Abstract
Several threats in the form of climate change, future oil supplies, and energy security have created a need for the development of large-scale alternatives to fossil fuel-based fuels. One such alternative fuel developed from bio-renewable resources, which has generated considerable interest, is biodiesel, mainly produced via the transesterification of animal fats and vegetable oils.
Organic and inorganic solvents have been commonly applied to improve the efficiency of the biodiesel production process. However, because of the undesirable properties of conventional solvents such as their hazardous nature, the need for greener alternatives is apparent. Over the last decade, ionic liquids (ILs) have garnered considerable attention for both their process improvement and environmental benefits to the biodiesel production process. In this chapter, a compressive overview is provided of the versatility of ILs as solvents in both the reaction and purification steps in the biodiesel production process, acting as catalysts, co-solvents, and extracting solvents. In addition, this study explores the use of deep eutectic solvents (DESs), which are considered to be the next generation of solvents in the biodiesel production process.
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Abbreviations
- AgBF4:
-
Silver tetrafluoroborate
- ASTM:
-
American Society for Testing and Materials
- BF4:
-
Tetrafluoroborate
- BMIm.CH3SO3:
-
1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate
- BMIm.DCA:
-
1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide
- BMIm.MeSO4:
-
1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium methyl sulfate
- BMIm.OH:
-
1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydroxide
- BMIm.PF6:
-
1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate
- BSPy.CF3SO3:
-
1-4-Sulfonic acid butylpyridinium trifluoromethanesulfonate
- C:
-
Conversion
- CaO:
-
Calcium oxide
- ChOH:
-
Choline hydroxide
- ChOMe:
-
Choline methoxide
- DAIL:
-
Dicationic Brønsted acidic ionic liquid
- DES:
-
Deep eutectic solvent
- EMIm:
-
1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium methyl sulfate
- EMIm.PF6:
-
1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium
- EMIm.TfO:
-
1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate
- FAME:
-
Fatty acid methyl ester
- FFAs:
-
Free fatty acids
- H2SO4:
-
Sulfuric acid
- HPyrBr:
-
1-Hexylpyridinium bromide
- IL:
-
Ionic liquid
- LGCPO:
-
Low-grade crude palm oil
- PF4:
-
Tetrafluorophosphite
- PUFA:
-
Polyunsaturated fatty acids
- SBA-15:
-
Mesoporous silica
- uFAME:
-
Unsaturated fatty acid methyl ester
- wt:
-
Weight
- Y:
-
Yield
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Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful for the funding received from the European Union’s INTERREG VA Programme for the Renewable Engine project, managed by the Special EU Programmes Body (SEUPB), with match funding provided by the Department for the Economy and Department of Jobs, Enterprise and Innovation in Ireland.
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O’Connor, S., Pillai, S.C., Ehimen, E., Bartlett, J. (2020). Production of Biodiesel Using Ionic Liquids. In: Inamuddin, Asiri, A. (eds) Nanotechnology-Based Industrial Applications of Ionic Liquids. Nanotechnology in the Life Sciences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44995-7_12
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