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Low Incidence, High Lethality or Higher Incidence, Lower Lethality: What We Know and Don’t Know About Zoonotic Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1 (Monkey B Virus)

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Neglected Diseases in Monkeys

Abstract

There is a long history of co-evolution between herpesviruses and their natural hosts; however, when interspecific transmission occurs there can be significant morbidity and/or mortality. NHP and humans are infected with their own complement of typically asymptomatic herpesviruses. However, macaques are notorious for one of their herpesviruses (Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1; Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1; monkey B virus or; BV) which has caused a small number of human deaths. Since it was first identified, only 28 confirmed cases have been described with approximately 75% causing significant neuropathology and/or death. All documented cases of zoonotic BV infection have occurred in the context of exposures to laboratory macaques in either North America or in one case, the UK. Consequently, BV is the most serious zoonotic concern for research, veterinary, and animal care personnel working with macaques. In contrast, there have been no confirmed reports of zoonotic BV infections resulting from contact with wild macaques. The restriction of zoonotic BV infections to persons having contact with captive research monkeys as opposed to wild macaques raises interesting questions regarding the mechanisms underlying zoonotic BV infections. This review summarizes what is currently known and not known about BV and zoonotic infections and possible factors affecting their occurrence.

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Acknowledgement

The authors are grateful to Mona Ji Xue, who compiled all of the data for Tables 8.2, 8.3 and 8.4.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA

    R. Eberle

  2. Department of Anthropology and Center for Studies in Demography and Ecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

    Lisa Jones-Engel

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Correspondence to Lisa Jones-Engel .

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  1. Workgroup Neglected Tropical Diseases, Infection Biology Unit, Deutsches Primatenzentrum GmbH, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Goettingen, Germany

    Sascha Knauf

  2. Department of Anthropology and Center for Studies in Demography and Ecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

    Lisa Jones-Engel

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Eberle, R., Jones-Engel, L. (2020). Low Incidence, High Lethality or Higher Incidence, Lower Lethality: What We Know and Don’t Know About Zoonotic Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1 (Monkey B Virus). In: Knauf, S., Jones-Engel, L. (eds) Neglected Diseases in Monkeys. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52283-4_8

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