Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Infective Endocarditis

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Heart Valve Disease

Abstract

Infective endocarditis (IE) is a changing disease, with new high-risk patients, new diagnostic procedures, new microorganisms involved and new therapeutic methods. The present chapter will update our knowledge in the field of infective endocarditis including new diagnostic strategies, the need to create an endocarditis team in reference centres, current guidelines concerning the management of these patients and the best way to prevent this deadly disease.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Habib G. Management of infective endocarditis. Heart. 2006;92:124–30.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Hasbun R, Vikram HR, Barakat LA, Buenconsejo J, Quagliarello VJ. Complicated left-sided native valve endocarditis in adults: risk classification for mortality. JAMA. 2003;289(15):1933–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Duval X, Delahaye F, Alla F, et al. Temporal trends in infective endocarditis in the context of prophylaxis guideline modifications: three successive population-based surveys. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59(22):1968–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Hubert S, Thuny F, Resseguier N, et al. Prediction of symptomatic embolism in infective endocarditis: construction and validation of a risk calculator in a multicenter cohort. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62:1384–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Habib G. Embolic risk in subacute bacterial endocarditis. Role of transesophageal echocardiography. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2003;5:129–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Pant S, Patel NJ, Deshmukh A, et al. Trends in infective endocarditis incidence, microbiology, and valve replacement in the United States from 2000 to 2011. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65(19):2070–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2015.03.518.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Murdoch DR, Corey GR, Hoen B, et al. Clinical presentation, etiology, and outcome of infective endocarditis in the 21st century: the International Collaboration on Endocarditis-Prospective Cohort Study. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(5):463–73.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Athan E, Chu VH, Tattevin P, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcome of infective endocarditis involving implantable cardiac devices. JAMA. 2012;307(16):1727–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Zlug D, Lacroix D, Savoye C, et al. Systemic infection related to endocarditis on pacemaker leads: clinical presentation and management. Circulation. 1997;95(8):2098–107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Fernandez-Hidalgo N, Almirante B, Tornos P, Pigrau C, Sambola A, Igual A, Pahissa A. Contemporary epidemiology and prognosis of health care-associated infective endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47:1287–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Wang A, Gaca JG, Chu VH. Management considerations in infective endocarditis: a review. JAMA. 2018;320(1):72–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Otsugu M, et al. Contribution of streptococcus mutans strains with collagen-binding proteins in the presence of serum to the pathogenesis of infective endocarditis. Infect Immun. 2017;85(12).

    Google Scholar 

  13. Madani A, Garakani K, Mofrad MRK. Molecular mechanics of Staphylococcus aureus adhesin, CNA, and the inhibition of bacterial adhesion by stretching collagen. PLoS One. 2017;12(6):e0179601.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Hienz SA, Schennings T, Heimdahl A, Flock J-I. Collagen binding of Staphylococcus aureus is a virulence factor in experimental endocarditis. J Infect Dis. 1996;174:83–8. pmid: 8656018.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. DeLorenze GN, Nelson CL, Scott WK, Allen AS, Ray GT, Tsai A-L, et al. Polymorphisms in HLA Class II genes are associated with susceptibility to Staphylococcus aureus infection in a white population. J Infect Dis. 2016;213:816–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Klug D, Lacroix D, Savoye C, et al. Systemic infection related to endocarditis on pacemaker leads: clinical presentation and management. Circulation. 1997;95:2098–107.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Thuny F, Di Salvo G, Belliard O, Avierinos JF, Pergola V, Rosenberg V, Casalta JP, Gouvernet J, Derumeaux G, Iarussi D, Ambrosi P, Calabro R, Riberi A, Collart F, Metras D, Lepidi H, Raoult D, Harle JR, Weiller PJ, Cohen A, Habib G. Risk of embolism and death in infective endocarditis: prognostic value of echocardiography: a prospective multicenter study. Circulation. 2005;112:69–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Gursul NC, Vardar I, Demirdal T, Gursul E, Ural S, Yesil M. Clinical and microbiological findings of infective endocarditis. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2016;10(5):478–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Yu CW, Juan LI, Hsu SC, Chen CK, Wu CW, Lee CC, Wu JY. Role of procalcitonin in the diagnosis of infective endocarditis: a meta-analysis. Am J Emerg Med. 2013;31:935–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Olmos C, et al. Risk score for cardiac surgery in active left-sided infective endocarditis. Heart. 2017;103(18):1435–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Habib G, Lancellotti P, Antunes MJ, et al. 2015 ESC guidelines for the management of infective endocarditis: the task force for the Management of Infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) endorsed by: European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS), the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM). Eur Heart J. 2015;36:3075–128.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Durack DT, Lukes AS, Bright DK. New criteria for diagnosis of infective endocarditis: utilization of specific echocardiographic findings. Am J Med. 1994;96:200–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Habib G, Badano L, Tribouilloy C, Vilacosta I, Zamorano JL, On behalf of the European Association of Echocardiography. Recommendations for the practice of echocardiography in infective endocarditis. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2010;11:202–19.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Habib G, Derumeaux G, Avierinos JF, et al. Value and limitations of the Duke criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;33:2023–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Bai AD, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of transthoracic echocardiography for infective endocarditis findings using transesophageal echocardiography as the reference standard: a meta-analysis. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2017;30(7):639–646.e8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Evangelista A, Gonzalez-Alujas MT. Echocardiography in infective endocarditis. Heart. 2004;90:614–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Lambl V. Papillare exkreszenzen an der semilunar-klappe der aorta. Wien Med Wochenschr. 1856;6:244–7.

    Google Scholar 

  28. San Roman JA, Lopez J, Vilacosta I, et al. Prognostic stratification of patients with left-sided endocarditis determined at admission. Am J Med. 2007;120:369 e361–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Lauridsen TK, et al. Echocardiographic findings predict in-hospital and 1-year mortality in left-sided native valve Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis: analysis from the international collaboration on endocarditis-prospective Echo cohort study. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;8(7):e003397.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Di Salvo G, Habib G, Pergola V, et al. Echocardiography predicts embolic events in infective endocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37:1069–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Kang DH, Kim YJ, Kim SH, et al. Early surgery versus conventional treatment for infective endocarditis. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:2466–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Tischler MD, Vaitkus PT. The ability of vegetation size on echocardiography to predict clinical complications: a meta-analysis. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 1997;10:562–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Mohananey D, et al. Association of vegetation size with embolic risk in patients with infective endocarditis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2018;178(4):502–10.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Narducci ML, Pelargiono G, Russo E, et al. Usefulness of intracardiac echocardiography for the diagnosis of cardiovascular implantable electronic device-related endocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61:1398–405.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Pfister R, et al. Three-dimensional compared to two-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography for diagnosis of infective endocarditis. Infection. 2016;44(6):725–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Sungur A, et al. The advantages of live/real time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography in the assessment of tricuspid valve infective endocarditis. Echocardiography. 2014;31(10):1293–309.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Karwhar RB, et al. Ruptured anterior mitral leaflet aneurysm in aortic valve infective endocarditis—evaluation by three-dimensional echocardiography. Echocardiography. 2014;31(3):E72–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Feuchtner GM, Stolzmann P, Dichtl W, et al. Multislice computed tomography in infective endocarditis: comparison with transesophageal echocardiography and intraoperative findings. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53(5):436–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Fagman E, Perrotta S, Bech-Hanssen O, et al. ECG-gated computed tomography: a new role for patients with suspected aortic prosthetic valve endocarditis. Eur Radiol. 2012;22(11):2407–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Koo HJ, et al. Demonstration of infective endocarditis by cardiac CT and transoesophageal echocardiography: comparison with intra-operative findings. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2018;19(2):199–207.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Kim IC, et al. Comparison of cardiac computed tomography with transesophageal echocardiography for identifying vegetation and intracardiac complications in patients with infective endocarditis in the era of 3-dimensional images. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2018;11(3):e006986.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Hekimian G, Kim M, Passefort S, Duval X, Wolff M, Leport C, Leplat C, Steg G, Iung B, Vahanian A, Messika-Zeitoun D. Preoperative use and safety of coronary angiography for acute aortic valve infective endocarditis. Heart. 2010;96:696–700.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Duval X, Iung B, Klein I, et al. Effect of early cerebral magnetic resonance imaging on clinical decisions in infective endocarditis: a prospective study. Ann Intern Med. 2010;152:497–504.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Snygg-Martin U, Gustafsson L, Rosengren L, et al. Cerebrovascular complications in patients with left-sided infective endocarditis are common: a prospective study using magnetic resonance imaging and neurochemical brain damage markers. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47:23–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Iung B, Klein I, Mourvillier B, Olivot JM, Detaint D, Longuet P, Ruimy R, Fourchy D, Laurichesse JJ, Laissy JP, Escoubet B, Duval X. Respective effects of early cerebral and abdominal magnetic resonance imaging on clinical decisions in infective endocarditis. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012;13:703–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Thuny F, Gaubert JY, Jacquier A, et al. Imaging investigations in infective endocarditis: current approach and perspectives. Arch Cardiovasc Dis. 2013;106:52–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Saby L, Laas O, Habib G, et al. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography for diagnosis of prosthetic valve endocarditis: increased valvular 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake as a novel major criterion. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61:2374–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Tattevin P, et al. Update on blood culture-negative endocarditis. Med Mal Infect. 2015;45(1–2):1–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Botelho-Nevers E, Thuny F, Casalta JP, et al. Dramatic reduction in infective endocarditis-related mortality with a management-based approach. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169:1290–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:2438–88.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Tornos P, Iung B, Permanyer-Miralda G, Baron G, Delahaye F, Gohlke-Barwolf C, Butchart EG, Ravaud P, Vahanian A. Infective endocarditis in Europe: lessons from the Euro Heart Survey. Heart. 2005;91:571–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. Vikram HR, Buenconsejo J, Hasbun R, Quagliarello VJ. Impact of valve surgery on 6-month mortality in adults with complicated, left-sided native valve endocarditis. A propensity analysis. JAMA. 2003;290:3207–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Bashore TM, Cabell C, Fowler V Jr. Update on infective endocarditis. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2006;31:274–352.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Steinbach WJ, Perfect JR, Cabell CH, et al. A meta-analysis of medical versus surgical therapy for Candida endocarditis. J Infect. 2005;51(3):230247.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Arnold CJ, Johnson M, Bayer AS, et al. Candida infective endocarditis: an observational cohort study with a focus on therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59(4):2365–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Chirouze C, Alla F, Fowler VG Jr, et al. Impact of early valve surgery on outcome of Staphylococcus aureus prosthetic valve infective endocarditis: analysis in the International Collaboration of Endocarditis-Prospective Cohort Study. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60(5):741–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Sohail MR, Martin KR, Wilson WR, Baddour LM, Harmsen WS, Steckelberg JM. Medical versus surgical management of Staphylococcus aureus prosthetic valve endocarditis. Am J Med. 2006;119(2):147–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Garcia-Cabrera E, Fernandez-Hidalgo N, Almirante B, et al. Neurological complications of infective endocarditis: risk factors, outcome, and impact of cardiac surgery: a multicenter observational study. Circulation. 2013;127:2272–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Iung B, Rousseau-Paziaud J, Cormier B, et al. Contemporary results of mitral valve repair for infective endocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:386–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Duval X, Iung B, Klein I, Brochet E, et al. Effect of early cerebral magnetic resonance imaging on clinical decisions in infective endocarditis: a prospective study. Ann Intern Med. 2010;152:497–504, W175.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Cooper HA, Thompson EC, Laureno R, et al. Subclinical brain embolization in left-sided infective endocarditis: results from the evaluation by MRI of the brains of patients with left-sided intracardiac solid masses (EMBOLISM) pilot study. Circulation. 2009;120:585–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Iung B, Tubiana S, Klein I, et al. Determinants of cerebral lesions in endocarditis on systematic cerebral magnetic resonance imaging: a prospective study. Stroke. 2013;44:3056–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Tubiana S, et al. Dental procedures, antibiotic prophylaxis, and endocarditis among people with prosthetic heart valves: nationwide population based cohort and a case crossover study. BMJ. 2017;358:j3776.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Cardiology Department, APHM, La Timone Hospital, Marseille, France

    Gilbert Habib

  2. IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France

    Gilbert Habib

  3. Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitario Ramon y Cajal, Madrid, Spain

    Maria Abellas-Sequeiros

Authors
  1. Gilbert Habib
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Maria Abellas-Sequeiros
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain

    Jose Zamorano

  2. Cardiology, University Hospital Sart Tilman Cardiology, Liège, Belgium

    Patrizio Lancellotti

  3. University of Liège, Liège, Belgium

    Luc Pierard

  4. Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec Heart & Lung Institute, QC, Canada

    Philippe Pibarot

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Habib, G., Abellas-Sequeiros, M. (2020). Infective Endocarditis. In: Zamorano, J., Lancellotti, P., Pierard, L., Pibarot, P. (eds) Heart Valve Disease. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23104-0_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23104-0_12

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-23103-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-23104-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation