Abstract
In contemporary North American society, “cultural diversity,” “cultural pluralism,” and “diversity and inclusion” are catch words in social, political, and economic policies. These policies are developed in the context of the existing open-door policies for immigration caused by either political instabilities, unfavorable economies, or natural calamities (Kymlicka, 2007), or the opportunities created by globalization in a world in which people are more interconnected and interdependent than ever before (Blackmore & Sachs, 2007; Friedman, 2000; Olssen, 1986; Rizvi, 2007). As Caillods (2003) explains, globalization is the outcome of the “abolition of borders for all kinds of economic, financial and cultural activities. It affects not only the economic and financial sphere but also national cultures and services, including education. In education it leads to an increased concern for quality” (p. 1). The fundamental question that arises is whether globalization as a product of neoliberalism policies (Assié-Lumumba, 2000; George, 1999), which seem to dominate most of the social policies by emphasizing market values (Habermas, 1991; Shultz, 2013), supports or undermines diversity and inclusion. As well, are any local programs helping groups to cope with globalization in order to ensure diversity and inclusion? How are values of globalization and neoliberalism compatible with the values of inclusion, and what mechanisms are in place to support it? Globalization and open-door policies for immigrants on the one hand, and local populations, on the other hand, are creating diversity in North America. This situation requires policies that can support diversity and inclusion. Such policies are necessary partly because of conformity to international positions and, as Kymlicka (2007) suggests, partly because ethnic politics are perceived as a threat to peace, democracy, and development. The issue is how policymakers can support diversity and inclusion, and what the level of diversity and inclusion is in the existing policies.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abdi, A. A., & Shultz, L. (2012). Recolonized citizenships, rhetorical postcolonialities: Sub-Saharan Africa and the prospects for decolonised ontologies and subjectivities. In V. Andreotti & L. T. M. Souza (Eds.), Postcolonial perspectives on global citizenship education (pp. 158–171). New York: Routledge.
Apple, M. W. (1982). Cultural and economic reproduction in education. New York: Routledge.
Arnowitz, S., & Giroux, H. (1991/1997). Postmodern education: Policies, and culture, and social criticism. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press
Assié-Lumumba, N. T. (2000). Educational and economic reforms, gender equity, and access to schooling in Africa. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 41(1), 89–120.
Assié-Lumumba, N. T. (2016). Evolving African attitudes to European education: Resistance, pervert effects of the single system paradox, and the ubuntu framework for renewal. International Review of Education, 62, 11–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-016-9547-8
Black Educators Working Group. (1993). Submission to the Ontario royal commission on learning. Toronto, ON: Black Educators Working Group.
Blackmore, J., & Sachs, J. (2007). Performing and reforming leaders, gender, educational change. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Board of Education, Toronto. (1988). Education of black students in Toronto: Final report of the consultative committee. Toronto, ON: Toronto Board of Education.
Bourdieu, P. (2003). Firing back: Against the tyranny of the market. London: Verso.
Bracy, W. (1995, March 2–5). Developing the inclusive curriculum: A model for the incorporation of diversity in the social work of curriculum. A paper presented at the 41st annual program meeting of the Council on Social Work Education, San Diego, CA.
Brown, R. (1993). A follow-up of the grade 9 cohort of 1987 every secondary student survey participants (Toronto Board of Education, Research Report, # 207). Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED373109.pdf
Caillods, F. (2003). The changing role of the state: New competencies for planners. International Institute or Educational Planning Newsletter, 21(2), 1–14.
Collins, R. (1993). The long way home. Obsidian III: Literature in the African Diaspora, 4, 39–60.
Dei, G. J. S. (1996). Black/African-Canadian students’ perspectives on school racism. In I. Alladin (Ed.), Racism in Canadian schools (pp. 42–61). Toronto, ON: Harcourt Brace Canada.
Dei, G. J. S., Mazzuca, J., McIsaac, E., & Zinc, J. (1997). Reconstructing ‘Dropout’: A critical ethnography of the dynamics of Black students’ disengagement from school. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press.
Dei, G. J. S., James, I. M., Karumanchery, L. L., James-Wilson, S., & Zine, J. (2000). Removing margins: The challenges and possibilities of inclusive schooling. Toronto, ON: Canadian Scholars’ Press Inc.
DES. (1985). Education for all: Report of the committee of inquiry into the education of children from ethnic minority groups. The Swann Report. London: HMSO Department of Education and Science, CMND 9453.
Draper, A. (1899). Common schools in the large cities. The Forum, 27, 385–387.
Fairclough, I., & Fairclough, N. (2012). Political discourse analysis: A method for advanced students. New York: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group.
Friedman, T. (2000). The Lexus and the olive tree. London: Harper Collins Publishers.
GATS. (2004). General agreement on trade in service. New York: World Trade Organization. Retrieved www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/gats_factfiction_e.htm
Gay, G. (2004). The paradoxical aftermath of Brown. Multicultural Perspectives, 6, 12–17.
George, S. (1999, March 24–26). A short history of neo-liberalism: Twenty years of elite economics and emerging opportunities for structural change. Conference on economic sovereignty in a globalizing world, Bangkok. Retrieved from http://www.globalexchange.org/campaigns/econ101/neoliberalism.html
Giroux, H. (1988). Schooling and the struggle for public life. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Glazer, N., & Moynihan, D. (1970). Beyond the melting pot (2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Gollnick, D. M., & Chinn, P. C. (2002). Multicultural education in a pluralistic society. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill.
Grant, C. A. (2007). Diversity and inclusion in the United States: The dual structures that prevent equality. In G. K. Verma, C. R. Bagley, & M. M. Jha (Eds.), International perspectives on educational diversity and inclusion: Studies from America, Europe and India (pp. 47–60). London: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
Habermas, J. (1991). The structural transformation of the public sphere (T. Burger, Trans.). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Harris, W., & Duane, D. (1874). A statement of the theory of education in the United States approved by many leading educators. Washington, DC: GPO.
Kasowski, D. (2016a). Curiosity lights the future for immigrant from El Salvador. In Diversity: The multicultural magazine, telling the untold stories. Edmonton, AB.
Kasowski, D. (2016b). Giving voice to the truth: The Zebra way. In Diversity: The multicultural magazine, telling the untold stories (pp. 36–38). Edmonton, AB.
Kincheloe, J., & Steinberg, S. (1997). Changing multiculturalism. Buckingham, UK: Open University Press.
Kumashiro, K. K. (2002). Against repetition: Addressing resistance to anti-oppressive change in the practices of learning, teaching, supervising, and researching. Harvard Educational Review, 72, 67–92.
Kymlicka, W. (2007). Minority rights and the new international politics of diversity. Social Philosophy Today, 23, 13–55.
Kymlicka, W. (2010). Ethnicity and liberalism in the USA. In M. Guibernau & J. Rex (Eds.), The Ethnicity reader: Nationalism, multiculturalism & migration (pp. 255–272). Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
McLaren, P. (1997). Revolutionary multiculturalism pedagogies of dissent for the new millennium. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Merriam Webster Dictionary. (1828). Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/diversity
Mudimbe, V. Y. (1988). Liberty in African and Western thought. Washington, DC: Institute for Independent Education.
Nasaw, D. (1979). Schooled to order: A social history of public schooling in the United States. New York: Oxford University Press.
Ngabo, G. (Metro Views July 21, 2016). On Canada’s good example. The immigration tradition we’ve built in this country is special and has made us a model for the world, but it could fall apart if we don’t work to maintain it (p. 19). Toronto, Canada. https://issuu.com/metro_canada/docs/20160721_ca_toronto.
O’Byrne, D. J. (2003). The dimensions of global citizenship: Political identity beyond the nation-state. London: Frank Cass.
Olssen, M. (1986). Neoliberalism, globalization, democracy: Challenges for education. In H. Laude, P. Brown, J. Dillabough, & A. H. Halsey (Eds.), Education, globalization & social change (pp. 261–287). Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press.
Ringer, B. B. (1983). “We the people” and others: Duality and America’s treatment of its racial minorities. New York: Tavistock.
Rizvi, F. (2007). Post colonialism and globalization in education. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1177/1532708607303606
Rizvi, F., Engel, L., Rutkowski, D., & Sparks, J. (2007). Equality and the politics of globalization in education. In G. K. Verma, C. R. Bagley, & M. M. Jha (Eds.), International perspectives on educational diversity and inclusion: Studies from America, Europe and India (pp. 3–20). London: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
Saran, R. (2007). Reconceptualizing multiculturalism in American urban education. In G. K. Verma, C. R. Bagley, & M. M. Jha (Eds.), International perspectives on educational diversity and inclusion: Studies from America, Europe and India (pp. 61–76). London: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
Scholte, J. A. (2000). Globalization: A critical introduction. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave.
Shultz, L. (2013). Engaged scholarship in a time of the corporatization of the university and distrust of the public sphere: A decolonizing response. In T. Kajner & L. Shultz (Eds.), Engaged scholarship: The politics of engagement and disengagement (pp. 43–53). Rotterdam, The Netherlands: Sense Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6209-290-7
Steinhauer, E. (2016). Teaching a new story of indigenous experience. Retrieved from https://www.ualberta.ca/news-and-events/newsarticles/2016/september/teaching-a-new-story-of-indigenous-experience
Tyack, D. B. (1974). The one best system: A history of American Urban education. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
United Nations. (1995). Education for All Handicapped Children Act. of 1995 retrieved from www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/94/s6
Verma, G. K. (2007). Diverity and multiculturalism education: Cross-cutting issues and concepts. In G. K. Verma, C. R. Bagley, & M. M. Jha (Eds.), International perspectives on educational diversity and inclusion: Studies from America, Europe and India (pp. 21–30). London: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
Weber, M. (2010). What is an ethnic group? In M. Guibernau & J. Rex (Eds.), The Ethnicity reader: Nationalism, multiculturalism & migration (pp. 17–26). Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
Yalnizyan, A., & Grisdale, C. (2016, September). International students deserve our embrace. Edmonton Metro (Metro views), Alberta, Canada. Retrieved from https://issuu.com/metro_canada/docs/20160913_ca_ottawa/10
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rwiza, G.J. (2019). The Power of Globalization: Concepts and Practices of Diversity and Inclusion in North America. In: Kariwo, M., Asadi, N., El Bouhali, C. (eds) Interrogating Models of Diversity within a Multicultural Environment. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03913-4_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03913-4_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-03912-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-03913-4
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)