Abstract
Before considering management of systemic hypertension, it is vital to ensure that an accurate and reliable diagnosis has been made by ruling out ‘false-positive’ and ‘false-negative’ diagnoses of hypertension. A detailed ophthalmic examination is often helpful in supporting a diagnosis of systemic hypertension. The main goals of treatment are to reduce the systolic blood pressure readings to an ‘ideal’ reference range (less than 140 mmHg) such that future target organ damage is prevented. Where possible efforts should be taken to identify and treat potential underlying/associated conditions such as chronic kidney disease.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Acierno MJ, Brown S, Coleman AE, Jepson RE, Papich M, Stepien RL, Syme HM (2018) ACVIM consensus statement: guidelines for the identification, evaluation, and management of systemic hypertension in dogs and cats. J Vet Intern Med 32(6):1803–1822
Amodip® Marketing Authorisation File 2015, on file at Ceva Animal Health
Ash RA, Harvey AM, Tasker S (2005) Primary hyperaldosteronism in the cat: a series of 13 cases. J Feline Med Surg 7:173–182
Belew A, Bartlett T, Brown SA (1999) Evaluation of the white-coat effect in cats. J Vet Intern Med 13:134–142
Bijsmans ES, Jepson RE, Chang YM et al (2015) Changes in systolic blood pressure over time in healthy cats and cats with chronic kidney disease. J Vet Intern Med 29:855–861
Bijsmans ES, Doig M, Jepson RE et al (2016) Factors influencing the relationship between the dose of amlodipine required for blood pressure control and change in blood pressure in hypertensive cats. J Vet Intern Med 30:1630–1636
Bijsmans ES, Jepson RE, Wheeler C et al (2017) Plasma N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, vascular endothelial growth factor and cardiac troponin 1 as novel biomarkers of hypertensive disease and target organ damage in cats. J Vet Intern Med 31:650–660
Bisignano J, Bruyette DS (2012) Feline hyperaldosteronism: recognition and diagnosis. Vet Med 107:118–125
Brown SA, Brown CA, Jacobs G et al (2001) Effects of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor benazepril in cats with induced renal insufficiency. Am J Vet Res 62:375–383
Brown S, Atkins C, Bagley R et al (2007) Guidelines for the identification, evaluation, and Management of Systemic Hypertension in dogs and cats. J Vet Intern Med 21:542–558
Brown AL, Beatty JA, Lindsay SA et al (2012) Severe systemic hypertension in a cat with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. J Small Anim Pract 53:132–135
Buranakarl C, Mathur S, Brown SA et al (2004) Effects of dietary sodium chloride intake on renal function and blood pressure in cats with normal and reduced renal function. Am J Vet Res 65:620–627
Calsyn JD, Green RA, Davis GJ et al (2010) Adrenal pheochromocytoma with contralateral adrenocortical adenoma in a cat. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 46:36–42
Caney SMA. Ocular manifestations of systemic hypertension (2018). A free to download guide on www.vetprofessionals.com
Carter JM, Irving AC, Bridges JP et al (2014) The prevalence of ocular lesions associated with hypertension in an population of geriatric cats in New Zealand. N Z Vet J 62:21–29
Chalhoub S, Langston CE, Farrelly J (2012) The use of Darbepoetin to stimulate erythropoiesis in anemia of chronic kidney disease in cats: 25 cases. J Vet Intern Med 26:363–369
Chetboul V, Lefebvre HP, Pinhas C et al (2003) Spontaneous feline hypertension: clinical and echocardiographic abnormalities and survival rate. J Vet Intern Med 17:89–95
Chun R, Jakovljevic S, Morrison WB et al (1997) Apocrine gland adenocarcinoma and pheochromocytoma in a cat. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 33:33–36
Coleman AE, Brown SA, Stark M et al (2019a) Evaluation of orally administered telmisartan for the reduction of indirect systolic arterial blood pressure in awake, clinically normal cats. J Feline Med Surg 21(2):109–114
Coleman AE, Brown SA, Traas AM, Bryson L, Zimmering T, Zimmerman A (2019b) Safety and efficacy of orally administered telmisartan for the treatment of systemic hypertension in cats: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. J Vet Intern Med 33(2):478–488
Cowgill LD, James KM, Levy JK et al (1998) Use of recombinant human erythropoietin for management of anemia in dogs and cats with renal failure. J Am Vet Med Assoc 212:521–528
Elliott J, Barber PJ, Syme HM et al (2001) Feline hypertension: clinical findings and response to antihypertensive treatment in 30 cases. J Small Anim Pract 42:122–129
Elliott J, Fletcher M, Souttar K et al. Effect of concomitant amlodipine and benazepril therapy in the management of feline hypertension, 14th ECVIM CA congress 2004
Glaus TM, Elliott J, Herberich E et al (2019) Efficacy of long-term oral telmisartan treatment in cats with hypertension: results of a prospective European clinical trial. J Vet Intern Med 33(2):413–422
Helms SR (2007) Treatment of feline hypertension with transdermal amlodipine: a pilot study. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 43:149–156
Henik RA, Snydrer PS, Volk LM (1997) Treatment of systemic hypertension in cats with amlodipine besylate. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 33:226–234
Henry CJ, Brewer WG, Montgomery RD et al (1993) Clinical vignette – adrenal phaeochromocytoma in a cat. J Vet Intern Med 7:199–201
Huhtinen M, Derre G, Renoldi HJ et al (2015) Randomised placebo controlled clinical trial of a chewable formulation of amlodipine for the treatment of hypertension in client owned cats. J Vet Intern Med 29:786–793
Jarraya F (2017) Treatment of hypertension: which goal for which patient. Adv Exp Med Biol 956:117–127
Javadi S, Djajadiningrat-Laanen SC, Kooistra HS et al (2005) Primary hyperaldosteronism, a mediator of progressive renal disease in cats. Domest Anim Endocrinol 28:85–104
Jenkins TL, Coleman AE, Schmiedt CW et al (2015) Attenuation of the pressor response to exogenous angiotensin by angiotensin receptor blockers and benazepril hydrochloride in clinically normal cats. Am J Vet Res 76:807–813
Jepson RE, Elliott J, Brodbelt D et al (2007) Effect of control of systolic blood pressure on survival in cats with systemic hypertension. J Vet Intern Med 21:402–409
Jepson RE, Syme HM, Elliott J (2014) Plasma renin activity and aldosterone concentrations in hypertensive cats with and without azotaemia and in response to treatment with amlodipine besylate. J Vet Intern Med 28:144–153
Kobayashi DL, Peterson ME, Graves TK et al (1990) Hypertension in cats with chronic renal failure or hyperthyroidism. J Vet Intern Med 4:58–62
Lalor SM, Connolly DJ, Elliott J et al (2009) Plasma concentrations of natriuretic peptides in normal cats and normotensive and hypertensive cats with chronic kidney disease. J Vet Cardiol 11(Suppl 1):S71–S79
Littman MP (1994) Spontaneous systemic hypertension in 24 cats. J Vet Intern Med 8:79–86
Maggio F, DeFrancesco TC, Atkins CE et al (2000) Ocular lesions associated with systemic hypertension in cats: 69 cases (1985-1998). J Am Vet Med Assoc 217:695–702
Mathur S, Syme H, Brown CA et al (2002) Effects of the calcium channel antagonist amlodipine in cats with surgically induced hypertensive renal insufficiency. Am J Vet Res 63:833–839
Morrow LD, Adams VJ, Elliott J et al (2009) Hypertension in hyperthyroid cats: prevalence, incidence and predictors of its development (abstract). J Vet Intern Med 23:699
Patnaik AK, Erlandson RA, Lieberman PH et al (1990) Extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma (paraganglioma) in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 197:104–106
Payne JR, Brodbelt DC, Fuentes V (2017) Blood pressure measurements in 780 apparently healthy cats. J Vet Intern Med 31:15–21
Peterson ME (2013) More than just T4: diagnostic testing for hyperthyroidism in cats. J Feline Med Surg 15:767–777
Peterson ME, Guterl JN, Nichols R, Rishniw M (2015) Evaluation of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone concentration as a diagnostic test for hyperthyroidism in cats. J Vet Intern Med 29(5):1327–1334.
Sansom J, Barnett KC, Dunn KA et al (1994) Ocular disease associated with hypertension in 16 cats. J Small Anim Pract 35:604–611
Sansom J, Rogers K, Wood JLN (2004) Blood pressure assessment in healthy cats and cats with hypertensive retinopathy. Am J Vet Res 65:245–252
Simpson KM, De Risio L, Theobald A et al (2014) Feline ischaemic myelopathy with a predilection for the cranial cervical spinal cord in older cats. J Feline Med Surg 16:1001–1006
Snyder PS (1998) Amlodipine: a randomized, blinded clinical trial in 9 cats with systemic hypertension. J Vet Intern Med 12:157–162
Snyder PS, Sadek D, Jones GL (2001) Effect of amlodipine on echocardiographic variables in cats with systemic hypertension. J Vet Intern Med 15:52–56
Sparkes AH, Caney SMA, King MCA et al (1999) Inter- and intraindividual variation in Doppler ultrasonic indirect blood pressure measurements in healthy cats. J Vet Intern Med 13:314–318
Steele JL, Henik RA, Stepien RL (2002) Effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition on plasma aldosterone concentration, plasma renin activity, and blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive cats with chronic renal disease. Vet Ther 3(2):157–166
Stepien RL (2011) Feline systemic hypertension: diagnosis and management. J Feline Med Surg 13:35–43
Stiles J, Polzin DJ, Bistner SI (1994) The prevalence of retinopathy in cats with systemic hypertension and chronic renal failure or hyperthyroidism. J Am Vet Med Assoc 30:564–572
Syme HM, Elliott J (2003) The prevalence of hypertension in hyperthyroid cats at diagnosis and following treatment (abstract). J Vet Intern Med 17:754
Syme HM, Barber PJ, Markwell PJ et al (2002) Prevalence of systolic hypertension in cats with chronic renal failure at initial evaluation. J Am Vet Med Assoc 220:1799–1804
Taylor SS, Sparkes AH, Briscoe K et al (2017) ISFM consensus guidelines on the diagnosis and management of hypertension in cats. J Feline Med Surg 19:288–303
Theobald A, Volk HA, Dennis R et al (2013) Clinical outcome in 19 cats with clinical and magnetic resonance imaging diagnosis of ischaemic myelopathy (2000-2011). J Feline Med Surg 15:132–141
Watanabe T, Mishina M (2007) Effects of benazepril hydrochloride in cats with experimentally induced or spontaneously occurring chronic renal failure. J Vet Med Sci 69:1015–1023
Williams TL, Peak KJ, Brodbelt D et al (2010) Survival and the development of azotaemia after treatment of hyperthyroid cats. J Vet Intern Med 24:863–869
Wimpole JA, Adagra CF, Billson MF et al (2010) Plasma free metanephrines in healthy cats, cats with non-adrenal disease and a cat with suspected phaeochromocytoma. J Feline Med Surg 12:435–440
Young WM, Zheng C, Davidson MG et al (2019) Visual outcome in cats with hypertensive chorioretinopathy. Vet Ophthalmol 22:161–167
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Caney, S.M.A. (2020). Management of Hypertension in Cats. In: Elliott, J., Syme, H., Jepson, R. (eds) Hypertension in the Dog and Cat. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33020-0_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33020-0_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-33019-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-33020-0
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)