Abstract
The implications of gallstone carriage range from clinically silent and asymptomatic cholelithiasis to suppurative cholangitis and subsequent sepsis, multi-organ dysfunction syndrome, and death. Given the rising burden of gallstone disease in the developed world, an increasing prevalence of choledocholithiasis and ensuing cholangitis can be expected. High clinical suspicion, early recognition, prompt initiation of therapy, and balanced endoscopic and surgical management by skilled practitioners are required to achieve optimal outcomes.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Shaffer EA. Epidemiology of gallbladder stone disease. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2006;20(6):981–96.
Everhart JE, Khare M, Hill M, Maurer KR. Prevalence and ethnic differences in gallbladder disease in the United States. Gastroenterology. 1999;117(3):632–9.
Tazuma S. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and classification of biliary stones (common bile duct and intrahepatic). Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2006;20(6):1075–83.
Collins C, Maguire D, Ireland A, Fitzgerald E, O’Sullivan GC. A prospective study of common bile duct calculi in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy: natural history of choledocholithiasis revisited. Ann Surg. 2004;239(1):28.
Chhoda A, Jain D, Singhal S. Sex-related differences in predicting choledocholithiasis using current American Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy risk criteria. Ann Gastroenterol. 2017;30(6):682.
Abboud PAC, Malet PF, Berlin JA, Staroscik R, Cabana MD, Clarke JR, Shea JA, Schwartz JS, Williams SV. Predictors of common bile duct stones prior to cholecystectomy: a meta-analysis. Gastrointest Endosc. 1996;44(4):450–7.
Yokoe M, Takada T, Strasberg SM, Solomkin JS, Mayumi T, Gomi H, Pitt HA, Gouma DJ, Garden OJ, Büchler MW, Kiriyama S. New diagnostic criteria and severity assessment of acute cholecystitis in revised Tokyo guidelines. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2012;19(5):578–85.
Fitzgerald JEF, White MJ, Lobo DN. Courvoisier’s gallbladder: law or sign? World J Surg. 2009;33(4):886–91.
Attasaranya S, Fogel EL, Lehman GA. Choledocholithiasis, ascending cholangitis, and gallstone pancreatitis. Med Clin. 2008;92(4):925–60.
Wang CH, Mo LR, Lin RC, Kuo JY, Chang KK. Rapid diagnosis of choledocholithiasis using biochemical tests in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Hepato-Gastroenterology. 2001;48(39):619–21.
Einstein DM, Lapin SA, Ralls P, Halls JM. The insensitivity of sonography in the detection of choledocholithiasis. Am J Roentgenol. 1984;142(4):725–8.
Perret RS, Sloop GD, Borne JA. Common bile duct measurements in an elderly population. J Ultrasound Med. 2000;19(11):727–30.
Karamanos E, Inaba K, Berg RJ, Resnick S, Okoye O, Alexopoulos S, Chouliaras K, Demetriades D. The relationship between age, common bile duct diameter and diagnostic probability in suspected choledocholithiasis. Dig Surg. 2017;34(5):421–8.
Wu CC, Ho YH, Chen CY. Effect of aging on common bile duct diameter: a real-time ultrasonographic study. J Clin Ultrasound. 1984;12(8):473–8.
Bowie JD. What is the upper limit of normal for the common bile duct on ultrasound: how much do you want it to be. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;95(4):897.
Costi R, Gnocchi A, Di Mario F, Sarli L. Diagnosis and management of choledocholithiasis in the golden age of imaging, endoscopy and laparoscopy. World J Gastroenterol: WJG. 2014;20(37):13382.
Sugiyama M, Atomi Y. Follow-up of more than 10 years after endoscopic sphincterotomy for choledocholithiasis in young patients. Br J Surg. 1998;85(7):917–21.
Yi SY. Recurrence of biliary symptoms after endoscopic sphincterotomy for choledocholithiasis in patients with gall bladder stones. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2000;15(6):661–4.
Varadarajulu S, Kilgore ML, Wilcox CM, Eloubeidi MA. Relationship among hospital ERCP volume, length of stay, and technical outcomes. Gastrointest Endosc. 2006;64(3):338–47.
Salman B, Yılmaz U, Kerem M, Bedirli A, Sare M, Sakrak O, Tatlicioglu E. The timing of laparoscopic cholecystectomy after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in cholelithiasis coexisting with choledocholithiasis. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2009;16(6):832–6.
Pitt HA. Role of open choledochotomy in the treatment of choledocholithiasis. Am J Surg. 1993;165(4):483–6.
Moreira VF, Arribas R, Sanroman AL, Larena C, Garcia M, Torres G. Choledocolithiasis in cirrhotic patients: is endoscopic sphincterotomy the safest choice? Am J Gastroenterol. 1991;(8):86, 1006.
Bergman JJ, Rauws EA, Tijssen JG, Tytgat GN, Huibregtse K. Biliary endoprostheses in elderly patients with endoscopically irretrievable common bile duct stones: report on 117 patients. Gastrointest Endosc. 1995;42(3):195–201.
Andriulli A, Loperfido S, Napolitano G, Niro G, Valvano MR, Spirito F, Pilotto A, Forlano R. Incidence rates of post-ERCP complications: a systematic survey of prospective studies. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102(8):1781.
Rojas-Ortega S, Arizpe-Bravo D, López ERM, Cesin-Sánchez R, Reed-San Roman G, Gómez C. Transcystic common bile duct exploration in the management of patients with choledocholithiasis. J Gastrointest Surg. 2003;7(4):492–6.
Sung JY, Costerton JW, Shaffer EA. Defense system in the biliary tract against bacterial infection. Dig Dis Sci. 1992;37(5):689–96.
Kimura Y, Takada T, Kawarada Y, Nimura Y, Hirata K, Sekimoto M, Yoshida M, Mayumi T, Wada K, Miura F, Yasuda H. Definitions, pathophysiology, and epidemiology of acute cholangitis and cholecystitis: Tokyo guidelines. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2007;14(1):15–26.
Lee JG. Diagnosis and management of acute cholangitis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;6(9):533.
van den Hazel SJ, Speelman P, Tytgat GN, Dankert J, van Leeuwen DJ. Role of antibiotics in the treatment and prevention of acute and recurrent cholangitis. Clin Infect Dis. 1994;19(2):279–86.
Pérez G, Escalona A, Jarufe N, Ibáñez L, Viviani P, GarcÃa C, Benavides C, Salvadó J. Prospective randomized study of T-tube versus biliary stent for common bile duct decompression after open choledochotomy. World J Surg. 2005;29(7):869–72.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Condon, F.J. (2019). Choledocholithiasis and Cholangitis: Incidence, Initial Management, and Surgical Management. In: Lim, R. (eds) Multidisciplinary Approaches to Common Surgical Problems. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12823-4_17
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12823-4_17
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-12822-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-12823-4
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)