Skip to main content

Learner Modeling in the Context of Caring Assessments

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Adaptive Instructional Systems (HCII 2020)

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNISA,volume 12214))

Included in the following conference series:

Abstract

Learner models maintain representations of students’ cognitive, metacognitive, affective, personality, social and perceptual skills. This information can be used to adapt the adaptive instructional system’s interactions with the student. Our work on caring assessments has provided us with an opportunity to explore learner modelling issues applied to assessment. This paper elaborates on issues such as the nature of the learner model, types of student emotions in assessment and opportunities for adaptations, and the role of individual differences in student characteristics that could inform an expanded learner model to support fine-tuned adjustments to assessment tasks. Other issues discussed include using cognitive and affective information to implement adaptations, as well as implications for reporting systems and open learner models, supporting student access to these systems, and data privacy and data security challenges.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 69.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 89.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Shute, V.J., Zapata-Rivera, D.: Adaptive educational systems. In: Durlach, P. (ed.) Adaptive Technologies for Training and Education, pp. 7–27. Cambridge University Press, New York (2012)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  2. Abyaa, A., Khalidi Idrissi, M., Bennani, S.: Learner modelling: systematic review of the literature from the last 5 years. Educ. Technol. Res. Dev. 67(5), 1105–1143 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-018-09644-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Chrysafiadi, K., Virvou, M.: Student modeling approaches: a literature review for the last decade. Expert Syst. Appl. 40(11), 4715–4729 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Zapata-Rivera, D.: Toward caring assessment systems. In: Tkalcic, M., Thakker, D., Germanakos, P., Yacef, K., Paris, C., Santos, O. (eds.) Proceedings of Adjunct User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization Conference, New York, pp. 97–100 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Zapata-Rivera, D., Jackson, T., Katz, I.R.: Authoring conversation-based assessment scenarios. Des. Recomm. Intell. Tutor. Syst. 3, 169–178 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Zapata-Rivera, D., Lehman, B., Sparks, J.R., Por, H.-H., James, K.: Identifying and addressing unexpected responses in conversation-based assessments (Research Memorandum No. RM-18-13). Educational Testing Service, Princeton (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Lehman, B., Zapata-Rivera, D.: Student emotions in conversation-based assessments. IEEE Trans. Learn. Technol. 11(1), 1–13 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Sparks, R., Zapata-Rivera, D., Lehman, B., James, K., Steinberg, J.: Simulated dialogues with virtual agents: effects of agent features in conversation-based assessments. In: Penstein Rosé, C., et al. (eds.) AIED 2018. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 10948, pp. 469–474. Springer, Cham (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93846-2_88

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  9. Sparks, J.R., Peters, S., Steinberg, J., James, K., Lehman, B.A., Zapata-Rivera, D.: Individual difference measures that predict performance on conversation-based assessments of science inquiry skills. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Toronto, Canada (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Zapata-Rivera, D., Vassileva, J.: Exploring opportunities for caring assessments. In: Guin, N., Kumar, A. (eds.) Exploring Opportunities for Caring Assessments Workshop at the Intelligent Tutoring Systems Conference, pp. 81–84 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Bull, S., Kay, J.: Open learner models. In: Nkambou, R., Bourdeau, J., Mizoguchi, R. (eds.) Advances In Intelligent Tutoring Systems. Studies in computational intelligence, vol. 308, pp. 301–322. Springer, Berlin (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14363-2_15

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  12. Hansen, H.G., Zapata-Rivera, D., White, J.: Framework for the design of accessible intelligent tutoring systems. In: Craig, S.D. (ed.) Tutoring and Intelligent Tutoring Systems, pp. 69–101. Nova Science Publishers, New York (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Verschelden, C.: Bandwidth Recovery: Helping Students Reclaim Cognitive Resources Lost To Poverty, Racism, and Social Marginalization. Stylus, Sterling (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Mislevy, R.J., et al.: On the structure of educational assessments. Measur.: Interdisc. Res. Perspect. 1(1), 3–62 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Zapata-Rivera, D., Hansen, E., Shute, V.J., Underwood, J.S., Bauer, M.: Evidence-based approach to interacting with open student models. Int. J. Artif. Intell. Educ. 17(3), 273–303 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Wise, S.L., et al.: Taking the time to improve the validity of low-stakes Tests: the effort-monitoring CBT. Educ. Meas.: Issues Pract. 25(2), 21–30 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Lehman, B., Jackson, G.T., Forsyth, C.: A (mis)match analysis: examining the alignment between test-taker performance in conventional and game-based assessments. J. Appl. Test. Technol. 20, 17–34 (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Wise, S.L., DeMars, C.E.: An application of item response time: the effort-moderated IRT model. J. Educ. Meas. 43(1), 19–38 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Zapata-Rivera, D., Liu, L., Chen, L., Hao, J., von Davier, A.A.: Assessing science inquiry skills in an immersive, conversation-based scenario. In: Kei Daniel, B. (ed.) Big Data and Learning Analytics in Higher Education, pp. 237–252. Springer, Cham (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06520-5_14

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  20. Malekzadeh, M., Mustafa, M.B., Lahsasna, A.: A review of emotion regulation in intelligent tutoring systems. Educ. Technol. Soc. 18(4), 435–445 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  21. D’Mello, S.: A selective meta-analysis on the relative incidence of discrete affective states during learning with technology. J. Educ. Psychol. 105(4), 1082–1099 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Zeidner, M.: Test Anxiety: the State of the Art. Plenum Press, New York (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Pekrun, R., Goetz, T., Perry, R.P., Kramer, K., Hochstadt, M., Molfenter, S.: Beyond test anxiety: development and validation of the test emotions questionnaire (TEQ). Anxiety Stress Coping 17(3), 287–316 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Pekrun, R.: The control-value theory of achievement emotions: assumptions, corollaries, and implications for educational research and practice. Educ. Psychol. Rev. 18, 315–341 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-006-9029-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Lehman, B., Kinsey, D.M., Finn, B.: How do test-takers perceive leveling in scenario-based tasks? An initial exploration. In: The Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco, CA (2020, accepted)

    Google Scholar 

  26. Aghaei Pour, P., Hussain, M.S., AlZoubi, O., D’Mello, S., Calvo, R.A.: The impact of system feedback on learners’ affective and physiological states. In: Aleven, V., Kay, J., Mostow, J. (eds.) ITS 2010. LNCS, vol. 6094, pp. 264–273. Springer, Heidelberg (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13388-6_31

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  27. Lehman, B., Sparks, J.R., Zapata-Rivera, D.: When should adaptive assessments care? In: Guin, N., Kumar, A. (eds.) Exploring Opportunities for Caring Assessments Workshop at the Intelligent Tutoring Systems Conference, pp. 87–94 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  28. Du Bolay, B., Avramides, K., Luckin, R., Martínez-Mirón, E., Méndez, G.R., Carr, A.: Towards systems that care: a conceptual framework based on motivation, metacognition, and affect. Int. J. Artif. Intell. Educ. 20(3), 197–229 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  29. Self, J.: The defining characteristics of intelligent tutoring systems research: ITSs care, precisely. Int. J. Artif. Intell. Educ. 10, 350–364 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  30. Anthony, J., Qureshi, F., Horvath, S., Bertling, J.P.: Key contextual factors for science achievement [Internal Memorandum]. Educational Testing Service, Princeton (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  31. Braun, H., Coley, R., Jia, Y., Trapani, C.: Exploring what works in science instruction: a look at the eighth-grade science classroom. ETS Policy Information Report. ETS, Princeton (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  32. Duckworth, A.L., Peterson, C., Matthews, M.D., Kelly, D.R.: Grit: perseverance and passion for long-term goals. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 92(6), 1087–1101 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Dweck, C.S.: Mindset: The New Psychology of Success. Ballantine Books, New York (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  34. Richardson, M., Abraham, C., Bond, R.: Psychological correlates of university students’ academic performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol. Bull. 138, 353–387 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Schneider, M., Preckel, F.: Variables associated with achievement in higher education: a systematic review of meta-analyses. Psychol. Bull. 143(6), 565–600 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Yaeger, D.S., et al.: Using design thinking to improve psychological interventions: the case of the growth mindset during the transition to high school. J. Educ. Psychol. 108(3), 374–391 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Sparks, J.R., Steinberg, J., Castellano, K., Lehman, B., Zapata-Rivera, D.: Generating individual difference profiles via cluster analysis: toward caring assessments for science. Paper to be presented at the Annual Meeting of the National Council for Measurement in Education, San Francisco, CA (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  38. Denaux, R., Dimitrova, V., Aroyo, L.: Integrating open user modeling and learning content management for the semantic web. In: Ardissono, L., Brna, P., Mitrovic, A. (eds.) UM 2005. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 3538, pp. 9–18. Springer, Heidelberg (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/11527886_4

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  39. Zapata-Rivera, J.D., Katz, I.R.: Keeping your audience in mind: applying audience analysis to the design of interactive score reports. Assess. Educ. Princ. Policy Pract. 21, 442–463 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  40. Zapata-Rivera, D., et al.: Designing and evaluating reporting systems in the context of new assessments. In: Schmorrow, D.D., Fidopiastis, C.M. (eds.) AC 2018. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 10916, pp. 143–153. Springer, Cham (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91467-1_12

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  41. Hegarty, M.: Advances in cognitive science and information visualization. In: Zapata-Rivera, D. (ed.) Score Reporting Research and Applications. Routledge, New York (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  42. General Data Protection Regulation. Art. 22 GDPR. Automated individual decision-making, including profiling. https://gdpr-info.eu/art-22-gdpr/. Accessed 15 Jan 2020

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Diego Zapata-Rivera .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Zapata-Rivera, D., Lehman, B., Sparks, J.R. (2020). Learner Modeling in the Context of Caring Assessments. In: Sottilare, R.A., Schwarz, J. (eds) Adaptive Instructional Systems. HCII 2020. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 12214. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50788-6_31

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50788-6_31

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-50787-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-50788-6

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics