Heavy Metal Contamination in Groundwater and Impact on Plant and Human

Abstract

Heavy metal contamination is considered as one of the major sources of environmental pollution, which affects the plant and human beings. There are natural and anthropogenic sources producing heavy metal contamination to the groundwater. Magmatic (Earth’s crust which constitutes crystalline or glassy material) and metamorphic rocks, weathering, soil formation, rock cycle, and sedimentary are the natural sources that have been utilized for industrial activities, whereas landfills and synthetic agricultural inputs are the anthropogenic sources of heavy metal contamination. Heavy metal contamination has mainly been caused by the presence of cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), chromium (Cr), and lead (Pb). These metals have led to various problems for the survival of plants in the glorious environment. Cadmium leads to leaf chlorosis (insufficient chlorophyll) in growing plants. Excess mercury and lead have led to the reduction of root development and photosynthesis in plants. Chromium decreases the seedling dry weight seriously and is nonbiodegradable. They enter into the food chain and get accretion in different trophic stages causing undesirable effects on plant growth. Hence, effective utilization of groundwater, periodic risk assessment of heavy metal contamination, and remediation are mandatory. Hence, this chapter explores the current status of groundwater caused by heavy metal poisoning, impacts on human and plant species, and heavy metal remediation.