Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Mediterranean Diet

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Nutrition, Fitness, and Mindfulness

Part of the book series: Nutrition and Health ((NH))

Abstract

The Mediterranean diet, one of the best studied dietary patterns, developed as a result of sociocultural, political, religious, agricultural, and economic influences over time in a geographical region. The Seven Countries Study established the association between the eating patterns of Mediterranean countries with longevity and reduced risk of cardiovascular disease compared to northern European countries and the USA over follow-up for 25 years. Since that study numerous epidemiological studies support the health benefits and disease prevention effect of adherence to the Mediterranean diet. The dietary pattern associated with Mediterranean diet is based on olive oil (mainly extra-virgin or virgin olive oil) as the main source of fat, whole grains, legumes, fruits, vegetables, nuts, and fish, wine in moderation, and a moderate intake of lean fresh meat, and dairy products, which provide an important source of minerals, vitamins, antioxidants, mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids, and fiber. The purpose of this chapter is to update on the available evidence of the benefits of the Mediterranean diet and the Mediterranean lifestyle in health through its impact on different chronic diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, and neurodegenerative diseases.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Dernini S, Berry E, Serra-Majem L, La Vecchia C, Capone R, Medina FX, Aranceta J, Belahsen R, Burlingame B, Giorgio C, Corella D, Donini L, Lairon D, Meybeck A, Pekcan G, Piscopo S, Yngve A, Trichopoulou A. Med diet 4.0: the Mediterranean diet with four sustainable benefits. 2016;20. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980016003177.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Villani A, Sultana J, Doecke J, Mantzioris E. Differences in the interpretation of a modernized Mediterranean diet prescribed in intervention studies for the management of type 2 diabetes: how closely does this align with a traditional Mediterranean diet? Eur J Nutr. 2018; https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-018-1757-3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Bes-Rastrollo M. Dietary patterns, Mediterranean diet, and cardiovascular disease. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2014;25(1):20–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOL.0000000000000044.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Vitale M, Masulli M, Calabrese I, Rivellese AA, Bonora E, Signorini S, Perriello G, Squatrito S, Buzzetti R, Sartore G, Babini AC, Gregori G, Giordano C, Clemente G, Grioni S, Dolce P, Riccardi G, Vaccaro O, Group TIS. Impact of a Mediterranean dietary pattern and its components on cardiovascular risk factors, glucose control, and body weight in people with type 2 diabetes: a real-life study. Nutrients. 2018;10(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10081067.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. UNESCO. Representative list of the intangible cultural heritage of humanity. 2010. http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/00394. Accessed April 2011.

  6. Coni E, Di Benedetto R, Di Pasquale M, Masella R, Modesti D, Mattei R, Carlini EA. Protective effect of oleuropein, an olive oil biophenol, on low density lipoprotein oxidizability in rabbits. Lipids. 2000;35(1):45–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Keys A, Aravanis C, Van Buchem H, et al. The diet and all-causes death rate in the Seven Countries Study. Lancet. 1981;2(8237):58–61.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Bach-Faig A, Berry EM, Lairon D, Reguant J, Trichopoulou A, Dernini S, Medina FX, Battino M, Belahsen R, Miranda G, Serra-Majem L, Mediterranean Diet Foundation Expert G. Mediterranean diet pyramid today. Science and cultural updates. Public Health Nutr. 2011;14(12A):2274–84. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980011002515.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Trichopoulou A, Costacou T, Bamia C, Trichopoulos D. Adherence to a Mediterranean diet and survival in a Greek population. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(26):2599–608. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa025039.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Schroder H, Fito M, Estruch R, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Corella D, Salas-Salvado J, Lamuela-Raventos R, Ros E, Salaverria I, Fiol M, Lapetra J, Vinyoles E, Gomez-Gracia E, Lahoz C, Serra-Majem L, Pinto X, Ruiz-Gutierrez V, Covas MI. A short screener is valid for assessing Mediterranean diet adherence among older Spanish men and women. J Nutr. 2011;141(6):1140–5. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.110.135566.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Fernandez-Jarne E, Serrano-Martinez M, Marti A, Martinez JA, Martin-Moreno JM. Mediterranean diet and reduction in the risk of a first acute myocardial infarction: an operational healthy dietary score. Eur J Nutr. 2002;41(4):153–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-002-0370-6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Visioli F, Poli A, Gall C. Antioxidant and other biological activities of phenols from olives and olive oil. Med Res Rev. 2002;22(1):65–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Tripoli E, Giammanco M, Tabacchi G, Di Majo D, Giammanco S, La Guardia M. The phenolic compounds of olive oil: structure, biological activity and beneficial effects on human health. Nutr Res Rev. 2005;18(1):98–112.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Owen RW, Mier W, Giacosa A, Hull WE, Spiegelhalder B, Bartsch H. Phenolic compounds and squalene in olive oils: the concentration and antioxidant potential of total phenols, simple phenols, secoiridoids, lignansand squalene. Food Chem Toxicol. 2000;38(8):647–59.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Fito M, de la Torre R, Farre-Albaladejo M, Khymenetz O, Marrugat J, Covas MI. Bioavailability and antioxidant effects of olive oil phenolic compounds in humans: a review. Annali dell’Istituto superiore di sanita. 2007;43(4):375–81.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Covas M, Nyyssonen K, Poulsen H, Kaikkonen J, Zunft H, Kiesewetter H, Gaddi A, de la Torre R, Mursu J, Baumler H, Nascetti S, Salonen J, Fito M, Virtanen J, Marrugat J. The effect of polyphenols in olive oil on heart disease risk factors: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2006;145:333–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Camargo A, Ruano J, Fernandez JM, Parnell LD, Jimenez A, Santos-Gonzalez M, Marin C, Perez-Martinez P, Uceda M, Lopez-Miranda J, Perez-Jimenez F. Gene expression changes in mononuclear cells in patients with metabolic syndrome after acute intake of phenol-rich virgin olive oil. BMC Genomics. 2010;11:253.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Corona G, Spencer JP, Dessi MA. Extra virgin olive oil phenolics: absorption, metabolism, and biological activities in the GI tract. Toxicol Ind Health. 2009;25(4–5):285–93. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748233709102951.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Sofi F, Cesari F, Abbate R, Gensini GF, Casini A. Adherence to Mediterranean diet and health status: meta-analysis. BMJ. 2008;337:a1344. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a1344.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Sabate J, Ros E, Salas-Salvado J. Nuts: nutrition and health outcomes. Preface. Br J Nutr. 2006;96(Suppl 2):S1–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Galbete C, Kroger J, Jannasch F, Iqbal K, Schwingshackl L, Schwedhelm C, Weikert C, Boeing H, Schulze MB. Nordic diet, Mediterranean diet, and the risk of chronic diseases: the EPIC-Potsdam study. BMC Med. 2018;16(1):99. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-018-1082-y.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Martin-Calvo N. Mediterranean diet and life expectancy; beyond olive oil, fruits, and vegetables. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2016;19(6):401–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0000000000000316.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Sofi F, Macchi C, Abbate R, Gensini GF, Casini A. Mediterranean diet and health. Biofactors. 2013;39(4):335–42. https://doi.org/10.1002/biof.1096.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Estruch R, Ros E, Salas-Salvado J, Covas MI, Corella D, Aros F, Gomez-Gracia E, Ruiz-Gutierrez V, Fiol M, Lapetra J, Lamuela-Raventos RM, Serra-Majem L, Pinto X, Basora J, Munoz MA, Sorli JV, Martinez JA, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Investigators PS. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(14):1279–90. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1200303.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Estruch R, Ros E, Salas-Salvado J, Covas MI, Corella D, Aros F, Gomez-Gracia E, Ruiz-Gutierrez V, Fiol M, Lapetra J, Lamuela-Raventos RM, Serra-Majem L, Pinto X, Basora J, Munoz MA, Sorli JV, Martinez JA, Martinez-Gonzalez MA. Retraction and republication: primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet. N Engl J Med 2013. 2018a;368:1279–90. N Engl J Med. 378(25):2441–2442. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc1806491.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Correia LCL. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil or nuts. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(14):1387. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc1809971.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Stewart RAH. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil or nuts. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(14):1388. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc1809971.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Estruch R, Ros E, Salas-Salvado J, Covas MI, Corella D, Aros F, Gomez-Gracia E, Ruiz-Gutierrez V, Fiol M, Lapetra J, Lamuela-Raventos RM, Serra-Majem L, Pinto X, Basora J, Munoz MA, Sorli JV, Martinez JA, Fito M, Gea A, Hernan MA, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Investigators PS. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil or nuts. N Engl J Med. 2018b;378(25):e34. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1800389.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Higashi Y, Noma K, Yoshizumi M, Kihara Y. Endothelial function and oxidative stress in cardiovascular diseases. Circ J. 2009;73(3):411–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Fuentes F, Lopez-Miranda J, Sanchez E, Sanchez F, Paez J, Paz-Rojas E, Marin C, Gomez P, Jimenez-Pereperez J, Ordovas JM, Perez-Jimenez F. Mediterranean and low-fat diets improve endothelial function in hypercholesterolemic men. Ann Intern Med. 2001;134(12):1115–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Yubero-Serrano EM, Delgado-Casado N, Delgado-Lista J, Perez-Martinez P, Tasset-Cuevas I, Santos-Gonzalez M, Caballero J, Garcia-Rios A, Marin C, Gutierrez-Mariscal FM, Fuentes F, Villalba JM, Tunez I, Perez-Jimenez F, Lopez-Miranda J. Postprandial antioxidant effect of the Mediterranean diet supplemented with coenzyme Q10 in elderly men and women. Age (Dordr). 2011a;33(4):579–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-010-9199-8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Yubero-Serrano EM, Gonzalez-Guardia L, Rangel-Zuniga O, Delgado-Casado N, Delgado-Lista J, Perez-Martinez P, Garcia-Rios A, Caballero J, Marin C, Gutierrez-Mariscal FM, Tinahones FJ, Villalba JM, Tunez I, Perez-Jimenez F, Lopez-Miranda J. Postprandial antioxidant gene expression is modified by Mediterranean diet supplemented with coenzyme Q(10) in elderly men and women. Age (Dordr). 2013;35(1):159–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-011-9331-4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Yubero-Serrano EM, Gonzalez-Guardia L, Rangel-Zuniga O, Delgado-Lista J, Gutierrez-Mariscal FM, Perez-Martinez P, Delgado-Casado N, Cruz-Teno C, Tinahones FJ, Villalba JM, Perez-Jimenez F, Lopez-Miranda J. Mediterranean diet supplemented with coenzyme Q10 modifies the expression of proinflammatory and endoplasmic reticulum stress-related genes in elderly men and women. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2012;67(1):3–10. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glr167.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Marin C, Ramirez R, Delgado-Lista J, Yubero-Serrano EM, Perez-Martinez P, Carracedo J, Garcia-Rios A, Rodriguez F, Gutierrez-Mariscal FM, Gomez P, Perez-Jimenez F, Lopez-Miranda J. Mediterranean diet reduces endothelial damage and improves the regenerative capacity of endothelium. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;93(2):267–74. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.110.006866.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Estruch R. Anti-inflammatory effects of the Mediterranean diet: the experience of the PREDIMED study. Proc Nutr Soc. 2010;69(3):333–40. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665110001539.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Llorente-Cortes V, Estruch R, Mena MP, Ros E, Gonzalez MA, Fito M, Lamuela-Raventos RM, Badimon L. Effect of Mediterranean diet on the expression of pro-atherogenic genes in a population at high cardiovascular risk. Atherosclerosis. 2010;208(2):442–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.08.004.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Jimenez-Gomez Y, Lopez-Miranda J, Blanco-Colio LM, Marin C, Perez-Martinez P, Ruano J, Paniagua JA, Rodriguez F, Egido J, Perez-Jimenez F. Olive oil and walnut breakfasts reduce the postprandial inflammatory response in mononuclear cells compared with a butter breakfast in healthy men. Atherosclerosis. 2009;204(2):e70–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.09.011.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Konstantinidou V, Khymenets O, Fito M, De La Torre R, Anglada R, Dopazo A, Covas MI. Characterization of human gene expression changes after olive oil ingestion: an exploratory approach. Folia Biol (Praha). 2009;55(3):85–91.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Perez-Martinez P, Garcia-Quintana JM, Yubero-Serrano EM, Tasset-Cuevas I, Tunez I, Garcia-Rios A, Delgado-Lista J, Marin C, Perez-Jimenez F, Roche HM, Lopez-Miranda J. Postprandial oxidative stress is modified by dietary fat: evidence from a human intervention study. Clin Sci (Lond). 2010a;119(6):251–61. https://doi.org/10.1042/CS20100015.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Yubero-Serrano EM, Garcia-Rios A, Delgado-Lista J, Delgado-Casado N, Perez-Martinez P, Rodriguez-Cantalejo F, Fuentes F, Cruz-Teno C, Tunez I, Tasset-Cuevas I, Tinahones FJ, Perez-Jimenez F, Lopez-Miranda J. Postprandial effects of the Mediterranean diet on oxidant and antioxidant status in elderly men and women. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011b;59(5):938–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03381.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Rader DJ, Alexander ET, Weibel GL, Billheimer J, Rothblat GH. The role of reverse cholesterol transport in animals and humans and relationship to atherosclerosis. J Lipid Res. 2009;50(Suppl):S189–94. https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.R800088-JLR200.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Ramirez-Tortosa MC, Suarez A, Gomez MC, Mir A, Ros E, Mataix J, Gil A. Effect of extra-virgin olive oil and fish-oil supplementation on plasma lipids and susceptibility of low-density lipoprotein to oxidative alteration in free-living Spanish male patients with peripheral vascular disease. Clin Nutr. 1999;18(3):167–74. https://doi.org/10.1054/clnu.1999.0025.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Kolovou GD, Mikhailidis DP, Kovar J, Lairon D, Nordestgaard BG, Ooi TC, Perez-Martinez P, Bilianou H, Anagnostopoulou K, Panotopoulos G. Assessment and clinical relevance of non-fasting and postprandial triglycerides: an expert panel statement. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2011;9(3):258–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Sanders TA, de Grassi T, Miller GJ, Morrissey JH. Influence of fatty acid chain length and cis/trans isomerization on postprandial lipemia and factor VII in healthy subjects (postprandial lipids and factor VII). Atherosclerosis. 2000;149(2):413–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Expert Panel on Detection E, Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in A. Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (adult treatment panel III). JAMA. 2001;285(19):2486–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Zimmet P, Magliano D, Matsuzawa Y, Alberti G, Shaw J. The metabolic syndrome: a global public health problem and a new definition. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2005;12(6):295–300.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Schmidt C, Bergstrom GM. The metabolic syndrome predicts cardiovascular events: results of a 13-year follow-up in initially healthy 58-year-old men. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2012;10(6):394–9. https://doi.org/10.1089/met.2012.0048.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Mottillo S, Filion KB, Genest J, Joseph L, Pilote L, Poirier P, Rinfret S, Schiffrin EL, Eisenberg MJ. The metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56(14):1113–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2010.05.034.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Beltran-Sanchez H, Harhay MO, Harhay MM, McElligott S. Prevalence and trends of metabolic syndrome in the adult U.S. population, 1999-2010. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62(8):697–703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.064.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Perez-Martinez P, Lopez-Miranda J. Editorial: nutritional therapy in metabolic syndrome. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2013;11(6):838–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Perez-Martinez P, Mikhailidis DP, Athyros VG, Bullo M, Couture P, Covas MI, de Koning L, Delgado-Lista J, Diaz-Lopez A, Drevon CA, Estruch R, Esposito K, Fito M, Garaulet M, Giugliano D, Garcia-Rios A, Katsiki N, Kolovou G, Lamarche B, Maiorino MI, Mena-Sanchez G, Munoz-Garach A, Nikolic D, Ordovas JM, Perez-Jimenez F, Rizzo M, Salas-Salvado J, Schroder H, Tinahones FJ, de la Torre R, van Ommen B, Wopereis S, Ros E, Lopez-Miranda J. Lifestyle recommendations for the prevention and management of metabolic syndrome: an international panel recommendation. Nutr Rev. 2017;75(5):307–26. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nux014.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. Chiva-Blanch G, Badimon L. Effects of polyphenol intake on metabolic syndrome: current evidences from human trials. Oxidative Med Cell Longev. 2017;2017:5812401. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/5812401.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Grosso G, Mistretta A, Marventano S, Purrello A, Vitaglione P, Calabrese G, Drago F, Galvano F. Beneficial effects of the Mediterranean diet on metabolic syndrome. Curr Pharm Des. 2014;20(31):5039–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Panagiotakos DB, Pitsavos C, Chrysohoou C, Skoumas J, Tousoulis D, Toutouza M, Toutouzas P, Stefanadis C. Impact of lifestyle habits on the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among Greek adults from the ATTICA study. Am Heart J. 2004;147(1):106–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Tortosa A, Bes-Rastrollo M, Sanchez-Villegas A, Basterra-Gortari FJ, Nunez-Cordoba JM, Martinez-Gonzalez MA. Mediterranean diet inversely associated with the incidence of metabolic syndrome: the SUN prospective cohort. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(11):2957–9. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc07-1231.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Tierney AC, McMonagle J, Shaw DI, Gulseth HL, Helal O, Saris WH, Paniagua JA, Golabek-Leszczynska I, Defoort C, Williams CM, Karsltrom B, Vessby B, Dembinska-Kiec A, Lopez-Miranda J, Blaak EE, Drevon CA, Gibney MJ, Lovegrove JA, Roche HM. Effects of dietary fat modification on insulin sensitivity and on other risk factors of the metabolic syndrome--LIPGENE: a European randomized dietary intervention study. Int J Obes. 2011;35(6):800–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2010.209.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Cruz-Teno C, Perez-Martinez P, Delgado-Lista J, Yubero-Serrano EM, Garcia-Rios A, Marin C, Gomez P, Jimenez-Gomez Y, Camargo A, Rodriguez-Cantalejo F, Malagon MM, Perez-Jimenez F, Roche HM, Lopez-Miranda J. Dietary fat modifies the postprandial inflammatory state in subjects with metabolic syndrome: the LIPGENE study. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2012;56(6):854–65. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201200096.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Perez-Martinez P, Moreno-Conde M, Cruz-Teno C, Ruano J, Fuentes F, Delgado-Lista J, Garcia-Rios A, Marin C, Gomez-Luna MJ, Perez-Jimenez F, Roche HM, Lopez-Miranda J. Dietary fat differentially influences regulatory endothelial function during the postprandial state in patients with metabolic syndrome: from the LIPGENE study. Atherosclerosis. 2010b;209(2):533–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.09.023.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Rumawas ME, Meigs JB, Dwyer JT, McKeown NM, Jacques PF. Mediterranean-style dietary pattern, reduced risk of metabolic syndrome traits, and incidence in the Framingham Offspring Cohort. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90(6):1608–14. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2009.27908.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Salas-Salvado J, Fernandez-Ballart J, Ros E, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Fito M, Estruch R, Corella D, Fiol M, Gomez-Gracia E, Aros F, Flores G, Lapetra J, Lamuela-Raventos R, Ruiz-Gutierrez V, Bullo M, Basora J, Covas MI, Investigators PS. Effect of a Mediterranean diet supplemented with nuts on metabolic syndrome status: one-year results of the PREDIMED randomized trial. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(22):2449–58. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.168.22.2449.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Babio N, Toledo E, Estruch R, Ros E, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Castaner O, Bullo M, Corella D, Aros F, Gomez-Gracia E, Ruiz-Gutierrez V, Fiol M, Lapetra J, Lamuela-Raventos RM, Serra-Majem L, Pinto X, Basora J, Sorli JV, Salas-Salvado J, Investigators PS. Mediterranean diets and metabolic syndrome status in the PREDIMED randomized trial. CMAJ. 2014;186(17):E649–57. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.140764.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Delgado-Lista J, Perez-Martinez P, Garcia-Rios A, Alcala-Diaz JF, Perez-Caballero AI, Gomez-Delgado F, Fuentes F, Quintana-Navarro G, Lopez-Segura F, Ortiz-Morales AM, Delgado-Casado N, Yubero-Serrano EM, Camargo A, Marin C, Rodriguez-Cantalejo F, Gomez-Luna P, Ordovas JM, Lopez-Miranda J, Perez-Jimenez F. CORonary Diet Intervention with Olive oil and cardiovascular PREVention study (the CORDIOPREV study): rationale, methods, and baseline characteristics: a clinical trial comparing the efficacy of a Mediterranean diet rich in olive oil versus a low-fat diet on cardiovascular disease in coronary patients. Am Heart J. 2016;177:42–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2016.04.011.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Gomez-Delgado F, Alcala-Diaz JF, Garcia-Rios A, Delgado-Lista J, Ortiz-Morales A, Rangel-Zuniga O, Tinahones FJ, Gonzalez-Guardia L, Malagon MM, Bellido-Munoz E, Ordovas JM, Perez-Jimenez F, Lopez-Miranda J, Perez-Martinez P. Polymorphism at the TNF-alpha gene interacts with Mediterranean diet to influence triglyceride metabolism and inflammation status in metabolic syndrome patients: from the CORDIOPREV clinical trial. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2014;58(7):1519–27. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201300723.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Garcia-Rios A, Alcala-Diaz JF, Gomez-Delgado F, Delgado-Lista J, Marin C, Leon-Acuna A, Camargo A, Rodriguez-Cantalejo F, Blanco-Rojo R, Quintana-Navarro G, Ordovas JM, Perez-Jimenez F, Lopez-Miranda J, Perez-Martinez P. Beneficial effect of CETP gene polymorphism in combination with a Mediterranean diet influencing lipid metabolism in metabolic syndrome patients: CORDIOPREV study. Clin Nutr. 2018;37(1):229–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2016.12.011.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Chrysohoou C, Panagiotakos DB, Pitsavos C, Das UN, Stefanadis C. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet attenuates inflammation and coagulation process in healthy adults: the ATTICA study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44(1):152–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2004.03.039.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Schwingshackl L, Chaimani A, Hoffmann G, Schwedhelm C, Boeing H. A network meta-analysis on the comparative efficacy of different dietary approaches on glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Eur J Epidemiol. 2018;33(2):157–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-017-0352-x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Martinez-Gonzalez MA, de la Fuente-Arrillaga C, Nunez-Cordoba JM, Basterra-Gortari FJ, Beunza JJ, Vazquez Z, Benito S, Tortosa A, Bes-Rastrollo M. Adherence to Mediterranean diet and risk of developing diabetes: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2008;336(7657):1348–51. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39561.501007.BE.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Salas-Salvado J, Estruch R, Corella D, Fito M, Ros E, Predimed I. Benefits of the Mediterranean diet: insights from the PREDIMED study. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2015;58(1):50–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2015.04.003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Blanco-Rojo R, Alcala-Diaz JF, Wopereis S, Perez-Martinez P, Quintana-Navarro GM, Marin C, Ordovas JM, van Ommen B, Perez-Jimenez F, Delgado-Lista J, Lopez-Miranda J. The insulin resistance phenotype (muscle or liver) interacts with the type of diet to determine changes in disposition index after 2 years of intervention: the CORDIOPREV-DIAB randomised clinical trial. Diabetologia. 2015; https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-015-3776-4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Torres-Pena JD, Garcia-Rios A, Delgado-Casado N, Gomez-Luna P, Alcala-Diaz JF, Yubero-Serrano EM, Gomez-Delgado F, Leon-Acuna A, Lopez-Moreno J, Camargo A, Tinahones FJ, Delgado-Lista J, Ordovas JM, Perez-Martinez P, Lopez-Miranda J. Mediterranean diet improves endothelial function in patients with diabetes and prediabetes: a report from the CORDIOPREV study. Atherosclerosis. 2018;269:50–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.12.012.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Mantzoros CS, Williams CJ, Manson JE, Meigs JB, Hu FB. Adherence to the Mediterranean dietary pattern is positively associated with plasma adiponectin concentrations in diabetic women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84(2):328–35. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/84.1.328.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Lopez-Moreno J, Quintana-Navarro GM, Camargo A, Jimenez-Lucena R, Delgado-Lista J, Marin C, Tinahones FJ, Striker GE, Roche HM, Perez-Martinez P, Lopez-Miranda J, Yubero-Serrano EM. Dietary fat quantity and quality modifies advanced glycation end products metabolism in patients with metabolic syndrome. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2017;61(8). https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201601029.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Lopez-Moreno J, Quintana-Navarro GM, Delgado-Lista J, Garcia-Rios A, Delgado-Casado N, Camargo A, Perez-Martinez P, Striker GE, Tinahones FJ, Perez-Jimenez F, Lopez-Miranda J, Yubero-Serrano EM. Mediterranean diet reduces serum advanced glycation end products and increases antioxidant defenses in elderly adults: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2016;64(4):901–4. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.14062.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Campbell KL, Carrero JJ. Diet for the management of patients with chronic kidney disease; it is not the quantity, but the quality that matters. J Ren Nutr. 2016;26(5):279–81. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jrn.2016.07.004.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Khatri M, Moon YP, Scarmeas N, Gu Y, Gardener H, Cheung K, Wright CB, Sacco RL, Nickolas TL, Elkind MS. The association between a Mediterranean-style diet and kidney function in the Northern Manhattan Study cohort. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;9(11):1868–75. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.01080114.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  76. Haring B, Selvin E, Liang M, Coresh J, Grams ME, Petruski-Ivleva N, Steffen LM, Rebholz CM. Dietary protein sources and risk for incident chronic kidney disease: results from the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study. J Ren Nutr. 2017;27(4):233–42. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jrn.2016.11.004.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  77. Tektonidis TG, Akesson A, Gigante B, Wolk A, Larsson SC. A Mediterranean diet and risk of myocardial infarction, heart failure and stroke: a population-based cohort study. Atherosclerosis. 2015;243(1):93–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.08.039.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Kushi LH, Lenart EB, Willett WC. Health implications of Mediterranean diets in light of contemporary knowledge. 1. Plant foods and dairy products. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995;61(6 Suppl):1407S–15S. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/61.6.1407S.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Group GBDNDC. Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders during 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet Neurol. 2017;16(11):877–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(17)30299-5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Hebert LE, Weuve J, Scherr PA, Evans DA. Alzheimer disease in the United States (2010-2050) estimated using the 2010 census. Neurology. 2013;80(19):1778–83. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e31828726f5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  81. Ma D, Stokes K, Mahngar K, Domazet-Damjanov D, Sikorska M, Pandey S. Inhibition of stress induced premature senescence in presenilin-1 mutated cells with water soluble Coenzyme Q10. Mitochondrion. 2014;17:106–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Buchman AS, Wilson RS, Shulman JM, Leurgans SE, Schneider JA, Bennett DA. Parkinsonism in older adults and its association with adverse health outcomes and neuropathology. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2016;71(4):549–56. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glv153.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Gardener H, Caunca MR. Mediterranean diet in preventing neurodegenerative diseases. Curr Nutr Rep. 2018;7(1):10–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-018-0222-5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  84. Baumgart M, Snyder HM, Carrillo MC, Fazio S, Kim H, Johns H. Summary of the evidence on modifiable risk factors for cognitive decline and dementia: a population-based perspective. Alzheimers Dement. 2015;11(6):718–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2015.05.016.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Singh B, Parsaik AK, Mielke MM, Erwin PJ, Knopman DS, Petersen RC, Roberts RO. Association of Mediterranean diet with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Alzheimers Dis. 2014;39(2):271–82. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-130830.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  86. Anastasiou CA, Yannakoulia M, Kosmidis MH, Dardiotis E, Hadjigeorgiou GM, Sakka P, Arampatzi X, Bougea A, Labropoulos I, Scarmeas N. Mediterranean diet and cognitive health: initial results from the hellenic longitudinal investigation of ageing and diet. PLoS One. 2017;12(8):e0182048. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0182048.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  87. Cassani E, Barichella M, Ferri V, Pinelli G, Iorio L, Bolliri C, Caronni S, Faierman SA, Mottolese A, Pusani C, Monajemi F, Pasqua M, Lubisco A, Cereda E, Frazzitta G, Petroni ML, Pezzoli G. Dietary habits in Parkinson’s disease: adherence to Mediterranean diet. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2017;42:40–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2017.06.007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Alcalay RN, Gu Y, Mejia-Santana H, Cote L, Marder KS, Scarmeas N. The association between Mediterranean diet adherence and Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2012;27(6):771–4. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.24918.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  89. Agarwal P, Wang Y, Buchman AS, Holland TM, Bennett DA, Morris MC. MIND diet associated with reduced incidence and delayed progression of ParkinsonismA in old age. J Nutr Health Aging. 2018;22(10):1211–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-018-1094-5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  90. Morris MC, Tangney CC, Wang Y, Sacks FM, Barnes LL, Bennett DA, Aggarwal NT. MIND diet slows cognitive decline with aging. Alzheimers Dement. 2015a;11(9):1015–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2015.04.011.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  91. Morris MC, Tangney CC, Wang Y, Sacks FM, Bennett DA, Aggarwal NT. MIND diet associated with reduced incidence of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2015b;11(9):1007–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2014.11.009.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  92. Rigacci S, Stefani M Nutraceutical properties of olive oil polyphenols. An itinerary from cultured cells through animal models to humans. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17060843.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  93. Feng X, Liang N, Zhu D, Gao Q, Peng L, Dong H, Yue Q, Liu H, Bao L, Zhang J, Hao J, Gao Y, Yu X, Sun J. Resveratrol inhibits beta-amyloid-induced neuronal apoptosis through regulation of SIRT1-ROCK1 signaling pathway. PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e59888. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0059888.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research in Cordoba, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain

    Elena M. Yubero-Serrano, Francisco M. Gutierrez-Mariscal, Pablo Perez-Martinez & Jose Lopez-Miranda

  2. CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain

    Elena M. Yubero-Serrano, Francisco M. Gutierrez-Mariscal, Pablo Perez-Martinez & Jose Lopez-Miranda

Authors
  1. Elena M. Yubero-Serrano
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Francisco M. Gutierrez-Mariscal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Pablo Perez-Martinez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Jose Lopez-Miranda
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jose Lopez-Miranda .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA

    Jaime Uribarri

  2. The National Kidney Foundation, Inc., New York, NY, USA

    Joseph A. Vassalotti

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Yubero-Serrano, E.M., Gutierrez-Mariscal, F.M., Perez-Martinez, P., Lopez-Miranda, J. (2020). The Mediterranean Diet. In: Uribarri, J., Vassalotti, J. (eds) Nutrition, Fitness, and Mindfulness. Nutrition and Health. Humana, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30892-6_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30892-6_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-30891-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-30892-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation