Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

History of Dietary Protein Treatment for Non-dialyzed Chronic Kidney Disease Patients

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Nutrition in Kidney Disease

Part of the book series: Nutrition and Health ((NH))

  • 905 Accesses

Abstract

Dietary protein restriction has been recommended for the treatment of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) since at least the latter half of the nineteenth century. Interestingly, and continuing to the present day, there have been two different views advanced regarding the benefits of protein restriction for CKD patients: (1) protection of the health and function of the diseased kidney and (2) preservation or improvement of the overall health of the patient. For over 100 years, the views of workers in this field have often fluctuated widely between these two potential benefits of low-protein diets (LPDs). This chapter reviews the history of dietary protein recommendations in non-dialyzed patients with CKD from the late 1800s through the present day. In addition, evidence-based guidelines and consensus statements published within the last 20 years that address recommendations for dietary protein intake (DPI) in CKD patients will be presented. Moreover, a brief discussion about high-protein diets and kidney disease is addressed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Kopple JD. History of dietary protein therapy for the treatment of chronic renal disease from the mid 1800s until the 1950s. Am J Nephrol. 2002;22(2/3):278–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Beale JS. Kidney diseases, urinary deposits, and calculous disorders: their nature and treatment. Philadelphia: Lindsay and Blakiston; 1869. p. 85.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Smith HW. The kidney. Structure and function in health and disease. New York: Oxford University Press; 1951.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Warner JH. The therapeutic perspective: medical practice, knowledge and identify in America, 1820–1885. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 1986. p. 91–2.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Watson CW, Lyon G. A preliminary note on the influence of a meat diet on the kidneys. J Physiol. 1906;34:19–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. MacKay EM, MacKay LL, Addis T. Factors which determine renal weight. V. The protein intake. Am J Phys. 1928;86:459–65.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Volhard F, Fahr T. Die Brightsche Nierenkrankheit: Klinik, Pathologie und Atlas. Berlin: Springer; 1914.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  8. Heidland A, Gerabek W, Sebekova K. Franz Volhard and Theodor Fahr: achievements and controversies in their research in renal disease and hypertension. J Hum Hypertens. 2001;15:5–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Volhard F. Die Doppelseitigen Hamatogenen Nierenerkrankungen (Brightsche Krankheit) im Handbuch der inneren Hamwege, Berlin: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GMBH; 1918. pp. 1149–1722.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Newburgh LH, Clarkson S. Renal injury produced in rabbits by diets containing meat. Arch Intern Med. 1923;323:850–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Newburgh LH, Curtis AC. Production of renal injury in the white rat by the protein of the diet: dependence of the injury on the duration of feeding and on the amount and kind of protein. Arch Intern Med. 1928;42:801–21.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Farr LE, Smadel JE. The effect of dietary protein on the course of nephrotoxic nephritis in rats. J Exp Med. 1939;70:615–27.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Jackson H Jr, Riggs MD. The effect of high protein diets on the kidneys in rats. J Biol Chem. 1926;67:101–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Kempner W. Treatment of hypertensive vascular disease with rice diet. Am J Med. 1948;4:545–77.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Borst JGG. Protein katabolism in uraemia: effects of protein-free diet, infections, and blood transfusions. Lancet. 1948;1:824–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Bull GM, Joekes AM, Lowe KG. Conservative treatment of anuric uraemia. Lancet. 1949;2:229–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Addis T. Glomerular nephritis, diagnosis and treatment. New York: Macmillan; 1948.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Bucht H, Werke L, Josephson B. The oxygen consumption of the human kidney during heavy tubular excretory work. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1949;1:277–84.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Clark JK, Barker HG. Studies of renal oxygen consumption in man. 1: the effect of tubular loading (PAH), water diuresis, and osmotic (mannitol) diuresis. J Clin Invest. 1951;30:745–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Arendshorst WJ, Navar LG. Renal circulation and glomerular hemodynamics. In: Schrier RW, editor. Diseases of the kidney and urinary tract. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2001. p. 59–60.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Fishberg AM. Hypertension and nephritis. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1939.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Peters JP, Van Slyke DD. Quantitative clinical chemistry. Interpretations. Vol. 1. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1946.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Naeraa A. Studies on urinary sediment. III: effect of high protein diet upon the course of nephritis, with special reference to the urinary sediment. Acta Med Scand. 1938;95:359.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Merrill JP. The treatment of renal failure. Therapeutic principles in the management of acute and chronic uremia. New York: Grune & Stratton; 1955. p. 134–53.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Cortinovis M, Ruggenenti P, Remuzzi G. Progression, remission and regression of chronic renal disease. Nephron. 2016;134:20–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Zhong J, Yang H-C, Fogo AB. A perspective on chronic kidney disease progression. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2017;312:F375–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Da J, Xie X, Wolf M, Disthabanchong S, Wang J, Zha Y, et al. Serum phosphorus and progression of CKD and mortality: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Am J Kidney Dis. 2015;66(2):258–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Giordano C. Use of exogenous and endogenous urea for protein synthesis in normal and uremic subjects. J Lab Clin Med. 1963;62:231–46.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Giovannetti S, Maggiore Q. A low-nitrogen diet with proteins of high biological value for severe chronic uremia. Lancet. 1964;1:1000–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Di Iorio B, De Sato NG, Anastasio P, Perma A, Pollastro R, Di Micco L, et al. The Giordano-Giovannetti diet. J Nephrol. 2013;26(Suppl 22):S143–52.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Kopple JD, Coburn J. Metabolic studies of low protein diets in uremia. I. Nitrogen and potassium. Medicine. 1973;52:583–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Kopple JD, Shinaberger JH, Coburn JW, Rubin ME. Protein nutrition in uremia: a review. Am J Clin Nutr. 1968;21(5):508–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Berlyne G, Shaw AB, Nilwarangkur S. Dietary treatment of chronic renal failure: experiences with modified Giovannetti diet. Nephron. 1965;2:129–47.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Kluthe R, Quirin H, Oechslen D, Wenig A. “Kartoffel-Ei-Diät” bei fortgeschrittener Niereninsuffizienz. Med Klin. 1967;62(26):1020–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Kluthe R, Oechslen D, Quirin H, Jesdinsky HJ. Six years experience with a special low protein diet. In: Kluthe R, Berlyne G, Burton B, editors. Uremia: an international conference on pathogenesis diagnosis and therapy. Stuttgart: George Thieme; 1972. p. 250–6.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Kopple JD, Monteon FJ, Shaib JK. Effect of energy intake on nitrogen metabolism in nondialyzed patients with chronic renal failure. Kidney Int. 1986;29:734–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Bergstrom J, Furst P, Norée LO. Treatment of chronic uremic patients with protein-poor diet and oral supply of essential amino acids. I. Nitrogen balance studies. Clin Nephrol. 1975;3:187–940.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Norée LO, Bergstrom J. Treatment of chronic uremic patients with protein-poor diet and oral supply of essential amino acids. II. Clinical results of long-term treatment. Clin Nephrol. 1975;3(5):195–203.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Alvestrand A, Ahlberg M, Furst P, Bergstrom J. Clinical results of long-term treatment with a low protein diet and a new amino acid preparation in patients with chronic uremia. Clin Nephrol. 1983;19:67–73.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Bergstrom J, Ahlberg M, Alvestrand A, Furst P. Amino acid therapy for patients with chronic renal failure. Infusionsther Klin Ernahr. 1987;14(Suppl 5):8–11.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Shah AP, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kopple JD. Is there a role for ketoacid supplements in the management of CKD? Am J Kidney Dis. 2015;65(5):659–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Richards P, Metcalfe-Gibson A, Ward EE, Wrong O, Houghton BJ. Utilisation of ammonia nitrogen for protein synthesis in man, and the effect of protein restriction and uraemia. Lancet. 1967;2(7521):845–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Tom K, Young VR, Chapman T, Masud T, Akpele L, Maroni BJ. Long-term adaptive responses to dietary protein restriction in chronic renal failure. Am J Phys. 1995;268(4 pt 1):E668–77.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Varcoe R, Halliday D, Carson ER, Richards P, Tavill AS. Efficiency of utilization of urea nitrogen for albumin synthesis by chronically uraemic and normal man. Clin Sci Mol Med. 1975;48(5):379–90.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Mitch WE, Walser M, Sapir DG. Nitrogen sparing induced by leucine compared with that induced by its keto analogue, alpha-ketoisocaproate, in fasting obese man. J Clin Invest. 1981;67(2):553–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Buse MG, Reid SS. Leucine. A possible regulator of protein turnover in muscle. J Clin Invest. 1975;56(5):1250–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Walser M, Coulter AW, Dighe S, Crantz FR. The effect of keto-analogues of essential amino acids in severe chronic uremia. J Clin Invest. 1973;52(3):678–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Walser M. Ketoacids in the treatment of uremia. Clin Nephrol. 1975;3:180–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Mitch W, Walser M. Nitrogen balance of uremic patients receiving branched-chain ketoacids and the hydroxy-analogue of methionine as substitutes for the respective amino acids. Clin Nephrol. 1977;8(2):341–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Mitch WE, Walser M, Steinman TI, Hill S, Zeger S, Tungsanga K. The effect of a keto acid-amino acid supplement to a restricted diet on the progression of chronic renal failure. N Engl J Med. 1984;311:623–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Heidland A, Kult J, Rockel A, Heidbreder E. Evaluation of essential amino acids and keto acids in uremic patients on low-protein diet. Am J Clin Nutr. 1978;31:1784–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Alvestrand A, Ahlberg M, Fürst P, Bergstrom J. Clinical experiences with amino acid and keto acid diets. Am J Clin Nutr. 1980;33:1654–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Gretz N, Korb E, Strauch M. Low-protein diet supplemented by ketoacids in chronic renal failure: a prospective controlled study. Kidney Int. 1983;24:S263–7.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Barsotti G, Morelli E, Giannoni A, Guiducci A, Lupetti S, Giovannetti S. Restricted phosphorus and nitrogen intake to slow the progression of chronic renal failure: a controlled trial. Kidney Int. 1983;24(Suppl 16):S278–84.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Aparicio M, Bellizzi V, Chauveau P, Cupisti A, Ecder T, Fouque D, et al. Do ketoanalogues still have a role in delaying dialysis initiation in CKD predialysis patients? Semin Dial. 2013;26(6):714–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Fouque D, Aparicio M. Eleven reasons to control the protein intake of patients with chronic kidney disease. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol. 2007;3(7):383–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Kopple JD, Sorensen MK, Coburn JW, Gordon S, Rubini ME. Controlled comparison of 20-gm and 40-gm protein diets in the treatment of chronic uremia. Am J Clin Nutr. 1968;21:553–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Klahr S, Levy AS, Beck GJ, Caggiula AW, Hunsicker L, Kusek JW, et al. and MDRD Study Group. The effects of dietary protein restriction and blood pressure control on the progression of chronic renal disease. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:877–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Klahr S, Breyer JA, Beck GJ, Dennis VW, Hartman JA, Roth D, et al. Dietary protein restriction, blood pressure control, and the progression of polycystic kidney disease. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1995;5(12):2037–47.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Walser M. Progression of chronic renal failure in man. Kidney Int. 1990;37(5):1195–210.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Niwa T, Nomura T, Sugiyama S, Miyazaki T, Tsukushi S, Tsutsui S. The protein metabolite hypothesis, a model for the progression of renal failure: an oral sorbent lowers indoxyl sulfate levels in undialyzed uremic patients. Kidney Int. 1997;52:S23–8.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Levey AS, Greene T, Sarnak MJ, Wang X, Beck GI, Kusek JW, et al. Effect of dietary protein restriction on the progression of kidney disease: long-term follow-up of the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2006;48:879–88.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Menon V, Kopple JD, Wang X, Beck GJ, Collins AJ, Kusek JW, et al. Effect of a very low protein diet on outcomes: long-term follow-up of the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009;53:208–17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Levey AS, Greene T, Beck GJ, Caggiula AW, Kusek JW, Hunsicker LG, et al. Dietary protein restriction and the progression of chronic renal disease: what have all of the results of the MDRD study shown? J Am Soc Nephrol. 1999;10:2426–39.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Walser M, Hill SB, Ward L, Magder L. A crossover comparison of progression of chronic renal failure: ketoacids versus amino acids. Kidney Int. 1993;43(4):933–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Malvy D, Maingourd C, Pengloan J, Bargros P, Nivet H. Effects of severe protein restriction with ketoanalogues in advanced renal failure. J Am Coll Nutr. 1999;18(5):481.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Prakash S, Pande DP, Sharma S, Sharma D, Bal CS, Kulkarni H. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate efficacy of ketodiet in predialytic chronic renal failure. J Ren Nutr. 2004;14(2):89–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Teplan V, Schuck O, Knotek A, Hajny J, Horackova M, Kvapil M. Enhanced metabolic effect of erythropoietin and keto acids in CRF patients on low-protein diet: Czech multicenter study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;41(3 Suppl 1):S26–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Aparicio M, Chauveau P, De Precigout V, Bouchet JL, Lasseur C, Combe C. Nutrition and outcome on renal replacement therapy of patients with chronic renal failure treated by a supplemented very low protein diet. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2000;11(4):708–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Garneata L, Stancu A, Dragomir D, Stefan G, Mircescu G. Ketoanalogue-supplemented vegetarian very low-protein diet and CKD progression. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016;27(7):2164–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. Hahn D, Hodson EM, Fouque D. Low protein diets for non-diabetic adults with chronic kidney disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;(10):CD001892. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001892.pub4.

  72. Fouque D, Laville M, Boissel JP. Low protein diets for chronic kidney disease in non-diabetic adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(2):CD001892.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Pedrini MT, Levey AS, Lau J, Chalmers TC, Wang PH. The effect of dietary protein restriction on the progression of diabetic and nondiabetic renal diseases: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 1996;124(7):627–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Kasiske BL, Lakatua JD, Ma JZ, Louis TA. A meta-analysis of the effects of dietary protein restriction on the rate of decline in renal function. Am J Kidney Dis. 1998;31(6):954–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Kopple JD, Gordon S, Wang M, Swendseid ME. Factors affecting serum and urinary guanidinosuccinic acid levels in normal and uremic subjects. J Lab Clin Med. 1977;90:303–11.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Heerspink HJL, Navis G, Ritz E. Salt intake in kidney disease—a missed therapeutic opportunity? Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012;27(9):3435–42.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Brunori G, Viola BF, Parrinello G, De Biase V, Como G, Franco V, et al. Efficacy and safety of a very low protein diet when postponing dialysis in the elderly: a prospective randomized multicenter controlled study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2007;49(5):569–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Caria S, Cupisti A, Sau G, Bolasco P. The incremental treatment of ESRD: a low-protein diet combined with weekly hemodialysis may be beneficial for selected patients. BMC Nephrol. 2014;15:172.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Bolasco P, Cupisti A, Locatelli F, Cari S, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Dietary management of incremental transition to dialysis therapy: once-weekly hemodialysis combined with low-protein diet. J Ren Nutr. 2016;26(6):352–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Duenhas M, Goncalves E, Dias M, Leme G, Laranja S. Reduction of mortality related to emergency access to dialysis with very low protein diet supplements with ketoacids (VLPD+KA). Clin Nephrol. 2013;79(5):387–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Rhee CM, Ahmadi S-F, Kovesdy CP, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Low protein diet for conservative management of chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2018;9:235–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Bellizzi V, Calella P, Carrero JJ, Fouque D. Very low-protein diet to postpone renal failure: pathophysiology and clinical applications in chronic kidney disease. Chron Dis Transl Med. 2018;4:45e5.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Hanafusa N, Lodebo BT, Kopple JD. Current uses of dietary therapy for patients with far-advanced CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;12(7):1190–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  84. Levey AS, Adler S, Caggiula AW, England BK, Greene T, Hunsicker LG, et al. Effects of dietary protein restriction on the progression of advanced renal disease in the modification of diet in renal Disease study. Am J Kidney Dis. 1996;27(5):652–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Aparicio M, Bellizzi V, Chauveau P, Cupisti A, Ecder T, Fouque D, et al. Keto acid therapy in predialysis chronic kidney disease patients: final consensus. J Ren Nutr. 2012;22:S22–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Bellizzi V, Cupisti A, Locatelli F, Bolasco P, Brunori G, Cancarini G, et al. Low-protein diets for chronic kidney disease patients: the Italian experience. BMC Nephrol. 2016;17(1):77.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Moore LW. Does kidney longevity mean healthy vegan food and less meat or is any low-protein diet good enough? J Ren Nutr. 2019;29(2):79–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Haring B, Selvin E, Liang M, Coresh J, Grams ME, Petruski-Ivleva N, et al. Dietary protein sources and risk for incident chronic kidney disease: results from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. J Ren Nutr. 2017;27(4):233–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  89. Watanabe MT, Barretti P, Caramori JCT. Attention to food phosphate and nutrition labeling. J Ren Nutr. 2018;28(4):e29–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Black AP, Anjos JS, Cardozo I, Carmo FL, Dolenga CJ, Nakao LS, et al. Does low-protein diet influence the uremic toxin serum levels from the gut microbiota in nondialysis chronic kidney disease patients? J Ren Nutr. 2018;28(3):208–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Pignanelli M, Bogiatzi C, Gloor G, Allen-Vercoe E, Reid G, Urquhart BL, et al. Moderate renal impairment and toxic metabolites produced by the intestinal microbiome: dietary implications. J Ren Nutr. 2019;29(1):55–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Goraya N, Simoni J, Jo C-H, Wesson DE. Comparison of treating metabolic acidosis in CKD stage 4 hypertensive kidney disease with fruits and vegetables or sodium bicarbonate. CJASN. 2013;8(3):371–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  93. National Kidney Foundation. KDOQI clinical practice guidelines for nutrition in chronic renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis. 2000;35(suppl 2):S1–S104.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Dietitians Association of Australia. Evidence based practice guidelines for the nutritional management of chronic kidney disease. Nutrition Dietetics. 2006;63(Suppl. 2):S35–45.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Cano N, Fiaccadori E, Tesinsky P, Toigo G, Druml W, Kuhlmann M, et al. ESPEN guidelines on enteral nutrition: adult renal failure. Clin Nutr. 2006;25:295–310.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. KDIGO 2012 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int Suppl. 2013;3:1–150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  97. Johnson DW, Atai E, Chan M, Phoon RKS, Scott C, Toussant ND, et al. KHA-CARI guideline: early chronic kidney disease: detection, prevention and management. Nephrology. 2013;18:340–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Ikizler TA, Cano NJ, Franch H, Fouque D, Himmelfarb J, Kalantar-Zadeh K, et al. Prevention and treatment of protein energy wasting in chronic kidney disease patients: a consensus statement by the International Society of Renal Nutrition and Metabolism. Kidney Int. 2013;84:1096–107.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. National Clinical Guideline Centre. Chronic kidney disease. Early identification and management of chronic kidney disease in adults in primary and secondary care. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE); 2014; p. 59 (Clinical guideline no. 182).

    Google Scholar 

  100. Ikizler TA, Burrowes J, Byham-Gray L, Campbell K, Carrero JJ, Chan W, et al. KDOQI Nutrition in CKD Guideline Work Group. KDOQI clinical practice guideline for nutrition in CKD: 2020 update. Am J Kidney Dis. 2020; in press.

    Google Scholar 

  101. National Kidney Foundation. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines on hypertension and antihypertensive agents in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2004;43(Suppl 2):S1–S290.

    Google Scholar 

  102. National Kidney Foundation. KDOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines and clinical practice recommendations for diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2007;49:S1–S180.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Whitman D. Nutrition for the prevention and treatment of chronic kidney disease in diabetes. Can J Diabetes. 2014;38:344–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  104. Kopple JD, Zhu X, Lew N, Lowrie EG. Body weight-for-height relationships predict mortality in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 1999;56:1136–48.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kopple JD, Kilpatrick RD, McAllister CJ, Shinaberger CS, Gjertson DW, et al. Association of morbid obesity and weight change over time with cardiovascular survival in hemodialysis population. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005;46:489–500.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Johnson DW. Dietary protein restriction as a treatment for slowing chronic kidney disease progression: the case against. Nephrology. 2006;11:58–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Moore LW, Tortorici AR, Chou JA, St-Jules DE, Aoun A, et al. North American experience with low protein diet for nondialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease. BMC Nephrol. 2016;17:90.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Ko GJ, Obi Y, Tortoricci AR, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Dietary protein intake and chronic kidney disease. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2017;20(1):77–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  109. Kopple JD, Greene T, Chumlea WC, Hollinger D, Maroni BJ, Merrill D, et al. Relationship between nutritional status and GFR: results from the MDRD study. Kidney Int. 2000;57:1688–703.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Ku E, Kopple JD, Johansen KL, McCulloch CE, Go AS, Xie D, et al. CRIC Study Investigators. Longitudinal weight change during CKD progression and its association with subsequent mortality. Am J Kidney Dis. 2018;71(5):657–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Jasni SK, Osman NA, Tajola’aurus NS. Effectiveness of the Atkins diet as a treatment of weight reduction. J Nat Sci Res. ISSN 2225–0921 (Online). 2013;3(13):30. Accessed from: https://iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JNSR/article/view/9057.

  112. Tirosh A, Golan R, Haman-Boehm I, Henkin Y, Schwarzfuchs D, Rudich A, et al. Renal function following three distinct weight loss dietary strategies during 2 years of a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2013;36:2225–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  113. Marckmann P, Osther P, Pedersen AN, Jespersen B. High-protein diets and renal health. J Ren Nutr. 2015;25(1):1–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Fouque D, Mitch WE. Dietary approaches to kidney disease. In: Skorecki K, Chertow GM, Marsden PH, Taal MW, Yu ASL, editors. Brenner and Rector’s the kidney. 10th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2016. p. 1956.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Professor Emeritus of Medicine and Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Joel D. Kopple

  2. The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA

    Joel D. Kopple

  3. Department of Biomedical, Health and Nutritional Sciences, School of Health Professions and Nursing, Long Island University-Post, Brookville, NY, USA

    Jerrilynn D. Burrowes

Authors
  1. Joel D. Kopple
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jerrilynn D. Burrowes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Joel D. Kopple .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Health Professions and Nursing, Long Island University, Greenvale, NY, USA

    Jerrilynn D. Burrowes

  2. Division of Nephrology, University of Tennessee Health Science, Memphis, TN, USA

    Csaba P. Kovesdy

  3. School of Health Professions, Rutgers University–Newark, Newark, NJ, USA

    Laura D. Byham-Gray

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Kopple, J.D., Burrowes, J.D. (2020). History of Dietary Protein Treatment for Non-dialyzed Chronic Kidney Disease Patients. In: Burrowes, J., Kovesdy, C., Byham-Gray, L. (eds) Nutrition in Kidney Disease. Nutrition and Health. Humana, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44858-5_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44858-5_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-44857-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-44858-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation