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Embryogenesis of Marsupial Frogs (Hemiphractidae), and the Changes that Accompany Terrestrial Development in Frogs

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Evo-Devo: Non-model Species in Cell and Developmental Biology

Part of the book series: Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation ((RESULTS,volume 68))

Abstract

The developmental adaptations of the marsupial frogs Gastrotheca riobambae and Flectonotus pygmaeus (Hemiphractidae) are described and compared with frogs belonging to seven additional families. Incubation of embryos by the mother in marsupial frogs is associated with changes in the anatomy and physiology of the female, modifications of oogenesis, and extraordinary changes in embryonic development. The comparison of early development reveals that gene expression is highly conserved. However, the timing of gene expression varies between frog species. There are two modes of gastrulation according to the onset of convergent extension. In gastrulation mode 1, convergent extension is an intrinsic mechanism of gastrulation. This gastrulation mode occurs in frogs with aquatic reproduction, such as Xenopus laevis. In gastrulation mode 2, convergent extension occurs after the completion of gastrulation movements. Gastrulation mode 2 occurs in frogs with terrestrial reproduction, such as the marsupial frog, G. riobambae. The two modes of frog gastrulation resemble the two transitions toward meroblastic cleavage of ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii). The comparison indicates that a major event in the evolution of frog terrestrial development is the separation of convergent extension from gastrulation.

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Acknowledgements

I acknowledge with gratitude the collaboration of former students and colleagues. I thank the late Michael Schmid for revision of the text and Jennifer Davis and Clifford Keil for language revision and valuable comments. The Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador supported research in my laboratory.

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  1. Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador

    Eugenia M. del Pino

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  1. Eugenia M. del Pino
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Correspondence to Eugenia M. del Pino .

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  1. Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland

    Waclaw Tworzydlo

  2. Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland

    Szczepan M. Bilinski

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del Pino, E.M. (2019). Embryogenesis of Marsupial Frogs (Hemiphractidae), and the Changes that Accompany Terrestrial Development in Frogs. In: Tworzydlo, W., Bilinski, S. (eds) Evo-Devo: Non-model Species in Cell and Developmental Biology. Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation, vol 68. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23459-1_16

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