-019-01829-4
Karagülle MZ, Tütüncü ZN, Aslan O, Basak E, Mutlu A (1996) Effects of thermal Sulphur bath cure on adjuvant arthritic rats. Phys Rehab Kur Med 6:53–57
Karagülle M, Karagülle MZ, Karagülle O, Dönmez A, Turan M (2007) A 10-day course of SPA therapy is beneficial for people with severe knee osteoarthritis. A 24-week randomised, controlled pilot study. Clin Rheumatol 26:2063–2071. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-007-0618-x
Karagülle M, Kardeş S, Karagülle O, Dişçi R, Avcı A, Durak İ, Karagülle MZ (2017) Effect of spa therapy with saline balneotherapy oxidant/antioxidant status in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Int J Biometeorol 61:169–180. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-016-1201-4
Karagülle M, Kardeş S, Karagülle MZ (2018) Long-term efficacy of spa therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int 38:353–362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00296-017-3926-8
Kardeş S, Karagülle M, Geçmen İ, Adıgüzel T, Yücesoy H, Karagülle MZ (2018) Outpatient balneological treatment of osteoarthritis in older persons: a retrospective study. Z Gerontol Geriatr 52:164. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00391-018-1370-3
Katz U, Shoenfeld Y, Zakin V, Sherer Y, Sukenik S (2012) Scientific evidence of the therapeutic effects of dead sea treatments: a systematic review. Semin Arthritis Rheum 42(2):186–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semarthrit.2012.02.006
Kazandieva J, Grozdev I, Darlenski R, Tsankov N (2008) Climatotherapy of psoriasis. Clin Dermatol 26(5):477–485
Kesiktas N, Karakas S, Gun K, Gun N, Murat S, Uludag M (2012) Balneotherapy for chronic low back pain: a randomized, controlled study. Rheumatol Int 32(10):3193–3199
Klein A, Schiffner R, Schiffner-Rohe J et al (2011) A randomised clinical trial in psoriasis: synchronous balneophototherapy with bathing in a Dead Sea salt solution plus narrowband UVB versus narrowband UVB alone (TOMESA-study group). J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 25:570–578
Kopel E, Levi A, Harari M, Ruzicke T, Inger A (2013) Effect of the Dead Sea climatotherapy for psoriasis on quality of life. Isr Med Assoc J 15(2):99–102
Kovács I, Bender T (2002) The therapeutic effects of Cserkeszölö thermal water in osteoarthritis of the knee: a double blind, controlled, follow-up study. Rheumatol Int 21:218–221
Kulisch A, Bender T, Németh A, Szekeres L (2009) Effect of thermal water and adjunctive electrotherapy on chronic low back pain: a double-blind, randomized, follow-up study. J Rehabil Med 41:73–79. https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-0291
Legido JL, Gómez CP, Mourelle L (2015) Nuevas orientaciones versus aplicaciones clássicas de las águas termales. Libro de Actas del Congreso Internacional del Agua -Termalismo y Calidad de Vida / I Symposium Internacional de Termalismo y Calidad de Vida, Ourense (Spain), 23–24 Septiembre de 2015, Campus da Auga, Universidade de Vigo (editor), pp 99–108
Léauté-Labrèze C, Saillour F, Chêne G (2001) Saline Spa water or combined water and UV-B for psoriasis vs conventional UV-BLessons from the Salies de Béarn randomized study. Arch Dermatol 137(8):1035–1039
Leibetseder V, Strauss-Blasche G, Holzer F, Marktl W, Ekmekcioglu C (2004) Improving homocysteine levels through balneotherapy: effects of Sulphur baths. Clin Chim Acta 343:105–111
Maraver F (ed) (2006) Establecimientos balnearios: Historia, literatura y medicina. Balnea 1:1–186
Maraver F (2008) El agua mineral-medicinal: Una herramienta curativa milenaria. Tribunatermal 11:54–57
Maraver F (2017) Aguas mineromedicinales: Importancia terapéutica. In: Vadémecum de las aguas mineromedicinales de Galicia (Gestal JJ, dir.), 21–30, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela.
Maraver F, Armigo F (2010) Vademecum II de Aguas Mineromedicinales Españolas. Univerdidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid
Maraver F, Armijo F (2010) Vademécum II de aguas mineromedicinales españolas. Complutense, Madrid
Maraver F, Carbajo JM, Vazquez I, Armijo F (2018a) El papel de los elementos minerales y otros componentes químicos utilizados en medicina termal: Aguas mineromedicinales sulfuradas y cloruradas (Nuevos mecanismos de acción). In: Agua Subterránea, Medio Ambiente, Salud y Patrimonio, Congreso Ibérico, AIH-GE, Salamanca, pp 581–590. ISBN: 978-84-938046-6-4
Maraver F, Carbajo JM, Covillo I, Morer C, Vasquez I, Fernandez-Tóran MA, Armijo F (2018b) Las aguas cloruradas de los balnearios españoles: Aplicaciones e indicaciones. Medicina Naturista 12(2):51–56
Martin Megias AI (2015) Aspectos nefativos de la cura termal. Bol Soc Esp Hidrol Méd 30(2):205–215
Matsumoto S (2018) Evaluation of the role of balneotherapy in rehabilitation medicine. Nippon Med Sch 85(4):196–203. https://doi.org/10.1272/jnms.JNMS.2018_85-30
Matz H, Orion E, Wol R (2003) Balneotherapy in dermatology. Dermatol Ther 16(2):132–140
McGrath JA, Eady RA, Pope FM (2010) Anatomy and organization of human skin. In: Rook A, Burns T (eds) Rook’s textbook of dermatology, 8th edn. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester
Meijide FR (2017) El uso medico de las aguas minerales y productos termales. In: Gimenez-Forcada E (ed) I Jornada de Geología Médica en España. La Geologia médica: Una disciplina emergente. Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, Madrid, pp 29–45
Meijide-Faílde R, Leira M, Torres Vaamonde JE (2015) Estudio del componente biológico de las águas mineromedicinales y termales de Ourense: Burgas y Outariz. Libro de Actas del Congreso Internacional del Agua -Termalismo y Calidad de Vida / I Symposium Internacional de Termalismo y Calidad de Vida, Ourense (Spain), 23–24 Septiembre de 2015, Campus da Auga, Universidade de Vigo (editor), pp 519–524
Mennuni G, Petraccia L, Fontana M, Nocchi S, Stortini E, Romoli M, Esposito E, Priori F, Grassi M, Geraci A, Serio A, Fraioli A (2014) The therapeutic activity of sulphate-bicarbonate-calcium-magnesiac mineral water in the functional disorders of the biliary tract. Clin Ter 165:e346–e352
Moss GA (2010) Water and health: a forgotten connection. Perspect Public Health 130(5):227–232. https://doi.org/10.1177/1757913910379192
Morais PV, Costa MS (2012) Microbiologia das Águas Minerais Naturais. Capítulo VII, pp. 137–182, In: “Águas Minerais Naturais e de Nascente da Região Centro. Simões Cortez JA (coordenador), Mare Liberum (editor). ISBN: 978-972-8046-17-0
Morer C, Roques CF, Françon A, Forestier R, Maraver F (2017) The role of mineral elements and other chemical compounds used in balneology; data from double-blind randomized clinical trials. Int J Biometeorol 61:2159–2173
Mourelle L, Gómez CP (2015) Cosmética Termal: Aplicaciones en el ambito de la salud y la beleza. Libro de Actas del Congreso Internacional del Agua -Termalismo y Calidad de Vida / I Symposium Internacional de Termalismo y Calidad de Vida, Ourense (Spain), 23–24 Septiembre de 2015, Campus da Auga, Universidade de Vigo (editor), pp 389–398
Mudry Ph (2015) Le thermalisme dans l’antiquité. Mais où sont les médicins? In: Scheid J, Nicoud M, Boisseuil D, Coste J (dirs) Le Thermalisme: Approches historiques et archéologiques d’un phenomène culturel et médical. Pigeaud Richard, Paris, pp 65–78
Munteanu C, Munteanu D (2019) Thalassotherapy today. Balneo Research Journal, Romanian Association of Balneology 10(4):440–404
Munteanu C, Munteanu D, Hoteteu M (2014) Balneotherapy and healthy ageing- review. Balneo Resour J 5:62–81
Nakata H (2008) Japan’s hot springs part of social, geologic and historic fabric. The Japan Times, 22 January 2008
Nasermoaddeli A, Kagamimori S (2005) Balneotherapy in medicine: a review. Environ Health Prev Med 10:171–179
Naumann J, Sadaghiani C (2014) Therapeutic benefit of balneotherapy and hydrotherapy in the management of fibromyalgia syndrome: a qualitative systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arthritis Res Ther 16(4):R141. https://doi.org/10.1186/ar4603
Nunes S, Tamura BM (2012) A historical review of mineral water. Surg Cosmet Dermatol 4:252–258
Odabasi E, Turan M, Erdem H, Tekbas F (2008) Does mud pack treatment have any chemical effect? A randomized controlled clinical study. J Altern Complement Med 14:559–565
Ottaviano G, Marioni G, Staffieri C, Giacomelli L, Marchese-Ragona R, Bertolin A, Staffieri A (2011) Effects of sulfurous, salty, bromic, iodic thermal water nasal irrigations in nonallergic chronic rhinosinusitis: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, clinical, and cytological study. Am J Otolaryngol 32:235–239
Ozkurt S, Donmez A, Karagulle Z, Uzunuglu E, Turam M, Erdogan N (2012) Rheumatol Int 32:1949–1954. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00296-011-1888-9
Özkuk K, Gürdal H, Karagülle M, Barut Y, Eröksüz R, Karagülle MZ (2017) Balneological outpatient treatment for patients with knee osteoarthritis; an effective non-drug therapy option in daily routine? Int J Biometeorol 61:719–728. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-016-1250-8
Pereira AIF (2015) tratamentos Termais e Dermatoses: Evidências de Cosméticos Termais como Adjuvantes. MSc Dissertação. Escola Superior de Tecnología da Saúde do Porto, Porto.
Pérez-Fernández MR, Calvo-Ayuso N, Martínez-Reglero C, Salgado-Barreira Á, Muiño López-Álvarez JL (2019) Efficacy of baths with mineral-medicinal water in patients with fibromyalgia: a randomized clinical trial. Int J Biometeorol 63(9):1161–1170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-019-01729-7
Péter I, Jagicza A, Ajtay Z, Boncz I, Kiss I, Szendi K, Kustán P, Németh BV (2017) Balneotherapy in psoriasis rehabilitation. In Vivo 31(6):1163–1168
Pittler MH, Karagülle MZ, Karagülle M, Ernst E (2006) Spa therapy and balneotherapy for treating low back pain: meta-analysis of randomized trials. Rheumatology 45:880–884
Polefka TG, Bianchini RJ, Shapiro S (2012a) Interaction of mineral salts with the skin: a literature review. Int J Cosmet Sci 34:416–423
Polefka TG, Bianchini RJ, Shapiro S (2012b) Interaction of mineral salts with the skin: A literatura survey. Int J Cosmet Sci 34:416–423. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2494.2012.00731.x
Portaria 1220/2000 – Água Mineral Natural Utilizada nos Estabelecimentos TermaisBathin in a magnesium-rich Dead Sea salt solution improves the skin barrier function, enhances skin hydration and reduces inflammation in atopic dry skin
Portugal-Cohen M, Oron M, Merrik et al (2011) A Dead Sea water-enriched body cream improves the skin severity scores in children with atopic dermatitis. J Cosmet Dermatol Sci Appl 1:71–78
Proksch E, Nissen HP, Bremgartner M, Urquhart C (2005) Bathin in a magnesium-rich Dead Sea salt solution improves the skin barrier function, enhances skin hydration and reduces inflammation in atopic dry skin. Int J Dermatol 44:151–157
Ramalho O (1944) Banhos de Caldas e Águas Minerais (1ª edição de 1875 e última edição de 1944)
Rapoliené L, Razbadauskas A, Mockeviciené D, Varzaityté L, Skarbaliené A (2019) Balneotherapy for musculoskeletal pain: does the mineral content matter? Int J Biometeorol. Published online. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-019-01800-3
Rebelo H (2012) Águas Termais em Portugal: Indicações Terapêuticas e Modos de Utilização. Escola Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa
Rebelo M, Silva EF, Rocha F (2014) Characterization of Portuguese thermo-mineral waters to be applied in peloids maturation. Environ Earth Sci. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-014-3670-2
Routh HB, Bhowmik KR, Parish LC, Witkowski JA (1996) Balneology, mineral water, and spas in historical perspective. Clin Dermatol 14(6):551–554
Sammama E (2015) Sources chaudes et eau médicale : Un «Thermalisme» Grec? In: Scheid J, Nicoud M, Boisseuil D, Coste J (dirs.) Le thermalisme. Approches historiques et archéologiques d’un phenomène culturel et médical, Paris, pp 13–30
Santos I, Cantista P, Vasconcelos C (2016) Balneotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis – a systematic review. Int J Biometeorol 60(8):1287–1301. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-015-1108-5
Sarsan A, Akkaya N, Ozgen M, Yildiz N, Atalay NS, Ardic F (2012) Comparing the efficacy of mature mud pack and hot pack treatments for knee osteoarthritis. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 25:193–199
Scheidleder B, Holzer F, Marktl W (2000) Effect of sulfur administration on lipid levels, antioxidant status and peroxide concentration in health resort patient. Forsch Komplementarmed Klass Naturheilkd 7:75–78
Schiener R, Brockow T, Franke A, Salzer B, Peter RU, Resch KL (2007) Bath PUVA and saltwater baths followed by UV-B phototherapy as treatments for psoriasis: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Dermatol 143:586–596. https://doi.org/10.1001/archderm.143.5.586
Schrieber R, Gareis H (2007) Gelatine handbook: theory and industrial practice. Germany, Weinheim
Seite S (2013) Thermal waters as cosmeceuticals: the example of La Roche-Posay thermal spring water. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 6:23–28. https://doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S39082
Selye H (1936) Nature, July 04 1936, 132
Serbulea M, Payyappallimana U (2012) Onsen (hot springs) in Japan -transforming terrain into healing landscapes. Health Place 18(6):1366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2012.06.020
Shani Jl, Barak S, Levi Dl, Ram MI, Schachner ER, Schlesinger T, Robberecht H, Van Grieken R, Avrach WW (1985) Skin penetration of minerals in psoriatics and guinea-pigs bathing in hypertonic salt solutions. Pharmacological Research Communications, 17(6)
Silva AS, Dinis L (2017) Avaliação da Concentração de Radão nas Águas Minerais Naturais nos Estabelecimentos Termais Portugueses. Ricot (editor). Int J Working Conditions 13: 35–50
Spilioti E, Vargiami M, Letsiou S, Gardikis K, Sygouni V, Koutsoukos P, Chinou I, Kassi E, Moutsatsou P (2017) Biological properties of mud extracts derived from various spa resorts. Environ Geochem Health 39(4):821–833. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-016-9852-y
Steinsland S (2012) Transdermal delivery of water-soluble molecules into human skin. PhD thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Sukenik S, Buskila D, Neumann L, Kleiner-Baumgarten A (1992) Mud pack therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol 11:243–247
Szabó C (2007) Hydrogen sulphide and its therapeutic potential. Nat Rev Drug Discov 6:917–935
Szabó I, Varga C (2019) Finding possible pharmacological effects of identified organic compounds in medicinal waters (BTEX and phenolic compounds). Int J Biometeorol 64:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-019-01808-9
Szucs L, Ratko I, Lesko T, Szoor I, Genti G et al (1989) Double-blind trial on the effectiveness of the Puspokladany thermal water on arthrosis of the knee-joints. J R Soc Health 109:7–9
Tefner IK, Németh A, Lászlófi A, Kis T, Gyetvai G, Bender T (2012) The effect of spa therapy in chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled, single-blind, follow-up study. Rheumatol Int 32:3163–3169
Tefner IK, Gaál R, Koroknai A, Ráthonyi A, Gáti T, Monduk P, Kiss E, Kovács C, Bálint G, Bender T (2013) The effect of Neydharting mud-pack therapy on knee osteoarthritis: a randomized, controlled, double-blind follow-up pilot study. Rheumatol Int 33:2569–2576
Teixeira F (1990) Termas e Saúde. Publ Inst Climat Hidrol Universidade de Coimbra 30:5–17
Teixeira F (1997) Evolução do termalismo médico em Portugal. Publ Inst Climat Hidrol Universidade de Coimbra 35:1–24
Teixeira F (2009). Água, fonte da vida. In: “À Beira da Água”, Comissão de Coordenação e Desenvolvimento da Região Centro (editor), pp 109–139. ISBN: 978-972-569-160-1
Teixeira F (2010). La utilización de las lamas en Portugal: Passado y Presente. II Congreso Iberoamericano de Peloides, Balneário de Lanjarón. Libro de Resúmenes (Maraver F y Carretero M I, editores), pp 14–15
Teixeira F (2012a) O Termalismo na Região Centro. Capítulo XIII do livro “Águas Minerais Naturais e de Nascente da Região Norte”, Simões Cortez JA (Coordenador), Mare Liberum, FEDRAVE (editor), pp 261–300
Teixeira F (2012b) O Termalismo na Região Centro. In: “Águas Minerais Naturais e de Nascente da Região Centro”, Coordenador JA Simões Cortez, Ed. Mare Liberum, FEDRAVE, pp 261–300
Teixeira F (2015) O Termalismo na Região Centro. Vol. 30, n° 2, Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Hidrologia Médica, pp 135–170
Teixeira F (2016a) Termalismo terapêutico em Portugal: Presente e perspectivas futuras. Revista Factores de Risco, Sociedade Portuguesa de. Cardiologia 41:26–37
Teixeira F (2016b) Termalismo Terapêutico em Portugal: Presente e Perspectivas Futuras. In: Hidrologia Médica e Termalismo: Pilares de Salutogénese, Factores de Risco, Revista da Sociedade Portuguesa de Cardiologia, n° 41 (July–September), 26–37.
Teixeira F (2017) O Termalismo na Região Norte. Capítulo IV do livro “Águas Minerais Naturais e de Nascente da Região Norte”, Simões Cortez JA (Coordenador), Mare Liberum, FEDRAVE (editor), pp 159–193
Tenti S, Cheleschi S, Galeazzi M, Fioravanti A (2015) Spa therapy: can be a valid option for treating knee osteoarthritis? Int J Biometeorol 59(8):1133–1143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-014-0913-6
Torres AH, Garcia-Pellicer MP, Aznar FM (2015) Mejora de calidad de vida en pacientes com patologia venosa tratados protocolizadamente com peloides naturales antioxidantes como coadyuvantes vasculares. Libro de Actas del Congreso Internacional del Agua -Termalismo y Calidad de Vida / I Symposium Internacional de Termalismo y Calidad de Vida, Ourense (Spain), 23–24 Septiembre de 2015, Campus da Auga, Universidade de Vigo (editor), pp 499–512
Tsoureli-Nikita E, Menchini G, Ghersetich I, Hercogova J (2002) Alternative treatment of psoriasis with balneotherapy using Leopoldine spa water. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 16:260–262
Valenzuela MA, Bacaicoa JSM (1984) La Saud por las Águas Termales. EDAF (ed.), Madrid
Valenzuela MA, Bacaicoa JSM (1994) Curas Balneárias y Climáticas: Talassoterapia y Helioterapia. Ed. Univ. Complutense de Madrid, Madrid
Varga C (2012a) Volatile organics in thermal spa waters: active ingredients or environmental toxicants? Thermae Spa Med 2:1–8
Varga C (2012b) Balneoprevention: new approaches. Int J Biometeorol 56:195–197
Varga C (2016) On the proper study design applicable to experimental balneology. Int J Biometeorol 60:1307–1309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-015-1113-8
Vos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M et al (2013) Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries (1990–2010): a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2010. Lancet 380(9859):2163–2196
Waring RH (2004) Absorption of magnesium sulphate through the skin. School of Biosciences of the University of Birmingham, UK (republished by the Epsom Salt Council)
Wang R (2012) Physiological implications of hydrogen sulfide: a whiff exploration that blossomed. Physiol Rev 92:791–896
Wu D, Hu Q, Zhu Y (2016) Therapeutic application of hydrogen sulfide donors: the potential and challenges. Front Med 10:18–27
Yoshioka A, Bando H, Nishikiori Y, Nakanishi A (2019) Recent status of hydrotherapy and balneotherapy with clinical beneficial effects. Int J Complement Alt Med 12(6):217–219
Yücesoy H, Geçmen I, Adıgüzel T, Karagülle M, Karagülle MZ (2019) Efficacy of balneological outpatient treatment (hydrotherapy and peloidotherapy) for the management of chronic low back pain: a retrospective study. Int J Biometeorol 63:351–357
Yurtkuran M, Yurtkuran M, Alp A, Nasircilar A, Bingöl U, Altan L, Sarpdere G (2006) Balneotherapy and tap water therapy in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis. Rheumatol Int 27:19–27
Ziemska J, Szynal T, Mazanska M, Solecka J (2019) Natural medicinal resources and some of their therapeutic applications. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig 70(4):407–413. https://doi.org/10.32394/rpzh/2019.0093
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Teixeira, F.J., Gomes, C.S.F. (2021). Natural Mineral Water Used in Health Resort Medicine. In: Gomes, C., Rautureau, M. (eds) Minerals latu sensu and Human Health. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65706-2_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65706-2_14
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-65705-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-65706-2
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)