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Engineering Natural-Based Photocrosslinkable Hydrogels for Cartilage Applications

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Bio-Materials and Prototyping Applications in Medicine

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Abstract

Articular tissue is an avascular tissue at the ends of articulating joints which provides lubrication and transmission of compressive forces during movement. The tissue has poor regenerative capacity and low cellular metabolic activity thus disease or trauma can result in significant clinical issues characterised by pain in the joints and restriction of movement. This can affect patient’s quality of life and impose substantial socioeconomic costs on society. Currently no treatment can prevent the long-term degradation of the tissue, so new and improved therapies are required. Tissue engineering based strategies are a promising approach to repair and regenerate damaged tissue. Natural hydrogel-based scaffolds have been widely developed to promote cartilage regeneration due to their biocompatibility, resemblance to the native extracellular matrix, and capacity for cell encapsulation. However, a key challenge is the engineering of biomimetic hydrogels to promote the development of articular cartilage rather than fibrocartilage. Hydrogels can be designed through the selection of appropriate materials, crosslinking mechanisms, mechanical properties and the incorporation of biofunctional moieties that can regulate biodegradation, cell attachment and differentiation, and the delivery of biomolecules. The range of parameters to engineer provides the opportunity to fabricate biomimetic structures that can facilitate cartilage regeneration. However, the complexity of the challenge is daunting and requires an interdisciplinary approach to successfully fabricate hydrogel-based scaffolds that can promote long-term regeneration of articular cartilage. In this chapter we will provide recent advances in the design and engineering of naturally derived photocrosslinkable hydrogels for cartilage tissue engineering. A brief description of the structure and composition of cartilage tissue will be provided. An overview of hydrogel properties, synthesis routes, crosslinking methods, and strategies for hydrogel biofunctionalisation will be described. Finally, a conclusion and future perspectives on the direction of articular cartilage tissue engineering will be provided.

In this chapter we will provide recent advances in the design and engineering of naturally derived photocrosslinkable hydrogels for cartilage tissue engineering. A brief description of the structure and composition of cartilage tissue will be provided. An overview of hydrogel properties, synthesis routes, crosslinking methods, and strategies for hydrogel biofunctionalisation will be described. Finally, a conclusion and future perspectives on the direction of articular cartilage tissue engineering will be provided.

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Acknowledgements

The authors wish to acknowledge the support of the Government of Iraq for supporting a PhD through a grant provided by the Higher Committee for Development Education Iraq (HCED) and the funding provided by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Doctoral Training in Regenerative Medicine (EP/L014904/1).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biomedical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Thi-Qar, Thi-Qar, Iraq

    Hussein Mishbak

  2. Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

    Hussein Mishbak, Cian Vyas, Glen Cooper, Chris Peach & Paulo Jorge Bártolo

  3. Manchester University Foundation NHS Trust, Manchester, UK

    Chris Peach

  4. i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal

    Rúben F. Pereira

  5. INEB – Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal

    Rúben F. Pereira

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  1. Hussein Mishbak
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Correspondence to Paulo Jorge Bártolo .

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  1. Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal

    Paulo Jorge Bártolo

  2. Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    Bopaya Bidanda

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Mishbak, H., Vyas, C., Cooper, G., Peach, C., Pereira, R.F., Bártolo, P.J. (2021). Engineering Natural-Based Photocrosslinkable Hydrogels for Cartilage Applications. In: Bártolo, P.J., Bidanda, B. (eds) Bio-Materials and Prototyping Applications in Medicine. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35876-1_7

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