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Two-Dimensional Crystals: Graphene, Silicene, Germanene, and Stanene

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Springer Handbook of Surface Science

Part of the book series: Springer Handbooks ((SHB))

Abstract

Since the successful exfoliation of graphene from graphite in 2004, research on two-dimensional crystals has attracted significant attention. An increasing number of new two-dimensional materials have been synthesized, ranging from graphene-like crystals such as hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) and germanene, to three-atom-thick transition-metal dichalcogenides, and to layered oxides and hydroxides. A wide spectrum of electronic and magnetic properties of great interest have been discovered in these new two-dimensional materials. In this chapter, we review the history and current status of research on group IVA two-dimensional crystals, i. e., graphene, silicene, germanene, and stanene. We give an overall summary of the syntheses of these two-dimensional crystals, especially epitaxial growth in an ultrahigh-vacuum environment. We hope that the knowledge gained from the reviewed systems will guide the design and synthesis of other two-dimensional crystals.

In this chapter, we give a brief review on the epitaxial growth of group IVA two-dimensional (2-D) monolayers on transition-metal substrates in ultrahigh-vacuum (UHV) environments. In Sect. 9.1, we discuss the epitaxial growth of graphene on a Ru(0001) and other transition-metal substrates. In Sects. 9.2 and 9.3, we review the synthesis of silicene and germanene. Stanene and several other monolayers made with metallic elements are discussed in Sect. 9.4.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

    Yu-Yang Zhang

  2. Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

    Jinbo Pan & Hong-Jun Gao

  3. Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

    Shixuan Du

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  1. Yu-Yang Zhang
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  2. Jinbo Pan
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  3. Shixuan Du
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  4. Hong-Jun Gao
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Correspondence to Jinbo Pan or Hong-Jun Gao .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dipt. di Fisica, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy

    Mario Rocca

  2. Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA

    Talat S. Rahman

  3. Dipt. di Fisica, Università di Genova and IMEM-CNR Unità di Genova, Genova, Italy

    Luca Vattuone

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Zhang, YY., Pan, J., Du, S., Gao, HJ. (2020). Two-Dimensional Crystals: Graphene, Silicene, Germanene, and Stanene. In: Rocca, M., Rahman, T.S., Vattuone, L. (eds) Springer Handbook of Surface Science. Springer Handbooks. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46906-1_9

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