Abstract
Taking into account the most flattering studies, only 40% of new companies surpass the critical seven years of existence and just a 3% of startups go on to scale up. Nonetheless, 45.8% of all founders have failed at least once in the past, and therefore, they can be classified as serial entrepreneurs. The intriguing question arises why some persons pursue founding a company and, even further, why after a negative trial they challenge fate again? The answer is neither simple nor unidimensional. One of the many reasons why nascent entrepreneurs confront the high probability of failure and if failing face venture enterprise again lies in an inherent ability to manage adversity and to recover from setbacks: this is what we call the capability of resilience. We analyze the most relevant literature on entrepreneurial resilience, both from the perspective of individual psychology and from cognitive and behavioral approaches, in order to offer a comprehensive understanding of the human ability to cope with and overcome entrepreneurial failure. A meta-analysis of the different theories on resilience is conducted in order to identify the main academic discourses on entrepreneurial resilience. Additionally the different tests on resilience are categorized under the identified academic discourses; due to the understudied status of the topic, scholars illustrate a theory focused on resilience, but they use surveys designed to underpin other theoretical perspectives; consequently, the methodological tool applied does not always result in congruity with the postulated theories. Therefore, the main objective of this chapter is to establish an alignment between the diverse theoretical conceptions and the methodological approaches when enlightening the entrepreneurial resilience phenomenon.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Aldrich, H. E., & Martínez, M. A. (2001). Many are called, but few are chosen: An evolutionary perspective for the study of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 24(4), 41.
Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M. (2001). Efficacy of theory of planned behaviour: A meta-analytic review. British Journal of social Psychology, 40, 471–499.
Ayala, J. C., & Manzano, G. (2014). The resilience of the entrepreneur. Influence on the success of the business. A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Economic Psychology, 42, 126–135.
Azjen, I. (2011). The theory of planned behaviour: Reactions and reflections. Psychology & Health, 26(9), 1113–1127.
Baruth, K., & Caroll, J. (2002). A formal assessment of resilience: The baruth protective factors inventory. The Journal of Individual Psychology, 58, 235–244.
Benight, C. C., & Bandura, A. (2004). Social cognitive theory of posttraumatic recovery: The role of perceived self-efficacy. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42, 1129–1148.
Bernard, M. J., & Barbosa, S. D. (2016). Résilience et entrepreneuriat. Une approche dynamique et biographique de l´acte d´entreprendre (Resilience and entrepreneurship. A dynamic and biographic approach toward the entrepreneurial act). Management, 19, 89–123.
Buang, N. A. (2012). Entrepreneurs’ resilience measurement. In T. Burger-Helmchen (Ed.), Entrepreneurship – Born, made and educated. In Tech. https://doi.org/10.5772/36377.
Bullough, A., Renko, M., & Myatt, T. (2014). Danger zone entrepreneurs: The importance of resilience and self-efficacy for entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 38(3), 473–499.
Bulmash, B. (2016). Entrepreneurial resilience: Locus of control and well-being of entrepreneurs. Journal of Entrepreneurship & Organization Management, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.4172/2169-026X.1000171.
Campbell-Sills, L., & Stein, M. B. (2007). Psychometric analysis and refinement of the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC): Validation of a 10-item measure of resilience. Journal of Traumatic Stress: Official Publication of The International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, 20(6), 1019–1028.
Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18(2), 76–82.
Corner, P. D., Singh, S., & Pavlovich, K. (2017). Entrepreneurial resilience and venture failure. International Small Business Journal, 35(6), 687–708.
De Vries, H., & Shields, M. (2006). Towards a theory of entrepreneurial resilience: A case study analysis of New Zealand SME owner operators. New Zealand Journal of Applied Business Research, 5(1), 33–43.
Fatoki, O. (2018). The impact of entrepreneurial resilience on the success of small and medium enterprises in South Africa. Sustainability, 10(7), 1–12.
Fisher, R., Maritz, A., & Lobo, A. (2016). Does individual resilience influence entrepreneurial success? Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal, 22(2), 39–53.
Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218–226.
Friborg, O., Hjemdal, O., Rosenvinge, J., & Martinussen, M. (2003). A new rating scale for adult resilience: What are the central protective resources behind healthy adjustment? International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 12, 65–76. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.143.
Friborg, O., Hjemdal, O., Martinussen, M., & Rosenvinge, J. H. (2009). Empirical support for resilience as more than the counterpart and absence of vulnerability and symptoms of mental disorder. Journal of Individual Differences, 30(3), 138–151.
Gatewood, E. J., Shaver, K. G., & Gartner, W. B. (1995). A longitudinal study of cognitive factors Influencing start-up behaviors and success at venture creation. Journal of Business Venturing, 10(5), 371–391.
Hayward, M. L. A., Forster, W. R., Sarasvathy, D., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2010). Beyond hubris: How highly confident entrepreneurs rebound to venture again. Journal of Business Venturing, 25(6), 569–578.
Hedner, T., Abouzeedan, A., & Klofsten, M. (2011). Entrepreneurial resilience. Annals of Innovation & Entrepreneurship, 2, 1–11.
Hlatywayo, C. H., Marange, C. S., & Chinyamurindi, W. T. (2017). A hierarchical multiple regression approach on determining the effect of psychological capital on entrepreneurial intention amongst prospective university graduates in South Africa. Journal of Economics and Behavioural Studies, 9(1), 166–178.
Korber, S., & McNaughton, R. B. (2018). Resilience and entrepreneurship: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 24(7), 1129–1154.
Lee, J., & Wang, J. (2017). Developing entrepreneurial resilience: Implications for human resource development. European Journal of Training and Development, 41(6), 519–539.
Liao, J. (2004). Entrepreneurial failures: Key challenges and future directions. Entrepreneurship: The way ahead. London: Welsh H.P. Routledge.
Luthans, F., Vogelgesang, G. R., & Lester, P. B. (2006). Developing the psychological capital of resiliency. Human Resource Development Review, 5(1), 25–44.
Manzano-García, G., & Ayala-Calvo, J. C. (2013). New perspectives: Towards an integration of the concept “burnout” and its explanatory models. Anales Psicología, 29(3), 800–809.
Manzano-García, G., & Calvo, J. C. A. (2013). Psychometric properties of Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale in a Spanish sample of entrepreneurs. Psicothema, 25(2), 245–251.
Masten, A. S. (1994). Resilience in individual development: Successful adaptation despite risk and adversity. In M. Wang & E. Gordon (Eds.), Risk and resilience in inner city America: Challenges and prospects (pp. 3–25). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Masten, A. S. (2001). Ordinary magic. Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56(3), 227–238.
Miremadi, D. (2013). Racial/ethnic identity as a factor of academic resilience in female black and hispanic undergraduate college students attending a PWI. Dissertation, Simmons College.
Reivich, K. J., Seligman, M. E. P., & McBride, S. (2011). Master resilience training in the U.S. Army. American Psychologist, 66(1), 25–34.
Ryan, L., & Caltabiano, M. (2009). Development of a new resilience scale: The resilience in midlife scale (RIM scale). Asian Social Science, 5, 11–39.
Savolainen, T., Ikonen, M., & Nurmenniemi, H. (2016). Trust and resilience in entrepreneurial perspective: Empirical findings from the developments in entrepreneurs’ stories. In Proceedings of The 11th European conference on innovation and entrepreneurship (pp. 726–740).
Seligman, M. E. P. (1990). Learned optimism (pp. 95–103). New York: Knopf.
Sinclair, V., & Wallston, K. (2004). The development and psychometric evaluation of the brief resilient coping scale. Assessment, 11, 94–101.
Singh, S., Corner, P. D., & Pavlovich, K. (2016). Spirituality and entrepreneurial failure. Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion, 13(1), 24–49.
Smith-Osborne, A., & Whitehill Bolton, K. (2013). Assessing resilience: A review of measures across the life course. Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work, 10(2), 111–126.
Spangler, N., Koesten, J., Jeff, M., & Jeff, R. (2012). Employer perceptions of stress and resilience intervention. Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, 54(11), 1421–1429.
Thompson, E. R. (2009). Individual entrepreneurial intent: Construct clarification and development of an internationally reliable metric. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(3), 669–694.
Wagnild, G. M., & Young, H. M. (1993). Development and psychometric evaluation of the Resilience Scale. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 1, 165–178.
Windle, G., Bennett, K., & Noyes, J. (2011). A methodological review of resilience measurement scales. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 9, 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-9-8.
Wong, S., & Choo, M. (2006). Entrepreneurial intention: Triggers and barriers to new venture creations in Singapore. Singapore Management Review, 28(2), 47–64.
Yang, Y., & Danes, S. M. (2015). Resiliency and resilience process of entrepreneurs in new venture creation. Entrepreneurship Research Journal, 5(1), 1–30.
Zautra, A. J., Hall, J. S., & Murray, K. E. (2010). Resilience: A new definition of health for people and communities. Handbook of adult resilience (pp. 3–34). New York: Guilford.
Zhao, H., Seibert, S. E., & Hills, G. E. (2005). The mediating role of self-efficacy in the development of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(6), 1265–1272.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Pérez Alonso, M.A., Moreno de Castro, B.A. (2020). Resilience and Entrepreneurship, Aligning Theoretical and Methodological Approaches. In: Bilgin, M.H., Danis, H., Demir, E. (eds) Eurasian Business Perspectives. Eurasian Studies in Business and Economics, vol 14/2. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52294-0_21
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52294-0_21
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-52293-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-52294-0
eBook Packages: Business and ManagementBusiness and Management (R0)