Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Failure in ACL reconstruction: Etiology, treatment, and results

  • Chapter
The Knee Joint

Abstract

Reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is an increasingly common surgical procedure. Th is trend is likely to continue as the popularity of high-risk leisure activities increases and the rising number of female participants results in greater numbers of ACL injuries. The high success rate of surgical intervention (>90% in some studies (1,2)) combined with a reluctance from the patient to modify or reduce activity even into middle age means conservative treatment is often rejected. In the USA there are >100,000 ACL reconstructions performed each year (3). In the United Kingdom the prevalence is estimated at 5000 per annum (4). Currently between 3000 and 10,000 USA residents and approximately 1000 UK patients are estimated to be candidates for revision ACL reconstruction annually (4).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Aglietti P, Buzzi R, Giron F, et al. (1997) Arthroscopic-assisted anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with the central third patellar tendon. A 5-8-year follow-up. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 5(3):138–144

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Steiner ME, Hecker AT, Brown CHJr, Hayes WC (1994) Anterior cruciate ligament graft fixation. Comparison of hamstring and patellar tendon grafts. Am J Sports Med 22(2):240–246 (discussion 246–247)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Brown CHJr, Carson EW (1999) Revision anterior cruciate ligament surgery. Clin Sports Med 18(1):109–171

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Thomas NP, Kankate R, Wandless F, Pandit H (2005) Revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using a 2-stage technique with bone grafting of the tibial tunnel. Am J Sports Med 33(11):1701–1709

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Ohly NE, Murray IR, Keating JF (2007) Revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: timing of surgery and the incidence of meniscal tears and degenerative change. J Bone Joint Surg Br 89(8):1051–1054

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Allen CR, Giffin JR, Harner CD (2003) Revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Orthop Clin North Am 34(1):79–98

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Aglietti P, Giron F, Buzzi R, et al. (2004) Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: bone-patellar tendon-bone compared with double semitendinosus and gracilis tendon grafts. A prospective, randomized clinical trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am 86-A(10):2143–2155

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Ahn JH, Lee YS, Ha HC (2008) Comparison of revision surgery with primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and outcome of revision surgery between different graft materials. Am J Sports Med: 36(10) 1189–95

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Anderson AF, Snyder RB, Lipscomb ABJr (2001) Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. A prospective randomized study of three surgical methods. Am J Sports Med 29(3):272–279

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Arnold MP, Kooloos J, van Kampen A (2001) Single-incision technique misses the anatomical femoral anterior cruciate ligament insertion: a cadaver study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 9(4):194–199

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Basso O, Johnson DP, Jewell F, Wakeley CJ (2001) The outcome of intra-articular debris, following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee 8(3):235–237

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Bealle D, Johnson DL (1999). Technical pitfalls of anterior cruciate ligament surgery. Clin Sports Med 18(4):831–845, vi

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Beynnon BD, Johnson RJ, Fleming BC, et al. (2002) Anterior cruciate ligament replacement: comparison of bonepatellar tendon-bone grafts with two-strand hamstring grafts. A prospective, randomized study. J Bone Joint Surg Am 84-A(9):1503–1513

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Beynnon BD, Uh BS, Johnson RJ, et al. (2005) Rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a prospective, randomized, double-blind comparison of programs administered over 2 different time intervals. Am J Sports Med 33(3):347–359

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Brand JCJr, Pienkowski D, Steenlage E, et al. (2000) Interference screw fixation strength of a quadrupled hamstring tendon graft is directly related to bone mineral density and insertion torque. Am J Sports Med 28(5):705–710

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Caborn DN, Coen M, Neef R, et al. (1998). Quadrupled semitendinosus-gracilis autograft fixation in the femoral tunnel: a comparison between a metal and a bioabsorbable interference screw. Arthroscopy 14(3):241–245

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Carson EW, Anisko EM, Restrepo C, et al. (2004) Revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: etiology of failures and clinical results. J Knee Surg 17(3):127–132

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Chen NC, Brand JCJr, Brown CHJr (2007) Biomechanics of intratunnel anterior cruciate ligament graft fixation. Clin Sports Med 26(4):695–714

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Clatworthy MG, Annear P, Bulow JU, Bartlett RJ (1999). Tunnel widening in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a prospective evaluation of hamstring and patella tendon grafts. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 7(3):138–145

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Corry IS, Webb JM, Clingeleffer AJ, Pinczewski LA (1999) Arthroscopic reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. A comparison of patellar tendon autograft and fourstrand hamstring tendon autograft. Am J Sports Med 27(4):444–454

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Denti M, Lo Vetere D, Bait C, et al. (2008) Revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: causes of failure, surgical technique, and clinical results. Am J Sports Med 36(10):1896–902

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Diamantopoulos AP, Lorbach O, Paessler HH (2008) Anterior cruciate ligament revision reconstruction: results in 107 patients. Am J Sports Med 36(5):851–860

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Eriksson K, Anderberg P, Hamberg P, et al. (2001) A comparison of quadruple semitendinosus and patellar tendon grafts in reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. J Bone Joint Surg Br 83(3):348–354

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Feller JA, Webster KE (2003) A randomized comparison of patellar tendon and hamstring tendon anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 31(4):564–573

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Forster MC, Forster IW (2005) Patellar tendon or four-strand hamstring? A systematic review of autografts for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee 12(3):225–230

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Fox AE, Johnson DS (2005) Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: bone-patellar tendon-bone compared with double semitendinosus and gracilis tendon grafts. J Bone Joint Surg Am 87(8):1882–1883 (author reply 1883)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Giurea M, Zorilla P, Amis AA, Aichroth P (1999) Comparative pull-out and cyclic-loading strength tests of anchorage of hamstring tendon grafts in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 27(5):621–625

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Glasgow SG, Gabriel JP, Sapega AA, et al. (1993). The effect of early versus late return to vigorous activities on the outcome of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 21(2):243–248

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Goldblatt JP, Fitzsimmons SE, Balk E, Richmond JC (2005) Reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament: meta-analysis of patellar tendon versus hamstring tendon autograft. Arthroscopy 21(7):791–803

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Greis PE, Johnson DL, Fu FH (1993) Revision anterior cruciate ligament surgery: causes of graft failure and technical considerations of revision surgery. Clin Sports Med 12(4):839–852

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Harner CD, Irrgang JJ, Paul J, et al. (1992) Loss of motion after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 20(5):499–506

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Harvey AR, Thomas NP, Amis AA (2003) The effect of screw length and position on fixation of four-stranded hamstring grafts for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee 10(1):97–102

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Hoher J, Kanamori A, Zeminski J, et al. (2001) The position of the tibia during graft fixation affects knee kinematics and graft forces for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 29(6):771–776

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Hoher J, Livesay GA, Ma CB, et al. (1999) Hamstring graft motion in the femoral bone tunnel when using titanium button/polyester tape fixation. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 7(4):215–219

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Hoher J, Scheffler SU, Withrow JD, et al. (2000) Mechanical behavior of two hamstring graft constructs for reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. J Orthop Res 18(3):456–461

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Howell SM, Taylor MA (1993) Failure of reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament due to impingement by the intercondylar roof. J Bone Joint Surg Am 75(7):1044–1055

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Johnson DL, Fu FH (1995) Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: why do failures occur? Instr Course Lect 44:391–406

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Johnson DL, Coen MJ (1995) Revision ACL surgery. Etiology, indications, techniques, and results. Am J Knee Surg 8(4):155–167

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Johnson RJ, Eriksson E, Haggmark T, Pope MH (1984) Five-to ten-year follow-up evaluation after reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. Clin Orthop Relat Res (183):122–140

    Google Scholar 

  40. Karim A, Pandit H, Murray J, et al. (2006) Smoking and reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. J Bone Joint Surg Br 88(8):1027–1031

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Laxdal G, Sernert N, Ejerhed L, et al. (2007) A prospective comparison of bone-patellar tendon-bone and hamstring tendon grafts for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in male patients. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 15(2):115–125

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Lemos MJ, Jackson DW, Lee TQ, Simon TM (1995) Assessment of initial fixation of endoscopic interference femoral screws with divergent and parallel placement. Arthroscopy 11(1):37–41

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Lephart SM, Kocher MS, Harner CD, Fu FH (1993) Quadriceps strength and functional capacity after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Patellar tendon autograft versus allograft. Am J Sports Med 21(5):738–743

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Liden M, Sernert N, Rostgard-Christensen L, et al. (2008) Osteoarthritic changes after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using bone-patellar tendon-bone or hamstring tendon autografts: a retrospective, 7-year radiographic and clinical follow-up study. Arthroscopy 24(8):899–908

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Loh JC, Fukuda Y, Tsuda E, et al. (2003) Knee stability and graft function following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: comparison between 11 o’clock and 10 o’clock femoral tunnel placement. 2002 Richard O’Connor Award paper. Arthroscopy 19(3):297–304

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Marder RA, Raskind JR, Carroll M (1991) Prospective evaluation of arthroscopically assisted anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Patellar tendon versus semitendinosus and gracilis tendons. Am J Sports Med 19(5):478–484

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Murty AN, el Zebdeh MY, Ireland J (2001) Tibial tunnel enlargement following anterior cruciate reconstruction: does post-operative immobilisation make a difference? Knee 8(1):39–43

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Musahl V, Plakseychuk A, VanScyoc A, et al. (2005) Varying femoral tunnels between the anatomical footprint and isometric positions: effect on kinematics of the anterior cruciate ligament-reconstructed knee. Am J Sports Med 33(5):712–718

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Paschal SO, Seemann MD, Ashman RB, et al. (1994) Interference fixation versus postfixation of bone-patellar tendon-bone grafts for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. A biomechanical comparative study in porcine knees. Clin Orthop Relat Res (300):281–287

    Google Scholar 

  50. Pinczewski LA, Deehan DJ, Salmon LJ, et al. (2002) A fiveyear comparison of patellar tendon versus four-strand hamstring tendon autograft for arthroscopic reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. Am J Sports Med 30(4):523–536

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Pinczewski LA, Lyman J, Salmon LJ, et al. (2007) A 10-year comparison of anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions with hamstring tendon and patellar tendon autograft: a controlled, prospective trial. Am J Sports Med 35(4):564–574

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Prodromos C, Joyce B, Shi K (2007) A meta-analysis of stability of autografts compared to allografts after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 15(7):851–856

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Prodromos CC, Fu FH, Howell SM, et al. (2008) Controversies in soft-tissue anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: grafts, bundles, tunnels, fixation, and harvest. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 16(7):376–384

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Prodromos CC, Joyce BT, Shi K, Keller BL (2005) A metaanalysis of stability after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction as a function of hamstring versus patellar tendon graft and fixation type. Arthroscopy 21(10):1202

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Rittmeister ME, Noble PC, Bocell JRJr, et al. (2002) Components of laxity in interference fi t fixation of quadrupled hamstring grafts. Acta Orthop Scand 73(1):65–71

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Roe J, Pinczewski LA, Russell VJ, et al. (2005) A 7-year follow-up of patellar tendon and hamstring tendon grafts for arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: differences and similarities. Am J Sports Med 33(9):1337–1345

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Rupp S, Muller B, Seil R (2001) Knee laxity after ACL reconstruction with a BPTB graft. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 9(2):72–76

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Scheffler SU, Schmidt T, Gangey I, et al. (2008) Freshfrozen free-tendon allografts versus autografts in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: delayed remodeling and inferior mechanical function during long-term healing in sheep. Arthroscopy 24(4):448–458

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Scheffler SU, Sudkamp NP, Gockenjan A, et al. (2002) Biomechanical comparison of hamstring and patellar tendon graft anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction techniques: the impact of fixation level and fixation method under cyclic loading. Arthroscopy 18(3):304–315

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Spindler KP, Kuhn JE, Freedman KB, et al. (2004) Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction autograft choice: bone-tendon-bone versus hamstring: does it really matter? A systematic review. Am J Sports Med 32(8):1986–1995

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Stringham DR, Pelmas CJ, Burks RT, et al. (1996) Comparison of anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions using patellar tendon autograft or allograft. Arthroscopy 12(4):414–421

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Tohyama H, Beynnon BD, Johnson RJ, et al. (1996) The effect of anterior cruciate ligament graft elongation at the time of implantation on the biomechanical behavior of the graft and knee. Am J Sports Med 24(5):608–614

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Wagner M, Kaab MJ, Schallock J, et al. (2005) Hamstring tendon versus patellar tendon anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using biodegradable interference fit fixation: a prospective matched-group analysis. Am J Sports Med 33(9):1327–1336

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Webster KE, Feller JA, Hameister KA (2001) Bone tunnel enlargement following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a randomised comparison of hamstring and patellar tendon grafts with 2-year follow-up. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 9(2):86–91

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Hefzy MS, Grood ES, Noyes FR (1989) Factors affecting the region of most isometric femoral attachments. Part II: the anterior cruciate ligament. Am J Sports Med 17(2):208–216

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Getelman MH, Friedman MJ (1999) Revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 7(3):189–198

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Howell SM, Gittins ME, Gottlieb JE, et al. (2001) The relationship between the angle of the tibial tunnel in the coronal plane and loss of flexion and anterior laxity after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 29(5):567–574

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Harvey A, Thomas NP, Amis AA (2005) Fixation of the graft in reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. J Bone Joint Surg Br 87(5):593–603

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Servant CT, Ramos JP, Thomas NP (2004) The accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging in diagnosing chronic posterior cruciate ligament injury. Knee 11(4):265–270

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Harilainen A, Sandelin J (2001) Revision anterior cruciate ligament surgery. A review of the literature and results of our own revisions. Scand J Med Sci Sports 11(3):163–169

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Johnson DL, Swenson TM, Irrgang JJ, et al. (1996) Revision anterior cruciate ligament surgery: experience from Pittsburgh. Clin Orthop Relat Res (325):100–109

    Google Scholar 

  72. Noyes FR, Barber-Westin SD (1996) Revision anterior cruciate ligament surgery: experience from Cincinnati. Clin Orthop Relat Res (325):116–129

    Google Scholar 

  73. Uribe JW, Hechtman KS, Zvijac JE, Tjin-A-Tsoi ATEW (1996) Revision anterior cruciate ligament surgery: experience from Miami. Clin Orthop Relat Res (325):91–99

    Google Scholar 

  74. Noyes FR, Barber-Westin SD (2001) Revision anterior cruciate surgery with use of bone-patellar tendon-bone autogenous grafts. J Bone Joint Surg Am 83-A(8):1131–1143

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Noyes FR, Barber-Westin SD (2001) Revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: report of 11-year experience and results in 114 consecutive patients. Instr Course Lect 50:451–461

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Noyes FR, Barber-Westin SD, Roberts CS (1994) Use of allografts after failed treatment of rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament. J Bone Joint Surg Am 76(7):1019–1031 (http://www.ejbjs.org/cgi/content/abstract/76/7/1019)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Pelker RR, Friedlaender GE, Markham TC, et al. (1984) Effects of freezing and freeze-drying on the biomechanical properties of rat bone. J Orthop Res 1(4):405–411

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Stevenson S (1987) The immune response to osteochondral allografts in dogs. J Bone Joint Surg Am 69(4):573–582

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Asselmeier MA, Caspari RB, Bottenfield S (1993) A review of allograft processing and sterilization techniques and their role in transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus. Am J Sports Med 21(2):170–175

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Battaglia TC, Miller MD (2005) Management of bony deficiency in revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using allograft bone dowels: surgical technique. Arthroscopy 21(6):767

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Greis PE, Steadman JR (1996) Revision of failed prosthetic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Clin Orthop Relat Res (325):78–90

    Google Scholar 

  82. Brand JJr, Weiler A, Caborn DN, et al. (2000) Graft fixation in cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 28(5):761–774

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Morgan CD, Kalmam VR, Grawl DM (1995) Isometry testing for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction revisited. Arthroscopy 11(6):647–659

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Lemos MJ, Albert J, Simon T, Jackson DW (1993) Radiographic analysis of femoral interference screw placement during ACL reconstruction: endoscopic versus open technique. Arthroscopy 9(2):154–158

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Bush-Joseph CA, Bach BRJr, Bryan J (1995) Posterior cortical violation of the femoral tunnel during endoscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Knee Surg 8(4):130–133

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Zantop T, Welbers B, Weimann A, et al. (2004) Biomechanical evaluation of a new cross-pin technique for the fixation of different sized bone-patellar tendon-bone grafts. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 12(6):520–527

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Magen HE, Howell SM, Hull ML (1999) Structural properties of six tibial fixation methods for anterior cruciate ligament soft tissue grafts. Am J Sports Med 27(1):35–43

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Bartlett RJ, Clatworthy MG, Nguyen TN (2001) Graft selection in reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. J Bone Joint Surg Br 83(5):625–634

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Clark R, Olsen RE, Larson BJ, et al. (1998) Cross-pin femoral fixation: a new technique for hamstring anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction of the knee. Arthroscopy 14(3):258–267

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Fox JA, Pierce M, Bojchuk J, et al. (2004) Revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with nonirradiated fresh-frozen patellar tendon allograft. Arthroscopy 20(8):787–794

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Battaglia MJ2nd, Cordasco FA, Hannafin JA, et al. (2007) Results of revision anterior cruciate ligament surgery. Am J Sports Med 35(12):2057–2066

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. N. Thomas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. J. Carmichael
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer-Verlag France, Paris

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Thomas, N., Carmichael, J. (2012). Failure in ACL reconstruction: Etiology, treatment, and results. In: The Knee Joint. Springer, Paris. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-2-287-99353-4_27

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-2-287-99353-4_27

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Paris

  • Print ISBN: 978-2-287-99352-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-2-287-99353-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation