Abstract
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), infections with antimicrobial resistant bacteria result in an estimated number of 700,000 human deaths globally per year. In the 2016 United Nations General Assembly, world leaders acknowledged the link between antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and the misuse of antibiotics in public health, animal, food, agriculture, and aquaculture sectors, committing to a concerted One Health approach to AMR involving the various sectors and actors in defense of human, animal, and environmental health. The use of antibiotics promotes the development of AMR and influences co-selection processes in bacterial communities leading to the dissemination of antibiotics, AMR bacteria, and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) among humans, pets, livestock, wild animals, and the natural environment. Considering the promiscuity of bacterial gene transfer systems, the presence of ARGs in the environment is increasingly beheld as an ecological problem. Hence, there is an urgent need to understand the dynamics of AMR and a One Health approach is essential to evaluate the origin, spread, and flow mechanisms of AMR and ARGs. Some AMR bacteria and ARGs are spreading more rapidly than others, becoming pandemic. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important pathogen with serious morbidity and mortality. MRSA strains used to be associated with nosocomial infections but have now disseminated to the community, animals, and environment. Besides, MRSA strains are constantly changing with new different clones emerging in different geographical areas. Thus, it is globally recognized the urgency to monitor and better understand the characteristics and transmission routes of AMR and ARGs in MRSA strains.
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Acknowledgments
This work was funded by the R&D Project CAREBIO2 - Comparative assessment of antimicrobial resistance in environmental biofilms through proteomics - towards innovative theranostic biomarkers, with reference NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-030101 and PTDC/SAUINF/30101/2017, financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the Northern Regional Operational Program (NORTE 2020) and the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT). This work was supported by the Associate Laboratory for Green Chemistry-LAQV which is financed by national funds from FCT/MCTES (UID/QUI/50006/2019). Vanessa Silva is grateful to FCT for her PhD grant (SFRH/BD/137947/2018).
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Silva, V., Correia, S., Pereira, J.E., Igrejas, G., Poeta, P. (2020). Surveillance and Environmental Risk Assessment of Antibiotics and AMR/ARGs Related with MRSA: One Health Perspective. In: Hashmi, M. (eds) Antibiotics and Antimicrobial Resistance Genes. Emerging Contaminants and Associated Treatment Technologies. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40422-2_13
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