Indium-Free Alternative Transparent Conducting Electrodes: An Overview and Recent Developments

Ramarajan, R.; Paul Joseph, D.; Thangaraju, K.; Kovendhan, M.

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-53065-5_5

R. Ramarajan⁸,
D. Paul Joseph⁸,
K. Thangaraju⁸ &
…
M. Kovendhan⁹

Part of the book series: Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World ((ECSW,volume 55))

783 Accesses
3 Citations

Abstract

The cost and demand of indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes are high due to extensive usage in modern gadgets. Presently the industry is facing the problem of scarcity of indium, which has led to increased exploration of alternate materials for replacing indium-based transparent conducting oxide electrodes (TCOs). Hence, development of highly efficient and cost-effective transparent conducting electrodes (TCEs) to meet out the demand is the need of the hour. This chapter first gives a brief outline of the market analysis on the availability of indium and also the status of alternate materials that are currently competing in the market. This is followed by a brief overview of various materials that are explored for TCE applications such as metal nanowires, carbon nanotubes, graphene, binary/multi-component oxide systems, etc. The general properties of a material that are desired for serving as an TCE are also dealt in sufficient detail. Among the oxide-based TCEs, binary metal oxides possess good electrical and optical properties and are easy for doping with a variety of donor elements. Importantly, the AO₂ binary rutile structure of SnO₂ offers high flexibility to incorporate dopants at the “A” site leading to tuning of bandgap and surface work function. In view of this flexibility, we have portrayed important results of SnO₂ doped with donor elements like Sb, Sb-Ba (co-doping), Nb, and Ta by the facile and cost-effective spray pyrolysis method. The structural, surface morphology, optical, electrical, and temperature stability of sheet resistance of these films are discussed.

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Abbreviations

ATO:: Antimony-doped tin oxide
BATO:: Barium antimony-codoped tin oxide
CBM:: Conduction band minimum
CdO:: Cadmium oxide
Eg:: Energy gap between VBM and CBM
Eg^opt:: Optical bandgap
\( {\mathrm{E}}_{\mathrm{g}}^{\mathrm{MB}} \) :: Moss–Burstein energy shift
FoM:: Figure of merit
FTO:: Fluorine-doped tin oxide
ITO:: Indium tin oxide
NTO:: Niobium-doped tin oxide
OLED:: Organic light-emitting diodes
Sb-doped SnO₂:: Antimony-doped tin oxide
SnO:: Tin (II) oxide/stannous oxide
SnO₂:: Tin (IV) oxide/stannic oxide
TCE:: Transparent conducting electrode
TCO :: Transparent conducting oxide
TTO:: Tantalum-doped tin oxide
VBM:: Valence band maximum
ZnO:: Zinc oxide

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Acknowledgments

The author DPJ thanks NIT-Warangal for research seed grant (2014) funding toward procuring the custom-made spray pyrolysis unit. The author DPJ also thanks SERB, Govt. of India, for research grant under the file No.: YSS/2014/000191. The authors thank Prof. A. Subrahmanyam, Dept. of Physics, IIT Madras, India, for Kelvin Probe measurements.

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Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, India
R. Ramarajan, D. Paul Joseph & K. Thangaraju
Department of Nuclear Physics, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
M. Kovendhan

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R. Ramarajan
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D. Paul Joseph
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K. Thangaraju
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M. Kovendhan
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Correspondence to D. Paul Joseph or K. Thangaraju .

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Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Tarapacá, Arica, Chile
Saravanan Rajendran
Metallurgy and Materials Science and Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
Jiaqian Qin
Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology and Materials, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
Francisco Gracia
CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Coll France, CEREGE, Aix-Marseille University, Aix-en-Provence, France
Eric Lichtfouse

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Ramarajan, R., Paul Joseph, D., Thangaraju, K., Kovendhan, M. (2021). Indium-Free Alternative Transparent Conducting Electrodes: An Overview and Recent Developments. In: Rajendran, S., Qin, J., Gracia, F., Lichtfouse, E. (eds) Metal and Metal Oxides for Energy and Electronics. Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World, vol 55. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53065-5_5

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53065-5_5
Published: 06 October 2020
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