Abstract
The widespread and increasing use of Li-ion batteries has led to an impending need for recycling solutions. Consequently, recycling of spent Li-ion batteries with energy-efficient, environmentally sustainable strategies has become a research hotspot. In this work, eutectic freeze crystallization (EFC), which requires less energy input than conventional evaporative crystallization (EC), has been investigated as a method for the recovery of Ni and Co sulfates from synthetic acidic strip solution in the recycling of NMC or NCA Li-ion batteries. Two binary sulfate systems have been studied. Batch EFC experiments have been conducted. It is shown that, with suitable control of supersaturation, ice and salt crystals can be recovered as separate phases below the eutectic temperatures. The work shows that EFC is a promising alternative to EC for the recovery of Ni and Co sulfates from spent Li-ion batteries.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Huang B, Pan Z, Su X, An L (2018) Recycling of lithium-ion batteries: recent advances and perspectives. J Power Sourc 399:274–286
Hu J, Zhang J, Li H, Chen Y, Wang C (2017) A promising approach for the recovery of high value-added metals from spent lithium-ion batteries. J Power Sourc 351:192–199
Peng C, Liu F, Lundström M (2019) Selective extraction of lithium (Li) and preparation of battery grade lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) from spent Li-ion batteries in nitrate system. J Power Sourc 415:179–188
Wang H, Friedrich B (2015) Development of a highly efficient hydrometallurgical recycling process for automotive Li–Ion batteries. J Sustain Metall 1:168–178
Chen X, Chen Y, Zhou T, Liu D, Hu H, Fan S (2015) Hydrometallurgical recovery of metal values from sulfuric acid leaching liquor of spent lithium-ion. Waste Manage 38:349–356
Zhang J, Hu J, Zhang W, Chen Y, Wang C (2018) Efficient and economical recovery of lithium, cobalt, nickel, manganese from cathode scrap of spent lithium-ion batteries. J Clean Prod 204:437–446
Virolainen S, Fini MF, Laitinen A, Sainio T (2017) Solvent extraction fractionation of Li-ion battery leachate containing Li, Ni, and Co. Sep Purif Technol 179:274–282
Ulrich J, Jones J (2004) Industrial crystallization: developments in research and technology. Chem Eng Res Des 82:1567–1570
Lu H, Wang J, Wang T, Wang N, Bao Y, Hao H (2017) Crystallization techniques in wastewater treatment: an overview of applications. Chemosphere 173:474–484
Lu X (2014) Novel applications of eutectic freeze crystallization. PhD Thesis, Technische Universiteit Delft, ISBN: 9789461863416
OLI systems Inc Stream Analyser (2010) Version 3.1, OLI Systems Inc, Morris Plains, New Jersey
Kang J, Senanayake G, Sohn J, Shin S (2010) Recovery of cobalt sulfate from spent lithium ion batteries by reductive leaching and solvent extraction with Cyanex 272. Hydrometallurgy 100:168–171
Acknowledgements
This study was carried out within the Processes for Efficient Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries (PERLI) project with grant number 48228-1. The authors are indebted to Swedish Energy Agency for financial support.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Minerals, Metals & Minerals Society
About this paper
Cite this paper
Ma, Y., Svärd, M., Gardner, J., Olsson, R.T., Forsberg, K. (2021). Application of Eutectic Freeze Crystallization in the Recycling of Li-Ion Batteries. In: Azimi, G., et al. Rare Metal Technology 2021. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65489-4_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65489-4_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-65488-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-65489-4
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)