Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Respiratory Medicine ((RM))

Abstract

Critical care is like aviation: there is little room for error. As a result, simulation is becoming a cornerstone of training in Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine. Simulation allows for deliberate practice of individual and teamwork skills, practice for rare but potentially deadly events, and optimization of health system performance. In specific situations, simulation can be used to demonstrate competency while also improving patient care outcomes. Successful simulation-based education demands planning and attention to the skill levels of participants, availability of equipment, time for careful and scripted debriefing, and proper evaluation of performance. In this chapter, we discuss the value of and evidence for using simulation in medical education in Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, as well as the educational theory which supports its use, tips for implementing and sustaining successful simulation programs, and the limitations of simulation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Reader TW, Cuthbertson BH. Teamwork and team training in the ICU: where do the similarities with aviation end? Crit Care. 2011;15(6):313.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Musson D. Crew resource management (CRM) in the aviation industry. In: Nemeth C, editor. Improving healthcare team communication: building on lessons from aviation and aerospace. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd; 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Landgren R, Alawadi Z, Douma C, Thomas EJ, Etchegaray J. Barriers of pediatric residents to speaking up about patient safety. Hosp Pediatr. 2016;6(12):738–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. O’Connor P, Byrne D, O'Dea A, McVeigh TP, Kerin MJ. “Excuse me”: teaching interns to speak up. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf. 2013;39(9):426–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Srivastava R. Speaking up – when doctors navigate medical hierarchy. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(4):302–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Gladwell M. Outliers: the story of success. New York: Little, Brown and Company; 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Singer BD, Corbridge TC, Schroedl CJ, et al. First-year residents outperform third-year residents after simulation-based education in critical care medicine. Simul Healthc J Soc Simul Healthc. 2013;8(2):67–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Hamstra SJ, Brydges R, Hatala R, Zendejas B, Cook DA. Reconsidering fidelity in simulation-based training. Acad Med J Assoc Am Med Coll. 2014;89(3):387–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Kim J, Park JH, Shin S. Effectiveness of simulation-based nursing education depending on fidelity: a meta-analysis. BMC Med Educ. 2016;16:152.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Cheng A, Lockey A, Bhanji F, Lin Y, Hunt EA, Lang E. The use of high-fidelity manikins for advanced life support training – a systematic review and meta-analysis. Resuscitation. 2015;93:142–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Trejos N. New pilot fatigue rules go into effect this weekend. USA Today. January 3, 2014. 2014. Travel.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Asch DA, Bilimoria KY, Desai SV. Resident duty hours and medical education policy – raising the evidence Bar. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(18):1704–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Landrigan CP, Rothschild JM, Cronin JW, et al. Effect of reducing interns’ work hours on serious medical errors in intensive care units. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(18):1838–48.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Lopreiato JO, Downing D, Gammon W, et al. Healthcare simulation dictionary. Rockville: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Paskins Z, Peile E. Final year medical students’ views on simulation-based teaching: a comparison with the Best Evidence Medical Education Systematic Review. Med Teach. 2010;32(7):569–77.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Reed T, Pirotte M, McHugh M, et al. Simulation-based mastery learning improves medical student performance and retention of core clinical skills. Simul Healthc J Soc Simul Healthc. 2016;11(3):173–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Weller JM. Simulation in undergraduate medical education: bridging the gap between theory and practice. Med Educ. 2004;38(1):32–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Ericsson K. Deliberate practice and the acquisition and maintenance of expert performance in medicine and related domains. Acad Med. 2004;79(Supplement):S70–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Eppich WJ, Hunt EA, Duval-Arnould JM, Siddall VJ, Cheng A. Structuring feedback and debriefing to achieve mastery learning goals. Acad Med J Assoc Am Med Coll. 2015;90(11):1501–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Lewis KL, Bohnert CA, Gammon WL, et al. The Association of Standardized Patient Educators (ASPE) Standards of Best Practice (SOBP). Adv Simul. 2017;2(10):1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Anderson JM, Aylor ME, Leonard DT. Instructional design dogma: creating planned learning experiences in simulation. J Crit Care. 2008;23(4):595–602.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Kaakinen J, Arwood E. Systematic review of nursing simulation literature for use of learning theory. Int J Nurs Educ Scholarsh. 2009;6:16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Mema B, Harris I. The barriers and facilitators to transfer of ultrasound-guided central venous line skills from simulation to practice: exploring perceptions of learners and supervisors. Teach Learn Med. 2016;28(2):115–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Fraser KL, Ayres P, Sweller J. Cognitive load theory for the design of medical simulations. Simul Healthc J Soc Simul Healthc. 2015;10(5):295–307.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Bath J, Lawrence P. Why we need open simulation to train surgeons in an era of work-hour restrictions. Vascular. 2011;19(4):175–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Hayden JK, Smiley RA, Alexander M, Kardong-Edgren S, Jeffries PR. The NCSBN National Simulation Study: a longitudinal, randomized, controlled study replacing clinical hours with simulation in prelicensure nursing education. J Nurs Regul. 2014;5(2):S3–S40. 2014;5(2):S3–S40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Epps HR, Levin PE. The TeamSTEPPS approach to safety and quality. J Pediatr Orthop. 2015;35(5 Suppl 1):S30–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Nicksa GA, Anderson C, Fidler R, Stewart L. Innovative approach using interprofessional simulation to educate surgical residents in technical and nontechnical skills in high-risk clinical scenarios. JAMA Surg. 2015;150(3):201–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. O’Dea A, O’Connor P, Keogh I. A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of crew resource management training in acute care domains. Postgrad Med J. 2014;90(1070):699–708.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Wright MC, Phillips-Bute BG, Petrusa ER, Griffin KL, Hobbs GW, Taekman JM. Assessing teamwork in medical education and practice: relating behavioural teamwork ratings and clinical performance. Med Teach. 2009;31(1):30–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Pian-Smith MC, Simon R, Minehart RD, et al. Teaching residents the two-challenge rule: a simulation-based approach to improve education and patient safety. Simul Healthc J Soc Simul Healthc. 2009;4(2):84–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Buckley S, Ambrose L, Anderson E, et al. Tools for structured team communication in pre-registration health professions education: a Best Evidence Medical Education (BEME) review: BEME guide no. 41. Med Teach. 2016;38(10):966–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Laack TA, Dong Y, Goyal DG, Sadosty AT, Suri HS, Dunn WF. Short-term and long-term impact of the central line workshop on resident clinical performance during simulated central line placement. Simul Healthc J Soc Simul Healthc. 2014;9(4):228–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Barsuk JH, Cohen ER, McGaghie WC, Wayne DB. Long-term retention of central venous catheter insertion skills after simulation-based mastery learning. Acad Med J Assoc Am Med Coll. 2010;85(10 Suppl):S9–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Barsuk JH, McGaghie WC, Cohen ER, Balachandran JS, Wayne DB. Use of simulation-based mastery learning to improve the quality of central venous catheter placement in a medical intensive care unit. J Hosp Med. 2009;4(7):397–403.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Rochlen LR, Levine R, Tait AR. First-person point-of-view-augmented reality for central line insertion training: a usability and feasibility study. Simul Healthc J Soc Simul Healthc. 2017;12(1):57–62.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Robinson AR 3rd, Gravenstein N, Cooper LA, Lizdas D, Luria I, Lampotang S. A mixed-reality part-task trainer for subclavian venous access. Simul Healthc J Soc Simul Healthc. 2014;9(1):56–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Boet S, Bould MD, Schaeffer R, et al. Learning fibreoptic intubation with a virtual computer program transfers to ‘hands on’ improvement. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2010;27(1):31–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Krogh CL, Konge L, Bjurstrom J, Ringsted C. Training on a new, portable, simple simulator transfers to performance of complex bronchoscopy procedures. Clin Respir J. 2013;7(3):237–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Kennedy CC, Cannon EK, Warner DO, Cook DA. Advanced airway management simulation training in medical education: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med. 2014;42(1):169–78.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. McSparron JI, Michaud GC, Gordan PL, et al. Simulation for skills-based education in pulmonary and critical care medicine. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2015;12(4):579–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Andreatta P, Saxton E, Thompson M, Annich G. Simulation-based mock codes significantly correlate with improved pediatric patient cardiopulmonary arrest survival rates. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2011;12(1):33–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Rodgers DL, Securro S Jr, Pauley RD. The effect of high-fidelity simulation on educational outcomes in an advanced cardiovascular life support course. Simul Healthc J Soc Simul Healthc. 2009;4(4):200–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Neily J, Mills PD, Lee P, et al. Medical team training and coaching in the Veterans Health Administration; assessment and impact on the first 32 facilities in the programme. Qual Saf Health Care. 2010;19(4):360–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Patterson MD, Geis GL, LeMaster T, Wears RL. Impact of multidisciplinary simulation-based training on patient safety in a paediatric emergency department. BMJ Qual Saf. 2013;22(5):383–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Arnold RM, Back AL, Barnato AE, et al. The Critical Care Communication project: improving fellows’ communication skills. J Crit Care. 2015;30(2):250–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Chung HO, Oczkowski SJ, Hanvey L, Mbuagbaw L, You JJ. Educational interventions to train healthcare professionals in end-of-life communication: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med Educ. 2016;16:131.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Eid A, Petty M, Hutchins L, Thompson R. “Breaking bad news”: standardized patient intervention improves communication skills for hematology-oncology fellows and advanced practice nurses. J Cancer Educ. 2009;24(2):154–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Szmuilowicz E, el-Jawahri A, Chiappetta L, Kamdar M, Block S. Improving residents’ end-of-life communication skills with a short retreat: a randomized controlled trial. J Palliat Med. 2010;13(4):439–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Raper SE, Resnick AS, Morris JB. Simulated disclosure of a medical error by residents: development of a course in specific communication skills. J Surg Educ. 2014;71(6):e116–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Arnaoutakis K, Anders M, Berry K. Simulating four essential conversations with hematology/oncology trainees: a qualitative evaluation. J Cancer Educ. 2016;31(1):55–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Bachmann C, Barzel A, Roschlaub S, Ehrhardt M, Scherer M. Can a brief two-hour interdisciplinary communication skills training be successful in undergraduate medical education? Patient Educ Couns. 2013;93(2):298–305.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Bays AM, Engelberg RA, Back AL, et al. Interprofessional communication skills training for serious illness: evaluation of a small-group, simulated patient intervention. J Palliat Med. 2014;17(2):159–66.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Lundberg PW, Korndorffer JR Jr. Using simulation to improve systems. Surg Clin N Am. 2015;95(4):885–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Walker ST, Sevdalis N, McKay A, et al. Unannounced in situ simulations: integrating training and clinical practice. BMJ Qual Saf. 2013;22(6):453–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Wiest K, Farnan J, Byrne E, et al. Use of simulation to assess incoming interns’ recognition of opportunities to choose wisely. J Hosp Med. 2017;12(7):493–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Bordley J, Sakata KK, Bierman J, et al. Use of a novel, electronic health record-centered, interprofessional ICU rounding simulation to understand latent safety issues. Crit Care Med. 2018;46:1570–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Stephenson LS, Gorsuch A, Hersh WR, Mohan V, Gold JA. Participation in EHR based simulation improves recognition of patient safety issues. BMC Med Educ. 2014;14:224.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Gold JA, Stephenson LE, Gorsuch A, Parthasarathy K, Mohan V. Feasibility of utilizing a commercial eye tracker to assess electronic health record use during patient simulation. Health Informa J. 2016;22(3):744–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Barbeito A, Bonifacio A, Holtschneider M, Segall N, Schroeder R, Mark J. In situ simulated cardiac arrest exercises to detect system vulnerabilities. Simul Healthc J Soc Simul Healthc. 2015;10(3):154–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Droogh JM, Kruger HL, Ligtenberg JJ, Zijlstra JG. Simulator-based crew resource management training for interhospital transfer of critically ill patients by a mobile ICU. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf. 2012;38(12):554–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Peebles E, Subbe CP, Hughes P, Gemmell L. Timing and teamwork – an observational pilot study of patients referred to a Rapid Response Team with the aim of identifying factors amenable to re-design of a Rapid Response System. Resuscitation. 2012;83(6):782–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Patterson MD, Geis GL, Falcone RA, LeMaster T, Wears RL. In situ simulation: detection of safety threats and teamwork training in a high risk emergency department. BMJ Qual Saf. 2013;22(6):468–77.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Wheeler DS, Geis G, Mack EH, LeMaster T, Patterson MD. High-reliability emergency response teams in the hospital: improving quality and safety using in situ simulation training. BMJ Qual Saf. 2013;22(6):507–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Wayne DB, Cohen ER, Singer BD, et al. Progress toward improving medical school graduates’ skills via a “boot camp” curriculum. Simul Healthc J Soc Simul Healthc. 2014;9(1):33–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Nishisaki A, Hales R, Biagas K, et al. A multi-institutional high-fidelity simulation “boot camp” orientation and training program for first year pediatric critical care fellows. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2009;10(2):157–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Mallory LA, Calaman S, Lee White M, et al. Targeting simulation-based assessment for the pediatric milestones: a survey of simulation experts and program directors. Acad Pediatr. 2016;16(3):290–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Dwyer T, Wadey V, Archibald D, et al. Cognitive and psychomotor entrustable professional activities: can simulators help assess competency in trainees? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2016;474(4):926–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Nousiainen MT, McQueen SA, Ferguson P, et al. Simulation for teaching orthopaedic residents in a competency-based curriculum: do the benefits justify the increased costs? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2016;474(4):935–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Acton RD, Chipman JG, Lunden M, Schmitz CC. Unanticipated teaching demands rise with simulation training: strategies for managing faculty workload. J Surg Educ. 2015;72(3):522–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Cox T, Seymour N, Stefanidis D. Moving the needle: simulation’s impact on patient outcomes. Surg Clin N Am. 2015;95(4):827–38.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Curtis JR, Back AL, Ford DW, et al. Effect of communication skills training for residents and nurse practitioners on quality of communication with patients with serious illness: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2013;310(21):2271–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Chan A, Singh S, Dubrowski A, et al. Part versus whole: a randomized trial of central venous catheterization education. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract. 2015;20(4):1061–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Balmer DF, Quiah S, DiPace J, Paik S, Ward MA, Richards BF. Learning across the explicit, implicit, and extra-curricula: an exploratory study of the relative proportions of residents’ perceived learning in clinical areas at three pediatric residency programs. Acad Med J Assoc Am Med Coll. 2015;90(11):1547–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Walzak A, Bacchus M, Schaefer JP, et al. Diagnosing technical competence in six bedside procedures: comparing checklists and a global rating scale in the assessment of resident performance. Acad Med J Assoc Am Med Coll. 2015;90(8):1100–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Dagnone JD, Hall AK, Sebok-Syer S, et al. Competency-based simulation assessment of resuscitation skills in emergency medicine postgraduate trainees – a Canadian multi-centred study. Can Med Educ J. 2016;7(1):e57–67.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Evans LV, Dodge KL. Simulation and patient safety: evaluative checklists for central venous catheter insertion. Qual Saf Health Care. 2010;19(Suppl 3):i42–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Issenberg SB, McGaghie WC, Petrusa ER, Lee Gordon D, Scalese RJ. Features and uses of high-fidelity medical simulations that lead to effective learning: a BEME systematic review. Med Teach. 2005;27(1):10–28.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Decker S, Fey M, Sideras S, et al. Standards of best practice: simulation standard VI: the debriefing process. Clin Simul Nurs. 2013;9:e26–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Rudolph JW, Simon R, Dufresne RL, Raemer DB. There’s no such thing as “nonjudgmental” debriefing: a theory and method for debriefing with good judgment. Simul Healthc J Soc Simul Healthc. 2006;1(1):49–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. Rudolph JW, Simon R, Rivard P, Dufresne RL, Raemer DB. Debriefing with good judgment: combining rigorous feedback with genuine inquiry. Anesthesiol Clin. 2007;25(2):361–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Eppich W, Cheng A. Promoting Excellence and Reflective Learning in Simulation (PEARLS): development and rationale for a blended approach to health care simulation debriefing. Simul Healthc J Soc Simul Healthc. 2015;10(2):106–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Rudolph JW, Palaganas J, Fey MK, et al. A DASH to the top: educator debriefing standards as a path to practice readiness for nursing students. Clin Simul Nurs. 2016;12:412–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Brett-Fleegler M, Rudolph J, Eppich W, et al. Debriefing assessment for simulation in healthcare: development and psychometric properties. Simul Healthc J Soc Simul Healthc. 2012;7(5):288–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Corvetto MA, Taekman JM. To die or not to die? A review of simulated death. Simul Healthc J Soc Simul Healthc. 2013;8(1):8–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. Fraser K, Huffman J, Ma I, et al. The emotional and cognitive impact of unexpected simulated patient death: a randomized controlled trial. Chest. 2014;145(5):958–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Barzallo Salazar MJ, Minkoff H, Bayya J, et al. Influence of surgeon behavior on trainee willingness to speak up: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Coll Surg. 2014;219(5):1001–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Gardner R. Introduction to debriefing. Semin Perinatol. 2013;37(3):166–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Naicker TR, Hughes EA, McLeod DT. Validation of a novel resin-porcine thorax model for chest drain insertion training. Clin Med (Lond). 2012;12(1):49–52.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Ghazali A, Breque C, Leger A, Scepi M, Oriot D. Testing of a complete training model for chest tube insertion in traumatic pneumothorax. Simul Healthc J Soc Simul Healthc. 2015;10(4):239–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Bauer B, Rebel A, Dilorenzo A, et al. Cognitive aid use improves transition of care by graduating medical students during a simulated crisis. Med Educ Online. 2016;21(1):32118.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Bourgeon L, Bensalah M, Vacher A, Ardouin JC, Debien B. Role of emotional competence in residents’ simulated emergency care performance: a mixed-methods study. BMJ Qual Saf. 2016;25(5):364–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Semler MW, Keriwala RD, Clune JK, et al. A randomized trial comparing didactics, demonstration, and simulation for teaching teamwork to medical residents. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2015;12(4):512–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  94. Dyre L, Tabor A, Ringsted C, Tolsgaard MG. Imperfect practice makes perfect: error management training improves transfer of learning. Med Educ. 2017;51(2):196–206.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Domuracki K, Wong A, Olivieri L, Grierson LE. The impacts of observing flawed and flawless demonstrations on clinical skill learning. Med Educ. 2015;49(2):186–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Yeo CT, Davison C, Ungi T, Holden M, Fichtinger G, McGraw R. Examination of learning trajectories for simulated lumbar puncture training using hand motion analysis. Acad Emerg Med. 2015;22(10):1187–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Lorello GR, Hicks CM, Ahmed SA, Unger Z, Chandra D, Hayter MA. Mental practice: a simple tool to enhance team-based trauma resuscitation. CJEM. 2016;18(2):136–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jeffrey A. Gold .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Clay, A.S., Gold, J.A. (2019). Teaching with Simulation. In: Kritek, P., Richards, J. (eds) Medical Education in Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine. Respiratory Medicine. Humana, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10680-5_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10680-5_12

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-10679-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-10680-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics