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Imaging Aqueous Outflow

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Advances in Ocular Imaging in Glaucoma

Part of the book series: Essentials in Ophthalmology ((ESSENTIALS))

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Abstract

Imaging aqueous outflow is paramount to our understanding of normal ocular function and homeostasis, but presents a number of technical challenges. The minuscule rate of production and outflow (about 2.5 μL/min) of the transparent colorless aqueous humor, the microscopic caliber of outflow pores and channels, and the light-scattering properties of limbal tissue complicate effective imaging. The techniques in this chapter summarize the best methods of their time, going back nearly 200 years, which led to the discovery of Schlemm’s canal and downstream outflow tract structures. We discuss their high-definition, three-dimensional reconstruction and quantification of total as well as focal outflow. A better understanding of structure and resulting function, both through in vivo experiments and flow simulation, is needed.

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Compliance with Ethical Requirements

Ralitsa T. Loewen, Susannah Waxman, Hirut Kollech, Jonathan Vande Geest, and Nils A. Loewen declare that they have no conflict of interest. No human or animal studies were carried out by the authors for this chapter.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Pittsburgh, Department of Ophthalmology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    Ralitsa T. Loewen

  2. University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Interdisciplinary Biomedical Graduate Program, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    Susannah Waxman

  3. Computational Modeling and Simulation Program, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    Hirut Kollech

  4. Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    Jonathan Vande Geest

  5. University of Würzburg, Department of Ophthalmology, Würzburg, Germany

    Nils A. Loewen

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  1. Ralitsa T. Loewen
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Southern California Eye Institute, CHA Hollywood Presbyterian Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Rohit Varma

  2. Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Benjamin Y. Xu

  3. Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Grace M. Richter

  4. Southern California Eye Institute, CHA Hollywood Presbyterian Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Alena Reznik

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Loewen, R.T., Waxman, S., Kollech, H., Vande Geest, J., Loewen, N.A. (2020). Imaging Aqueous Outflow. In: Varma, R., Xu, B.Y., Richter, G.M., Reznik, A. (eds) Advances in Ocular Imaging in Glaucoma. Essentials in Ophthalmology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43847-0_7

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